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Volume 60, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Masaaki WAKITA, Sadao HOSHINO1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe experiments were undertaken to determine the extent of starch accumulation and degradation by Entodinium ciliates in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that the rate and amount of starch granule accumulation were affected with the size, form and quantity of starch granule in the rumen. Rice starch having the smallest size among the granules used was engulfed quickly and appeared numerously in the endoplasm of Entodinium ciliates cells. The amount of starch granule accumulation seemed to be limited with ciliate body volume, and the maximal amount of starch accumulation in the ciliates was 4.5mg per 105 ciliates. The ciliates digested engulfed starch glanules completely and accumulated another polysaccharides being stained reddish-purple by Lugol's solution in their ectoplasm. The maximal accumulation of these polysaccharides occurred after 8 hours of the in vitro culture at the level of 1.7mg per 105 ciliates. These polysaccharides decreased when rice starch granules in the endoplasms have disappeared, strongly suggesting that the ciliates synthesize their own reserve polysaccharides and utilize them for their nutrients.View full abstractDownload PDF (996K) -
Minoru MORITA, Yasushi OHTOMO, Shinnichi ODA, Kazuo KATOH, Yoshio SHOJ ...1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 7-12
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of cold exposure (0°C) for 24 hours on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and free fatty acid were investigated in non-laying hens.
The plasma glucose concentration significantly decreased from 204mg/dl to 176mg/dl at 16hrs after cold exposure. Plasma insulin concentration rapidly and significantly increased from 3.10ng/ml to 11721ng/ml at 12hrs after cold exposure. The concentration of glucose and insulin did not recover to the initial level, even 24hrs after cold exposure. No significant difference in plasma glucagon and free fatty acid concentrations was seen when exposed to cold.
Immunohistochemical observation using an insulin antibody showed on decrease of insulin density in pancreatic islet cells in the cold exposed hens.
These results suggest that the decrease in plasma glucose concentration in hens exposed to cold might be due to the abundant release of insulin from pancreatic B-cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (978K) -
Yukio YANO, Terumi HADA, Yasuko SHIBUTANI, Toyoo NAKAMURA1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 13-21
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor evaluation as main material of fermented seasoning, porcine red blood cell (PRBC), porcine liver (PLi), porcine lung (PLu), chicken bone (CB) and beef defatted tissue (BDFT) were analyzed. These meat by-products were hydrolyzed with Koji and the hydrolyzates were analyzed and sensory-evaluated. In order to ferment the hydrolyzate, column-type bioreactor was used. The result can be summerized as follows.
1) The amount of protein was higest in PRBC (32.6%) and next in PLi (22.1%). The concentration of glutamic acid was highest in PLu (723mg/N) and lowest in BDFT (434mg/N). Collagen content was high in BDFT and CB, so the concentration of hydroxyproline was 294mg/N and 202mg/N, respectively. In respect of tasty nucleotide GMP was 19ppm in PRBC and IMP was 27ppm in BDFT.
2) The total nitrogen content of hydrolyzates was 1.12-1.84% and in PLu and CB was 1.12% and 1.27%, respectivety which were lower level than others. While the concent ration of glutamic acid was 357-409mg/100ml, glutamine was 255-325mg/100ml. It was supposed to be the inactivation of koji-glutaminase. With regard to tasty nucleotide of hydrolyzates GMP was 10-97ppm which content had slight effect on taste and IMP was not detected. In sensory evaluation taste of PLi was superior to others. From these experiments it was concluded that PLi was suitable meat by-product for main material of fermented seasoning.
