Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 59, Issue 10
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • Koichi HODATE
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 827-840
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (1199K)
  • Mamoru SAITOH
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 841-847
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A total of 42 pigs weighing about 30 to 120kg (non-pregnant) were used for the experiments. These animals were kept individually in metabolism cages and different amounts of feed were given to each pig both under a low environmental temperature (7-8°C, 8-9°C and 13-14°C) and a thermoneutral zone (20.2±0.6°C) for about a month. Then, respiration trials and nitrogen (N) balance trials were conducted for 3 days, and energy and protein retention were determined. Fat retention was estimated using these data. The effects of a low environmental temperature on protein and fat retention were investigated in this study. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
    (1) N retention was significantly (P⟨0.01) reduced at a low temperature and accompanied by an increase in the urinary and fecal excretion of N. (2) Energy retention was also significantly (P⟨0.01) reduced at a low temperature and accompanied by an increase in the urinary excretion of energy and heat production. (3) The decreased rate (Ed, kcal/W0.75kg/day) of energy retention at a low temperature compared with that for a thermoneutral zone linearly increased with an increase in the difference between the lower critical temperature (Tc, °C)and the environmental temperature (T, °C); that is, Ed=5.18+5.67(Tc-T). (4) There was no definite relationship between the decreased rate of protein retention at a low temperature and Tc-T. The average decreased rate of protein retention at a low temperature was 1.9±0.8g/W0.75kg/day. (5)The decreased rate (Fd, g/W0.75kg/day) of fat retention at a low temperature compared with that for a thermoneutral zone linearly increased with the increase of Tc-T; that is, Fd=-0.95+0.58 (Tc-T). (6) These results suggest that extra energy for maintaining the body temperature of pigs reared under a low environmental temperature is mainly supplied by decreasing protein retention in the body when the value of Tc-T is relatively small, and by decreasing fat retention when the value of Tc-T is relatively large.
    Download PDF (550K)
  • Takashi MIYANO, Yuji HIRAO, Seishiro KATO, Sunao KANDA
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 848-853
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The early growth of mouse oocytes and the formation of zona pellucida in ovaries cultured in vitro were investigated histologically and compared to those in vivo. The ovaries excised from female mice at birth (Day 0) were cultured in vitro. The ovaries cultured for 0-6 days or obtained from 0-to 6-day old mice were treated by pronase and the diameters of naked oocytes were measured. Some ovaries were fixed, embedded, sectioned and stained by a periodic acid-Schiff method. On Day 0, almost all of the oocytes were without zona and less than 25μm in diameter. On Day 6, 3% of the oocytes reached more than 35μm in diameter. In vivo, as the oocytes developed, flat-shaped surrounding granulosa cells became cuboidal and their numbers increased. In the ovaries cultured in vitro, the early growth of oocytes associated with the formation of zone occurred without any noticeable changes in the morphology of granulosa cells.
    Download PDF (2320K)
  • Fumito FURUMOTO, Yoshihiro ABO, Sadaki YAMAMOTO
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 854-859
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Diurnal thermoregulatory responses of eight Holstein cows, such as heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), skin surface temperature (ST) and respiration rate (RR) were observed on four days during summer and autumn at the northern part of Hiroshima prefecture. The average milk production was 29kg/day at the beginning of this study, and the cows were fed with a concentrate mixture and corn silage at 0600 and 1800, according to Japanese Feeding Standard. HP during the night (2100-2200) was higher than that in the morning (1000-1100) and afternoon (1500-1700). A low level of HR was observed in the early morning and it then gradually increased until late at night. RT reached a minimum level between 0800 and 1000 and then gradually increased to maximum level between 1600 and midnight. ST of the abdomen decreased during and after feeding and then increaed until midnight. Levels of RR were influenced by ambient temperature, and RR decreaed during and after each feeding and increased during daytime and early night. The large intake of water during each feeding prevented increasing responses in RT, ST and RR, but had no effect on HR and HP. The most useful physiological response which indicate the diurnal change of thermal state in dairy cow is the RT. It is suggested that the effective measurement times of RT are in the morning, evening and midnight, when the minimum, maximum and maintained maximum levels or state of declining RT could be observed.
