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Volume 59, Issue 11
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Hiroshi SHIMIZU, Kazunori YAMAUCHI, Junji UEDA1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 905-915
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present study, yearly and cumulative genetic responses were predicted for different lengths of breeding periods (current, 4 and 1 years) with the deterministic method of discounted gene flow. Model population of beef cattle was constructed in 3 herds (closed breeding herd, reproduction herd and fattening cattle herd). Objectives of improvement were three traits of bull ability, reproduction ability and beef production ability. Genetic responses to selection for each trait were predicted for 40 or 50 years after the birth of selected stocks when one cycle of selection was conducted on the parents of the breeding herd and sires of both the reproduction herd and the fattening cattle herd with one genetic selection differential. Cumulative discounted responses were discounted by the yearly rate of 6%. The yearly genetic responses to selection for parents of thebreeding herd tended to show more fluctuation in the early years, and more years were required until the yearly responses converged to constant values, as the breeding length was shorter. The converged yearly responses were inversely the sum of four generation lengths in the breeding herd. The differences in cumulative undiscounted genetic responses to these selections among the three breeding lengths became larger with the lapse of time. The responses obtained by the selection of sires of the reproduction and fattening cattle herds increased with reducing the breeding length in the early years. However, the cumulative undiscounted responses for the three breeding lengths became identical with the lapse of years, and the differences in the cumulative discounted responses for 40 years among the three breeding lengths were smaller for those selections than for other selections. Shortening the breeding length of the direct path of selection had more effect on genetic responses than the reduction of other paths. It was shown that the effective breeding length differed among breeding stocks depending on the breeding objectives.View full abstractDownload PDF (850K) -
Kyouhei OZUTSUMI, Kouichi CHIKUNI, Tsunekichi KOISHIKAWA, Sadao KATO, ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 916-921
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA USL-21 color scanning scope was used for estimating the fat percentage and area of M. longissimus thoracis in live cattle prior to slaughter. Fourteen fattened Japanese Black and eight Holstein steers and eleven fattened Holstein cows, were scanned between their 13th rib and first lumbar region about one week prior to slaughter. The picture signals obtained were fed into a computer for rapid calculation of the area and fat percentage of the M. longissimus thoracis. For estimating fat percentage, the operational conditions were fixed (gain 3, level 2, start 0, sensitivity 2). After slaughter, the cross-sectional area and the fat content of the M. longissimus thoracis were measured at the corresponding carcass region using a planimeter and the ether extraction method. The color-scanning estimates of the M. longissimus thoracis cross-sectional area agreed considerably with the carcass measurements in each animal (r=0.95). The correlation coefficients between the color-scanning estimates based on the blue dot percentage and fat percentage of the M. longissimus thoracis were high in fattened Japanese Black steers (r=0.76), but no high correlation was obtained for Holstein steers and cows. These results indicate that the color scanning scope is possible for estimating the meat quantity of live beef cattle and the quality of Japanese Black steers. However, more study is necessary to obtain accuracy in estimating meat quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1008K) -
Junjiro SEKINE, Kazutaka MORIMOTO, Kouichi UDAGAWA, Ziro MORITA, Akihi ...1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 922-928
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) activities were determined in 24 Japanese Black steers fattened for 75 weeks under 3 different feeding regimes: 1) concentrate feeding percentage increased from about 25% in early fattening stage to about 85% in the late, 2) concentrate feeding percentage increased from about 25% in early stage to about 85% in mid and late stages of fattening, and 3) concentrate feeding percentage was kept over about 80% throughout fattening period. Results were as follows; 1) Live weight linearly increased up to the end of the mid fattening stage and then weight gain slowed down in the late stage because of the lowered average daily gain in the stage than the early and mid. There was no statistically significant difference in live weight among 3 feeding regimes. 2) Body measurement and carcass characteristics either showed no significant differences among the feeding regimes. 3) Changes in SALP activity were not significantly different among the feeding regimes and showed a decreasing pattern with an advance of fattening. Increasing tendency without statistical significance of SALP activity, however, was observed in the mid fattening stage. 4) The level of SGOT activity was low in the early fattening stage and increased up to about 80 Karmen units at the mid stage staying at the same level till the end of fattening. The abnormality of the liver and other viscera, however, was not found at the slaughtering.View full abstractDownload PDF (424K) -
Moriyuki SUGAWARA, Yoshio OKI1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 929-935
