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Volume 60, Issue 7
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Hiroya YUGUCHI, Sumio TANAI, Keiji IWATSUKI, Shigeo OKONOGI1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 619-629
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that the properties of yoghurt are dependent on the strains of lactic acid bacteria used and fermentation conditions. However the details of the phenomena of this dependency are still unknown. Therefore, we studied the influence of fermentation velocity on the average particle size of yoghurt curd in order to clarify this point, and we obtained the following results. Average particle size increased during the process of fermentation, which was divided into the following three stages. In the first stage before beginning curd formation, average particle size did not increase. In the second stage, average particle size increased with decreasing pH. In the third stage after completing gelation, average particle size did not increase. The factor that influenced average yoghurt curd particle size after fermentation was fermentation velocity in the second stage. Consequently it became apparent that although there were various fermentation conditions, average particle size after fermentation could be estimated by measuring fermentation velocity in the second stage. Furthermore it was established that average particle size after fermentation influenced the coefficients of elasticity and viscosity.View full abstractDownload PDF (561K) -
Masaaki WAKITA, Sadao HOSHINO1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 627-631
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEntodinium ciliates and viable starch-utilizing bacteria were counted in the rumen liquor of sheep fed a concentrate diet by two differential feeding methods in order to elucidate the quantitative relationship between Entodinium ciliates and starch-utilizing bacteria. Sheep fed a 60% concentrate diet maintained their intrinsic level individually. The numbers of Entodinium ciliates and starch-utilizing bacteria varied daily over wide range but showed a cyclic change. Starch-utilizing bacteria decreased as Entodinium ciliates increased, and there was a significant negative correlation (r=0.88, p<0.01) between the counts of these organisms. When all roughage diet was changed to all concentrate diet by increasing the proportion of concentrate by 5% daily, Entodinium ciliates increased in three sheep among four sheep. Entodinium ciliates remarkably increased with diets containing from 40% to 80%-concentrate, in contrast with a few increase in starch-utilizing and lactate-utilizing bacteria, and the decrease of ruminal pH was small. With diets containing over 95%-concentrate diet (about pH 5.2), Entodinium ciliate remarkably decreased in number while both starch-utilizing and lactate-utilizing bacteria increased. These results strongly suggest that there is a negative relationship of numbers or competitive relationship of starch utilization between Entodiniun ciliates and starch-utilizing bacteria.View full abstractDownload PDF (394K) -
Shigeki ENTSU1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 632-638
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree Japanese Black cattle were tested in a modified Y-maze equipped with two tubs to determine if they were capable of discriminating between a chromatic colour (green, red, blue and yellow) and an achromatic colour. A chromatic colour panel was placed in front of a reward tub, while an achromatic colour was placed in front of a non-reward tub. The reward tub was changed randomly. The responses of the cattle were recorded in each session (one session equalling 30 trials). The discrimination criterion was defined as more than 21 correct responses per 30 trials, During this discrimination training, each individual was trained to select between a panel with a training colour (green, red, blue or yellow) and a white panel. Eventually, each animal was able to differentiate between each training colour panel and the white panel after 12 sessions. In the discrimination test, each animal had to make a choice between the training colour and seven different shades of grey, one of which was equivalent to the training colour in value. During the test, each animal was able to select each colour (green, red, blue and yellow) continuously in spite of the change in the white panel's value. This result suggests that animals discriminated between training colours and white, in terms of some colour and white, and not as some shade of grey and white. In the control test each animal was made to select the reward tub from the non-reward tub without the panels. In this test, animals could not discriminate between the reward tub and the non-reward tub. This result suggests that the cattle discriminated on the basis of the panel's stimulus as opposed to any other basis.View full abstractDownload PDF (465K) -
Hiroshi UEDA, Mitsuaki OHSHIMA1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 639-643
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNutritive value of alfalfa leaf protein concentrate (LPC) prepared from DuPuits, high saponin variety, by the acid treatment was studied in chicks. The untreated LPC was coagulated by heating green juice to 70°C, whereas the acid-treated LPC was obtained by the acidification of green juice to pH 4 with hydrochloric acid before the heat coagulation. Each LPC was used as a sole protein source, providing 18% crude protein. In the first experiment, the nutritive value of alfalfa and ladino clover LPCs prepared by the two processing methods were compared. The acid treatment severely depressed the nutritive value of alfalfa LPC. A similar result was obtained in ladino clover LPC, the extent of which was much less in ladino clover LPC than in alfalfa LPC. Chemical analysis showed there was difference in metabolizable energy value (0.92kJ/g) and sulfur-containing amino acids content (0.09%) between the untreated alfalfa LPC diet and acid-treated alfalfa LPC diet. Thus, in the second experiment, metabolizable energy of both diets was equalized to 13.22 and 14.14kJ/g diet by modifying the corn oil and cornstarch contents, and 0.1% DL-methionine was supplemented to the acid-treated alfalfa LPC diet. However, poor nutritive value of the acid-treated alfalfa LPC was not accounted for by the dietary energy and sulfur-containing amino acid contents.View full abstractDownload PDF (319K) -