    Download PDF (432K)
  • Mamoru SAITOH
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 860-867
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi, Ibaraki-ken 305 In order to determine metabolizable energy (ME) requirement for pregnant sows by the factorial method, respiration trials and nitrogen (N) balance trials were conducted for 2 days at 89±3 days of pregnancy using 16 pregnant sows. 2.0kg and 2.5kg diets, differing mainly in ME content, were given to pregnant sows. Fat retention in the body was estimated using energy and protein retention data for the whole body. Two different model equations were used for estimating the ME requirement for pregnant sows. The results are summarized as follows:
    (1) In the case of the linear regression model, ME intake (ME, kcal/W0.75kg/day) was related to energy retention in the whole body (ER, kcal/W0.75kg/day) via the following equation: ME=81.0+1.17 ER. From this equation, the ME requirement for maintanance (MEm) and ME efficiency for energy retention were estimated at 81 kcal/W0.75kg/day and 85.5%, respectively.
    (2) In the case of the multiple regression model, the relationship between energy retention (kcal/W0.75kg/day) as protein (P) and fat (F) accretion in the whole body, and ME intake (kcal/W0.75kg/day), was expressed as follows: ME=81.2+1.15P+1.16F. From this equation, MEm and ME efficiencies for protein and fat accretion were estimated at 81kcal/W0.75/day and 87.0 and 86.2%, respectively. Since the partial regression coefficient (1.15) of P in the above equation was not significant, the 87% efficiency value was considered unreliable.
    (3) Using the results of the present study and a previous paper and the data collected from literature, the ME requirements for pregnant sows of 120, 140 and 160kg body weight at mating were calculated by assuming 20, 30 and 40kg of net weight gain (excluding uterus and its contents) during pregnancy. This value was compared with that of ARC which was estimated using a model equation differing from those in the present study. The difference between ME requirements estimated using the two model equations in the present study was small (within a range of 2 to 4%). The difference between ME requirements in the present study and those in ARC was relatively small (within a range of about -4 to 9%).
    Download PDF (605K)
  • Shoji OOKUTSU, Fukashi KOYANAGI, Shinya MASUDA
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 868-873
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In vitro development of chimeric mouse embryos produced by aggregating five bisected 8- or 10-cell embryos and sex ratio of fetuses developed from the aggregated embryos were investigated. Twenty-eight to 30 hours after start of culture, 198 of 202 aggregated embryos (98.0%) developed into single morulae or blastocysts. The morulae or blastocysts were transferred into the uteri of psuedopregnant recipients. Eighteen of 21 recipients (85.7%) became pregnant. The recipients were autopsied on the 19th day of pregnancy. One hundred and eighteen of 185 transferred embryos (63.8%) had implanted and 77 (41.6%) had developed into live-normal fetuses. Sex of the fetuses was determined by the gross observation of the gonad. Fifty of 78 fetuses including one which had died during late pregnancy were classified as male and 27 as female. Remaining one could not be classified as male or female, because it had a testis on the left and a flat testis-like gonad on the right. Mean body weight of live fetuses was 1.34g, and males (1.39g) were significantly heavier than females (1.25g, p⟨0.05). On the basis of these results, the relationship between sex chromosomal constitution and gonadal differentiation in mouse chimera was discussed.
    Download PDF (1075K)
  • Masami UEMATSU, Yoshio OKI
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 874-879
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Clinically healthy adult chickens, accompanied by immuno-deficiency, were found in the breeding stock of White Leghorn in our laboratory (Line BK, _??_, 2 chickens) and in a flock of White Leghorn in a poultry farm (_??_, 1 chicken). In these chickens, serum immunoglobulin class and specific antibody production were examined. The results obtained were as follows: 1) By the methods of immunoelectrophoresis and single radial immunodiffusion using anti-chicken γ chain antibody, it was found that serum IgG was negative in a chicken (No. 1) among the breeding stock in our laboratory and in a chicken (No. 2) of the farm cases, and was remarkably low level in another chicken (No. 3) in our laboratory. However, in such serum IgG-deficient chickens, serum 19s-IgM was found to be remarkably high levels of concentration by immunoelectrophoresis using anti-chicken μ chain antibody. 2) In order to investigate the production of the specific IgG antibody, the immuno-deficient chicken (No. 1) was immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA). However, the precipitin titer of anti-BSA IgG antibody was negative in the No. 1 chicken serum. In order to investigate the production of the specific IgM antibody, the No. 1 chicken and normal chicken were immunized with sheep red blood cell (SRBC). In the results, the aggulutinin titer of anti-SRBC IgM antibody was much higher in the No. 1 chickenn serum than in the normal chicken serum. 3) Serum immunoglobulin classes in 6 cases (2 months of age) of F1 chicks (normal chicken _??_×No.1 chicken _??_) were investigated. It was found that serum IgG was negative in one chick, remarkably low level in two chicks and normal level in three chicks, using specific anti-chicken γ chain antibody. From the results, it is suggested that there are some certain defects in progress of differentiation and maturation of immunologically competent cells in the IgG-negative chickens, and that the immunodeficiency syndrome in the chickens may be a hereditary disorder.