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth and reproduction rates of young male and female voles (Microtus arvalis Pallas) were compared by feeding the animals 5, 10, 15, and 20% casein compound diets, respectively, which were prepared to contain approximately equal calories. There was little difference in growth rates among the animals that were fed compound diets containing 20, 15, and 10% casein respectively. However, the growth rates of animals fed the compound diet containing 5% casein were retarded. The concentration of fermentation products in the forestomach and caecum were lower in animal groups fed the test compound diets than in animals fed a control diet (hay-cube and pellets for herbivores). The animals which were fed the 5% casein compound diet had lower plasma protein concentration and hematocrit values, as compared to animals which were fed the other casein compound diets. A greater reproduction rate was observed in the animal group which was fed the 20% casein compound diet than in the animal groups which were fed the 15% and 10% casein compound diets. The animals which were fed the 5% casein compound diet failed to reproduce. As the result, it is considered that voles need the 20% casein-protein diet for normal reproduction, although the 10% casein-protein diet appears sufficient for the growth of the animal.View full abstractDownload PDF (542K) -
Hiroshi HATA, Tooru KOIZUMI, Hideo MAKITA, Masahiro OKAMOTO1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 936-943
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThirty six post-weaning male Landrace piglets were reared in three trials. The piglets were fed a starter diet having a metabolizable energy content of 15.0MJ/kg. Growth rate, deposition of chemical components, chemical body composition and weights of organs of the piglets kept in a room controlled to 5°C were compared to the piglets in a 25°C room in the three trials where one of the three factors, viz., feeding level, age and body weight, differed from one another. The results summarized are as follows: 1) Mean daily live weight gain was lowered 0.15kg with decrease in environmental temperature from 25°C to 5°C. An additional 41g/kg0.75 diet was required a day to sustain similar growth rate in 5°C as in 25°C. 2) A decline in environmental temperature for 20°C resulted in reductions of mean daily deposition of protein, fat, ash and moisture for 3.2, 3.4, 0.5 and 11.8g/kg0.75, respectively. 3) The data on chemical compositions of empty body weight gain and final empty body indicated that three cases in fat content, that is, increasing, decreasing and unchanging, could be occured in the cold environment depending on feed intake and body weight. 4) It was recognized that the distribution of chemical components in the body and weights of organs were not altered by coldness directly. 5) The piglets kept in 5°C environment resulted in higher hair weight per metabolic body size than that in 25°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (596K) -
Yasuhiro ISHII, Kunio SHIRAI, Tomoyosi KUBO1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 944-951
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in medium comoposition, mainly in the amino acid composition of the mixed culture system of Clostridium 16-An and aerobic Vibrionaceae were investigated during bacterial growth. The increase in the 16-An cells in the mixed culture, consisting of meat extract and gelatin medium through the cultivation period, was nearly equal to that in the 16-An single culture as measured by the cell nitrogen amount. The addition of gelatin to the medium accelerated the increase in 16-An cell content and depressed the increase in Vibrionaceae, while the addition of meat extract markedly accelerated the increase of Vibrionaceae and not so markedly 16-An. Gly, Glu, Hyp, His, Arg, Ser, Thr and Tyr residue contents in the medium decreased greatly during the mixed cultivation for 48hr and longer. The decrease in His and Tyr was attributed to the growth of Vibrionaceae, while the decrease in Gly, Glu, Hyp, Arg, Ser and Thr was attributed to that of 16-An. Thus, the decrease in Hyp content in the mixed culture medium was proportional to the 16-An cell increase and its collagenase activity on a straight line independent of medium composition. These results suggest that gelatin plays an important role in the growth of 16-AnView full abstractDownload PDF (869K) -
Tetsuro NOMURA, Yoshiyuki SASAKI1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 952-960
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to study genetic differentiation of Japanese Black Cattle, multivariate analysis was applied to the genetic relationships among the sub-populations. The sub-populations analyzed in this study were 21 prefectural populations and 20 populations of local districts within 4 prefectures (Hokkaido, Yamagata, Tochigi and Okinawa). The pedigree data were obtained from randomly selected heifers registered in 1980 in each of 41 sub-populations. Firstly, the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis were applied to the matrix of the average coefficients of relationship among the sub-populations (R-matrix). Secondly, genetic contributions of birthprefectures of ancestors with unknown parents to each sub-population were calculated by WIENER'S method, and genetic distances among sub-populations, i. e., D-matrx, were computed by applying CAVALLI-SFORZA and EDWARDS'S method to the genetic contributions. Cluster analysis was carried out on the D-matrix. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Five principal components were extracted from R-matrix. Although five principal componets explained only 17.1% of the total variance, the scattergrams of factor loading of each sub-population represented clear patterns according to the relationship with other sub-populations. 2. The grouping patterns of cluster analysis showed a high similarity between R-matrix and D-matrix, and most of the Multipliers' Prefectures and the local districts within the prefectures were divided into three groups ; the first group was composed of the sub-populations which were highly related with Hyogo, the second and third groups were composed of the sub-populations which were considerably closely related with Hiroshima and Tottori, respectively. 3. Sub-populations in the same group tend to distribute in the same district. From these results, it is proposed that Multipliers' Region should be divided into a few breeding units, in each of which the same breeding system would be practiced.View full abstractDownload PDF (668K) -