Hiroshi SATO, Yoshitaka NAGAMINE, Takashi HAYASHI1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 644-647
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBlood samples were taken periodically (total 130 samples) from 13 young Japanese Shorthorn calves grazed on pasture. Concentrations of plasma total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, free fatty acid (FFA), cholesterol, phospholipid, Mg, Ca and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) were measured. Data were divided into 3 groups according to age; i. e., less than 10 weeks (_??_10wk), 11-20 weeks (11-20wk) and more than 21 weeks (_??_21wk). The correlations between plasma metabolite levels and growth rate (daily weight gain; DG) were calculated. Plasma glucose, cholesterol, phospholipid, Ca and Pi levels were positively correlated with DG, especially at the stage of _??_10wk. Urea level showed a negative correlation with DG at_??_10wk. For total protein, albumin, FFA and Mg levels, correlations with DG were not significant. It is considered that the blood metabolite levels may correlate with growth rate especially in young calves, whose nutrition greatly depends on their dam's milk.View full abstractDownload PDF (301K) -
Keiichi TANAKA, Shigeru OHTANI1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 648-652
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of diisopropyl 1, 3-dithiolan-2-ylidenemalonate (NKK-100) on lipogenesis and lipolysis of adipose tissues was investigated in Japanese native goats (castrated). Seven goats were divided into two groups, the control group (three goats) and the NKK-100 supplemented group (four goats). The control group was reared on the diet. The NKK-100 feeding group was given the diet and NKK-100 of 50mg per a day per 1kg body weight. Adipose tissue samples were collected from the subcutaneous depot immediately before and at the 4th, 8th and 12th week after starting the experiment. NKK-100 feeding had no influence on activities of lipogenic-related enzymes and resulted in a marked increase in the lipolytic rate of subcutaneous adipose tissues in goats through experimental period. In the control group, diameter (volume) of subcutaneous adipocytes had a tendency to increase at 8th and 12th week of the experiment. On the other hand, those of the NKK-100 supplemented group tended to reduce gradually with advancing the experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (372K) -
Takuji SHIRAYAMA, Kohkichi UEHARA, Hiroshi OKAMURA1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 653-658
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResearch and development are necessary on saved-chrome and non-chrome tanning agents.
The optimum amount of chrome tanning agent determined from the rate of use for pelt weight, the quality of leather gained via change within a 2% to 8% range, and the effects of the saved-chrome tanning were examined in order to prepare wet blue as a material for making soft-type shoe upper leather using steer hide.
Usable rates of chrome in the added chrome tanning agent were: 8%: 63.6%, 4%: 74.3 %, 3%: 78.8% and 2%: 83.1% respectively, which shows that when the 3% chrome tanning agent was added for pelt weight, the usable rate of chrome was sufficiently high at 78.8%. It was then noted that the reduced use of chrome tanning agent improved the usable rate of chrome, which also reduced residual chrome in the waste liquor.
By retanning the leather with the 8% chrome tanning agent as the standard, the mechanical properties of leather prepared from wet blue at different rates of chrome were compared. Tensile strength and tear strength were the lowest with the 8% chrome tanning agent (retanning), either of which was apt to be reduced by retanning. Grain crack was noted, with the highest being leather treated by the 8% chrome tanning agent without retanning. Therefore when the additional chrome tanning agent is reduced and retanning is performed, the load at 5mm height is reduced, giving a certain softness to the grain.
When a soft-type shoe upper leather is produced, it will feasibly cut down the conventional use of chrome tanning agent to 50% or below. Addition of the chrome tanning agent at 3% to white weight is desirable.View full abstractDownload PDF (418K) -
Yoichi KOJIMA, Masami TAKUWA, Kazunari USHIDA, Hiroshi NAKANISHI1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 659-665
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe methionine core (CORE, consisting of 90% methionine and 10% wheat gluten) and two types of encapsulated methionine (CAP 20 and CAP 50, methionine core covered with gypsum plaster, containing 20 and 50% gypsum) were tested for the disappearance rate of dry matter from Dacron bags in the rumen of fistulated wethers. CORE disappeared most rapidly from Dacron bags followed by CAP 20 and CAP 50. Plasma free methionine levels of wethers which were dosed with the methionine sources were compared to control animals (dosed on non-methionine sources). The CAP 50 dosing maintained the highest levels of plasma methionine, followed by CAP 20, CORE and control. Wethers which were dosed with the methionine sources had significantly higher plasma methionine levels than control wethers, whereas the difference in plasma methionine levels between the wethers dosed with three methionine sources was not significant. The Dacron bags containing CORE were dosed into the rumen of the wethers in order to examine the efficiency of CORE as a by-pass source of methionine. Plasma free methionine levels of wethers which were dosed with Dacron bags containing CORE were somewhat higher than control wethers (dosed no methionine source), but the differences was not significant.