    Download PDF (1345K)
  • Tetsuro NOMURA, Yoshiyuki SASAKI
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 880-889
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The prefectural populations of Japanese Black Cattle are classified into two types, i.e., Breeders' Prefecture and Multipliers' Prefecture. Multipliers' Prefectures are introducing breeding stocks from Breeders' Prefectures and multiplying their genes. In this paper, the population structures of Multipliers' Prefectures were analyzed and average coefficients of relationship between Breeders' Prefectures and Multipliers' Prefectures were estimated. Twenty Multipliers' Prefectures, in each of which more than 500 heifers were registered in 1980, were used. The pedigree data were obtained from randomly selected 200 heifers registered in each prefecture in 1980. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The diversity of sires in Multipliers' Prefectures tended to be larger than that in the Breeders' Prefectures. 2. In most of the Multipliers' Prefectures, 90-100% of heifers were born from sires produced in other prefectures. Bulls produced in Ohita, Miyazaki and Kagoshima were used as sires in other Multipliers' Prefectures. These results indicate that a functional stratification, in which these three prefectures are located at the upper stratum, exists in Multipliers' Prefectures. 3. In most of the Multipliers' Prefectures, FIT and FST tended to be higher than those in the Breeders' Prefectures. 4. In the Multipliers' Prefectures which are at the lower stratum in the functional stratification, FIS and the index of subdivision indicated that subdivided structure existed within prefectural populations. On the other hand, in the three Multipliers' Prefectures located at the upper stratum, FIS and the index of subdivision indicated that random mating and/or line cross were practiced. 5. One sire produced in Hyogo, one of the Breeders' Prefectures, had a large contribution to the average coefficients of relationship between the Breeders' Prefectures and the Multipliers' Prefectures at the lower stratum in the functional stratification. On the other hand, such tendency was not observed in the three Multipliers' Prefectures; Ohita, Miyazaki and Kagoshima. These three prefectures and Fukushima were considerably highly related with Tottori. These results suggest that the prefectural populations can be classified into a few genetic groups on the basis of the average coefficients of relationship.
    Download PDF (595K)
  • Studies on the Early Nutrition of Poultry
    Hitoshi MURAKAMI, Yukio AKIBA, Masaaki HORIGUCHI
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 890-895
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Characteristics of newly-hatched broiler chicks in utilization of nutrients were investigated. Chicks were given ad libitum an experimental diet (ME 3.1kcal/g and CP 22%, calculated) from the day of hatch up to 14 days of age. Residual yolk in the abdomen was quantified daily in order to estimate its nutritional contribution. Feed efficiency was the highest on the 3 day or the 4 day and averaged about 80% during 14 days after the hatch. During the first 3 days after the hatch, energy and protein originated from the residual yolk accounted for 22% and 30%, respectively, of total amounts from the diet plus the yolk, implying that the residual yolk plays a substantial role in providing energy and protein in the newly-hatched chicks. Metabolizable energy of the diet was the highest (3.6kcal/g) at the day of hatch, decreased rapidly to the lowest (2.6kcal/g) on the 4 day and then gradually increased. Efficiencies of retention of energy and protein supplied from the diet plus yolk were 37 and 67%, respectively, during the first 7 days after hatch, and 46% and 65%, during the next 7 days. These results suggest that the nutrition of newly-hatched chicks is characterized by a significant change in metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients.
    Download PDF (930K)
  • De-Xing Hou, Yoshizane MAEDA, Takao FUKUNAGA, Shin OKAMOTO, Tsutomu HA ...
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 896-898
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (173K)
  • Kenji TOGASHI, Kunio YOKOUCHI
    1988 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages 899-902
    Published: October 25, 1988
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (135K)
feedback
Top