Koichi SHIMBAYASHI, Toru MIYAMOTO, Tsutai OHASHI, Hideo HATAKEYAMA1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 961-970
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChicks fed vitamin E deficient diet supplemented with linoleic acid or linoleic acid and dilauryl succinate suffered from nutritional encephalomalacia. Plasma uric acid concentration was significantly high in symptomatic chicks. In general, the concentrations of plasma free essential amino acids increased significantly in symptomatic chicks. The concentrations of most of plasma free non-essential amino acids were lower in symptomatic chicks as compared with non-symptomatic chicks. It was supposed that chicks affected with nutritional encephalomalacia might induce the state of amino acid imbalance.View full abstractDownload PDF (509K) -
Jian Xin LIU, Masahiko OKUBO, Yasushi ASAHIDA1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 971-976
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn experiment was carried out to determine the voluntary intake and nutritive value of rice straw (RS), as compared with wheat straw (WS) and four different quality hays when they were fed to sheep as the sole diet. The RS had high silica content and low nitrogen (N) content. Sheep consumed less dry matter from straw or low-quality hay than from high-quality hay. The animals fed straw or low-quality hay lost weight while those on high-quality hay gained slightly. The RS had similar digestibility of nutrients to hay except for N, which was digested to a lesser extent. The N retention in sheep fed straw was inferior to that for hay, and sheep on RS had a N retention close to zero. Energy values of RS were inferior to those for most hay and superior to those of WS. In terms of the metabolizable energy intake, the potential feeding value of RS was superior to WS, or equivalent to low quality hay.View full abstractDownload PDF (325K) -
Jian Xin LIU, Masahiko OKUBO, Yasushi ASAHIDA1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 977-984
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith three rumen-fistulated wethers, we studied the relationship between the voluntary intake (VI) of rice straw, wheat straw and four different quality hays and ruminal fiber digestion. The ruminal digestion of cell wall constituents (CWC), as well as the ruminal degradation of crude protein and organic matter (OM), which was used to estimate the supply of nitrogen (N) and energy to ruminal microbes was determined via the in sacco technique. The rate of ruminal passage of digesta (kp) was measured with the indicator method. The CWC of straw was digested at a slower rate than that of high-quality hay and the kp was slower in animals fed straw. The VI of the roughages was neither correlated to the potential extent of CWC digestion (PED) nor to the digestion rate of PED (kd). However, it correlated significantly with the product of PED and kd (PED×kd), and kp (P<0.01). The disappearance of CWC from the rumen was estimated by the equation: [PED/(kd+kp)+(100-PED)/kp]. We propose to term it as the retention time index of CWC in the rumen (RT-INDEX). The VI of roughages was negatively correlated to the RT-INDEX (P<0.01). Straw was lower in rumen degradable N (RDN) and in the ratio of RDN to the apparently digested OM in the rumen (ADOM). Both the RDN content and the RDN/ADOM were positively correlated with both the PED×kd and kp (P<0.01) and negatively with the RT-INDEX (P<0.01). It is inferred that the balanced supply of N and energy sources to the microbes may improve the ruminal fiber digestion of roughages and in turn the VI of roughages may be increased.View full abstractDownload PDF (407K) -
Kuniji YAMAKI1988 Volume 59 Issue 11 Pages 985-993
Published: November 25, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReproduction of ewes, and growth performance of lambs was investigated in Finnsheep (F), Suffolk (S) and Corriedale (C) breeds and the three-way cross F × SC (3W) raised under the environment of the Tohoku district in Japan. Conception rate of 3W and C were intermediate between F and S, but still-birth was highest in F. Distributions of type of births were mainly singles in C and S, but triplets and quadruplets were common in F, and intermediate of them in 3W. Average litter size of C, S, F, and 3W were 1.33, 1.30, 3.27, and 1.68, respectively. Survival to weaning of 3W was highest (92%) and number of lambs weaned per ewe exposed was highest (250%) in F. Total weight of lambs at 6 months per ewe exposed was heaviest in F (61.1kg) and 3W was heavier (47.5kg) than average of F, S and C. F and 3W were similarly prolific as the reported in other countries. Birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), body weight at 6 months (B6), preweaning gain (PG) and postweaning gain (OG) of F were significantly lower (-1.30, -5.58, -11.02, -4.29 and -5.44kg, respectively) than 3W. B6 of C was significantly lower (-6.29kg) than 3W, but higher (5.01kg) in S. Significant sex differences were recognized in all these growth traits of lambs. The effects of type of birth were significant in the traits of BW, WW, B6 and PG. Heterosises of BW, WW, B6, PG and OG were all positive and significant except PG, and 0.59, 6.27, 5.99, 1.64 and 3.77kg, respectively. These results suggested that highly productive lines can be created by crossbreeding using these genetic resources of sheep breeds.View full abstractDownload PDF (496K)
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