3) PLi hydrolyzate was prepared and was fermented continuously for 21 days through two column-type bioreactors. These reactors were filled with gel which immobilized Zygosaccharomyces rouxii cells (Z column) and Candida versatilis cells (C column), respectively. During the fermentation period ethanol amount was 0.9-2.5% in Z column and 1.0-2.6% in C column. These result mean that continuous fermentation was passed steadily. Regarding fermentation period it took 4 days for preparation of Koji, 8 days for preparation of hydrolyzate and 5 days for pre-incubation of immobilized cells. After hydrolyzate supply was started, fermented seasoning was effluented 1 and 3rd of column volume per day. The fermented effluent had good taste but C column effluent was not masked the odd odor of hydrolyzate originated from material in spite of the production of 4-Etylguaiacol (1.0ppm).View full abstractDownload PDF (546K) -
Jingyang ZHAO, Hiroshi FUJITA1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 22-28
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were conducted to examine the effect of the diet offered to the animals on the rumen degradability of forage protein in situ. Protein degradability of grass hay and grass silage was tested in the rumens of wethers receiving different types of energy source (soybean oil, cellulose and starch) in Experiment 1, and different types of protein source (soybean oil meal, cotton seed oil meal and corn gluten meal) in Experiment 2. The disappearance of forage protein and dry matter from the rumen were measured at the five intervals viz. 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours of incubation by means of a nylon bag technique, using three wethers equipped with rumen fistulas. It was revealed that the protein degradability of hay was remarkably lower than that of the silage at an early stage of incubation (3 to 9 hour incubation), but the degradability value of hay at 24 hour incubation was found to be practically identical with that of the silage. For both of hay and grass silage samples, it was unlikely that the rumen degradability of protein might be markedly affected by changing the type of energy and protein sources used in this study. The rates of disappearance of dry matter of hay and grass silage from the rumen were apparently lower than those of proteins, while there was a high positive correlation between dry matter disappearance and protein degradability (r=0.994). Similarly in the protein degradability, no significant difference was found in the rate of disappearance of dry matter among dietary treatments. There were consistent changes in the ruminal concentration of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA when wethers were fed with different types of energy and protein sources. These ruminal changes, however, seemed to be not reflected in the protein degradability of the forages examined.View full abstractDownload PDF (502K) -
Koichi CHIKUNI, Shinobu OZAWA, Tadayoshi MITSUHASHI, Mitsuru MITSUMOTO ...1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 29-34
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNoradrenaline (NA) was injected into six Japanese Black steers via catheters implanted into the jugular veins, in order to study the changes in concentration and composition of plasma free fatty acids (FFA). Blood samples were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after the NA injections. FFA was extracted from the plasma and then converted to the derivatives of 9-anthryldiazomethane for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis.
The total concentration of plasma FFA increased via the NA injection, reached maximum at 20min, and decreased to the normal level at 90min.
The composition of plasma FFA was changed by the NA injection. The percentages of 18:1, 16:1, 16:0 and 14:1 increased, and those of 18:0 and 18:2 decreased when the concentration of FFA increased. The plasma FFA returned to its normal composition at 90-120min after the NA injection.
The composition of plasma FFA at 0min differed from of adipose tissue, however, the increased FFA in plasma from 5min to 10min had a similar composition to the adipose tissue. Thus, we concluded that large amount of fat mobilization from adipose tissue caused the change in the composition of FFA in plasma.
The rate of decrease of individual FFA in plasma, from the maximum level to the normal level, was in the order 14:1>16:1>18:3, 14:0>18:2, 16:0>18:1>18:0. This result suggests that the uptake rate of FFA was related to the chain length and the number of double bonds in the molecule.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
Kiyoshi YAMAUCHI, Tomio OHASHI, Seiichi HAGA, Mitsuho NINOMIYA, Hisash ...1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 35-39
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted with 2 rabbits and 3 each of chicken, pigs and cattle, which were raised on their respective commercial formula feeds and slaughtered at their live weights suitable for slaughter. Their internal organ, skeletal muscle and adipose tissuse were analyzed for tocopherols (Toc), lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including the quantitative relationship between α-Toc and PUFA.