These results show that not only are CAP 20 and CAP 50 effective but also that CORE works effectively as a by-pass methionine source.View full abstractDownload PDF (435K) -
Tohru MATSUI, Masaki KAWADA, Tsutomu FUJIHARA, Tadashi HARUMOTO1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 666-670
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of administrating elfazepam, a minor tranquilizer, on eating and ruminating behavior in sheep on a restricted diet. Three wethers were orally administered 4mg, 8mg of elfazepam and carrier for 2 weeks in a 3×3 Latin square design. One week after the initial administration, eating and ruminating behavior, digestibility and passage rate of Cr through the digestive tract were measured. Elfazepam administration increased digestibility of crude fiber and reduced the passage rate of Cr. Both elfazeparn administration doses increased the rate of eating. However, there was no difference in rumination parameters despite the administration of carrier, 4mg and 8mg of elfazepam, respectively. Elfazepam appears to improve crude fiber digestibility by lengthening the retention time of digesta in the digestive tract without changing rumination. Furthermore, it is possible that elfazepam suppresses satiety because the rate of eating was increased by the administration of elfazepam, despite the longer retention time of digesta in the gut.View full abstractDownload PDF (279K) -
Takamitsu AII, Shigeo TAKAHASHI, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Shinichi KUME1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 671-678
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to evaluate the effect of roughage on cholesterol levels in the milk fat of cows fed with three different types of roughage, namely, Italian ryegrass hay, haylage and fresh Italian ryegrass ad lib.. Three experiments respectively were carried out on 6 Holstein dairy cows according to a switch-back trial. Cholesterol levels in the milk fat of cows given fresh grass (261mg/100g) were significantly higher than for those given hay (236), but no significant difference in cholesterol levels was found between haylage feeding (253) and hay feeding (255). The average production of cholesterol in milk during the feeding periods of fresh grass, haylage and hay feedings was 2, 498, 2, 271 and 2, 060 mg/head/day, respectively. There was a large difference between hay feeding and the other two feedings (p<0.01). Serum cholesterol was at a significantly higher level when the cows received hay (167mg/dl) than when the cows received fresh grass (157). Cholesterol levels in the milk fat had no significant relationship to milk fat content or to serum cholesterol level. However, a close relationship was found between cholesterol levels in milk fat and the C4-C14 group content in the milk fatty acids (p<0.01). Considerable individual variations in the cholesterol levels were observed: cows producing high cholesterol milk and cows producing low cholesterol milk were found to exist irrespective of the offered rations. The results indicated that cholesterol levels in the milk fat were influenced by some other factors in addition to the offered ration.View full abstractDownload PDF (431K) -
Akiyoshi HOSONO, Haruko YAMAZAKI, Hajime OTANI1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 679-685
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe antimutagenic effects of a slimy substance included in Brevibacterium linens on 3-amino-1, 4-dimethyl-5 H-[4, 3-b] indole (Trp-P 1), 3-amino-l-methyl-5 H-pyrido [4, 3-b] indole (Trp-P 2), and heated oils (butter oil, soy bean oil and rapeseed oil) showing mutagenicty were examined in vitro using a streptomycin dependent strain, SD 510 of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 as an indicator bacteria, and partly by high performance liquid chromatography. The slimy substance consisting of sticky materials and cells of Brev. linens exhibited remarkable antimutagenic activity towards Trp-P 1, Trp-P 2 and the mutagenic oils, when the slimy substance was incubated with either of these mutagens at 37°C for 15min. The remarkable antimutagenic activity observed was due to strong binding activity of the slimy substance to the mutagens tested.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Takeshi SHIBATA, Yasuo MORITOMO, Tsuneo ABE1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 686-688
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (494K) -
Direct Effects of VIP on the Release of Growth Hormone from the Superfused Bovine Pituitary in vitroTsutomu HASHIZUME, Naoshi OOTA, Shigeto KANEMATSU1989 Volume 60 Issue 7 Pages 689-693
Published: July 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (249K)
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