The animal tissues examined had α-and γ-Toc with α-Toc being predominant. The tissue α-Toc contents (μg/100g) for the rabbit and chicken tended to be higher than those for the pig and cow. Of the rabbit and chicken tissues, the internal organ and adipose tissues gave relatively higher contents of α-Toc varying from 343 to 1759 and from 541 to 1931 μg/100g, respectively. The internal organ lipids, as expected, contained higher levels of PUFA in comparison with the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue lipids. The high concentration of α-Toc (μ mol) per gram of PUFA was noticed in tissues susceptible to lipid peroxidation, especially in lung and heart. The lung and heart tissues of the rabbit, chicken and cow contained 2.33 to 5.46 and 1.43 to 3.47 μ mol of α-Toc per gram of PUFA, respectively. The concentrations of α-Toc per gram of PUFA also tended to be relatively high in the skeletal muscular tissues (1.16 to 2.39μmol) but lowest in the adipose tissues (0.03 to O.35μmol).View full abstractDownload PDF (366K) -
Jian Xin LIU, Masahiko OKUBO, Yasushi ASAHIDA1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 40-45
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing three wethers, we studied the effects of NaOH treatment and soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance and energy utilization of rice straw. The untreated rice straw (RS) was either given alone or supplemented with 100, 200 or 300g SBM per day, and NaOH-treated rice straw (ARS) was either given alone or supplemented with 200g SBM per day. The SBM supplementation significantly increased the digestibility of RS diet nutrients (P<0.05). There was, however, little difference in nutrient digestibility among the SBM-supplemented RS diets. Alkali treatment significantly increased the digestibility of nutrients of RS (P<0.05), but SBM supplementation had no further effect on the nutrient digestibility of ARS. The intake, digestibility and retention of N increased with the increasing level of SBM supplemetation (P<0.05), but increased N intake was also associated with an increase in urinary N loss. Alkali treatment increased N digestibility and decreased urinary N loss (P<0.05). The supplementation of ARS with SBM further increased N digestibility (P<0.05) and hence N retention. The intake, digestibility and metabolizability of energy significantly increased due to SBM supplementation and alkali treatment (P<0.05). The metabolizable energy content was the highest in the SBM-supplemented ARS diet.View full abstractDownload PDF (340K) -
Keizo ARIHARA, Makoto ITOH, Yo KONDO1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 46-56
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMetmyoglobin reductase was purified from bovine skeletal muscle by procedures including affinity chromatography on a 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B to an electrophoretically homogeneous protein. The enzyme had been purified over 20, 000 fold, and it has a pH optimum of 6.5. Molecular weight was estimated at 33, 000. Isoelectric pH was between 5.6-5.8. The enzyme reduced metmyoglobin in the presence of erythrocyte cytochrome b5. A Km for cytochrome b5 was 3.2×10-6M. These properties of the purified metmyoglobin reductase were similar to those of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase purified from a bovine erythrocyte. Both enzymes were flavoproteins. Immunological studies have indicated that metmyoglobin reductase is indistinguishable from the erythrocyte enzyme. It was concluded, therefore, that bovine skeletal muscle metmyoglobin reductase was identical molecularly to erythrocyte NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase.View full abstractDownload PDF (1326K) -
Yaetsu KUROSAWA, Kazue TANAKA, Takeshi TOMITA, Makoto KATSUMATA, Josep ...1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 57-69
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the phylogenetic relationship among various species of the genus Sus, blood typing and electrophoretic analysis of several blood proteins of Warty pigs (Sus verrucosus), Bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) and a hybrid animal between domestic×Warty pigs in the Philippines were carried out in the present study. The results obtained from Philippine wild pigs were compared with those of several Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) and their domestic types (Sus scrofa domesticus) reported previously. The blood typing was done using the 17 reagents belonging to 7 systems of the domestic pigs. These reagents are available for detection of erythrocyte antigens in most wild pigs and a hybrid animal. Therefore, it was suggested that there were some immunogenetical differences in the blood group systems between Philippine wild pigs and domestic ones which are considered as separate species. In the comparison of biochemical characters among each species of Philippine wild pigs including domestic ones, the phenotypes of 6PGD, PHI and EsD systems in wild pigs and a hybrid animal were similar to 6PGD-A, PHI-B and EsD-A variants in domestic pigs. The Hb, Pa, Tf, Alb, Am and CEs systems showed polymorphisms between each species. Especially, the variants observed in the Hb, Tf, Alb and CEs systems had never yet been found in domestic pigs and wild populations of Sus scrofa. That is, as a matter of course, it was considered that the genetic difference between the species of two Philippine wild pigs was more remarkable than those among the subspecies including two Japanese Wild pigs (Sus s. leucomystax and Sus s. riukiuanus) and the domestic pigs (Sus s. domesticus). The variants of Hb, Tf and Alb systems in the hybrid animal were the heterozygotes composed of both electrophoretic bands originated from wild and domestic pigs. As a result, it was confirmed in this study that hybrids crossed between domestic pig and wild species (Sus verrucosus) other than Sus scrofa existed in limited area of the Philippines.View full abstractDownload PDF (2685K) -
Hiroaki SANO, Yoshiaki TERASHIMA, Tatsudo SENSHU1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 70-77
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the effects of administering physiological doses of calcium, potassium and sodium propionate in the rumen on insulin secretion in response to feeding, four sheep were fed a lucerne hay diet supplemented with calcium propionate (10mmol/kg BW/day), potassium propionate (20mmol/kg BW/day) and sodium propionate (20mmol/kg BW/day), and a lucerne hay alone diet in a 4×4 Latin square design. Concentrations of propionic acid and the three minerals in the rumen increased in sheep fed the propionate diets after feeding. The arterial blood propionic acid and plasma glucose concentrations were higher in sheep fed the lucerne hay with propionate diets compared with those in sheep fed the lucerne hay alone diet, but blood acetic acid concentration was less. The concentrations of plasma insulin in sheep fed the lucerne hay alone diet increased slightly and transiently. However those concentrations in sheep fed the lucerne hay with propionate diets increased significantly (P<0.05) after feeding, and decreased gradually from the peak values which were reached 30-45min after feeding, even though propionic acid in the rumen and blood remained at high levels. It was concluded that a physiological dose of propionic acid in the rumen stimulates insulin secretion regardless of calcium, potassium or sodium salt of propionate.View full abstractDownload PDF (459K) -
Katsuji SHIGA, Takayasu KAMI, Shinji FUKAMI1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 78-87
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of various reagents on the heat stability of chicken meat and soybean proteins were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effects of these reagents on the physical properties of heat-induced gel from both proteins were also investigated. Consequently, the relationship between the DSC results and the physical properties of heat-induced gels was discussed. The effects of salts such as sodium phosphate, NaCl, and NaSCN on the heat stability of chicken meat protein were considerably different from those of soybean protein; e. g. NaCl lowered the denaturation temperatures (Tmax) of meat proteins but raised the Tmax of soybean protein. However, the order of relative effectiveness of various salts on these proteins followed the lyotrophyic (Hofmeister) series. Propyrene glycol (PG) lowered the Tmax of both proteins. These results suggest that hydrophobic interaction might be involved in the heat stability of both proteins. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) decreased the peak areas in DSC thermograms of both proteins without large changes in Tmax. Urea largely decreased the area of peaks in both proteins, and all peaks disappeared at a high concentration, indicating that proteins had already denaturated. The effects of 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) on DSC thermograms of both proteins were slight. The presence of salts increased the strength of heat-induced gels of chicken meat protein but decreased the gel-strength of soybean protein. The presence of PG and SDS increased the strength of heat-induced gels of both proteins, but the effect of PG on the gel-strength was minor. The total breaking energy of heat-induced protein gels was related to the Tmax of proteins to some extent.View full abstractDownload PDF (584K) -
Takao NISHIDA, Yoshihiro HAYASHI, Ken NOZAWA, Takayoshi SHOTAKE, Yoshi ...1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 88-96
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe morphological and genetical characteristics of the Nepalese native chicken were studied by somatometry and analysis of external genetic characters in the first investigation on Nepalese native domestic animals and their wild forms in 1986. Thirty five native chickens in Tarai area, made up of 7 males and 28 females, were measured for 7 different body parts and body weight. The principal component analysis using covariance matrix of 7 body measurements was applied to clarify the relationship between the Nepalese native chicken and other South-and Southeast-Asian chickens. Results of the principal component analysis are as follows : 1) The Nepalese native cock was placed between the Lanka native chicken and the non-game type Bangladesh chicken and close to the game-type Philippine and the Brown Leghorn cock, based on the discrimination afforded by the first component (size vector). For the second component (shape vector), the non-game type Bangladesh and the Lanka native chicken were placed in a similar position, and the Indonesian native chicken and the game-type Malaysian were placed together at the same position. The Nepalese cock took the intermediate position between these two groups. 2) Based on the first component, the Nepalese native hen was placed similarly to the cock between the Lanka native chicken and the non-game type Bangladesh chicken, this being the same position as the game-type Philippine and the Brown Leghorn, whereas the Lanka hen was in a position close to the non-game type Bangladesh, Phippine and Malaysian and the Australorp, and not far from the game-type Phlippine and the Lanka hen in the second component. 3) Both sexes of the Nepalese native chicken were close to the South-Asian native chicken population, viz. the Bangladesh and Lanka chicken, while there were no populations situated on the same position in the second component. Therefore, some differences were observed in body conformation between these South-Asian native chicken populations. The external genetic characteristics of 593 birds, viz. the feather and shank color, comb shape, ear-lobe color and other features, were recorded at 14 places in Nepal. The gene frequencies (q) controlling these morphological characters were calculated from the total number of birds. The frequencies of I, S and B genes were as low as those of other Asian countries. On the E allele, the frequency of the e+ gene showed a geographical variation ; i. e. the frequency was higher in the Solu-Khumbu area than in the other areas. Geographical variation was also recognized in the frequencies of the id gene. Concerning the comb shape, the Nepalese naitve chicken showed an extremely low value of P gene frequency.View full abstractDownload PDF (464K) -
Keizo ARIHARA, Makoto ITOH, Yo KONDO1989 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 97-100
Published: January 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (578K)
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