Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 60, Issue 8
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • Toshiyuki KOJIMA, Tadashi SOMA, Norihiko OGURI
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 721-727
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of the simplification of embryo donor preparation, several superovulatory treatments and the single insemination regimen on embryo production in Japanese beef cattle. Out of 45 cattle in group A of the routine method, 41 cattle showed estrus by superovulating, beginning on days 8 to 15 of the estrous cycle by giving FSH-P in decreasing doses of 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3 and 2, 2mg for 4 consecutive days at 12-h intervals, at least after two normal estrous cycles. All of them were accomplished flushings. Out of 27 cattle administered twice PGF with an 11 days-interval, 23 (85%) cattle showed estrus. Twenty-five including 2 cattle without twice PGF injections were allocated to the following three groups, group B (6 cattle), group C (10 cattle) and group D (9 cattle). Subsequently, 6 (group B), 9 (group C) and 9 (group D) cattle showed estrus by superovulating. Cattle in groups B and C received 10mg and 5mg of FSH-P on days 2 or 3 and 3 or 4 of the estrous cycle, respectively. Cattle in groups B, C and D received FSH-P in decreasing doses of 5, 5, 4, 4 and 3, 3mg for three consecutive days, beginning on days 9 to 12 of the same estrous cycle. All of the cattle in the present study were given 15mg of PGF at 48 and 60h after the initiation of superovulatory treatment. Beef cattle in B, C and D were artificially inseminated with one unit of frozen semen 24h after the onset of standing estrus, while those in A were inseminated twice with 4 units of fresh semen. Out of the cattle assigned to groups B, C and D, 5, 9 and 7 cattle were accomplished flushings, respectively. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically on Day 7 or 8 and morphologically evaluated. Ovaries of the beef cattie were palpated at the beginning of flushings to assess the number of corpora lutea (CL). There were no differences in the mean number of CL palpated, ova recovered and transferable embryos recovered between each treatment. A significant difference was observed between the routine method (66%) and B+C+D (91%) in the percentage of cattle recovered transferable embryos (P<0.05). Group A was higher than group B (P<0.005), group D (P<0.01) and B+C+D (P<0.005) in variability of the number of CL. It was suggested that donor preparation by twice PGF administration with an 11 days-interval, three consecutive days of superovulatory treatment of FSH-P and a single insemination of one unit of frozen semen 24h after the onset of standing estrus would likely result in embryo production comparable with the routine method, and yet that this combining procedure would be effective only for cattle herd managed under good feeding and breeding condition.
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  • An Assessment of Air Movement in Terms of Effective Temperature
    Aya YAMAMOTO, Sadaki YAMAMOTO, Noriaki YAMAGISHI, Hiroaki SHISHIDO
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 728-733
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Using the environmental controlled laboratory of the National Institute of Animal Industry weighting ratios of environmental temprature and air movement on thermoregulatory physiological responses of four lactating Holstein cows were investigated, and effectiveness of air movement was estimated in terms of effective temperature. Physiological responses, including rectal temperature, mean skin surface temperature from eleven different parts of the body, respiration rate and heart rate were measured at six levels of ambient temperature, ranging from 4°C to 30°C and five levels of air movement from no-forced blow to 2.25 m/s around the cow's head. Respiration rate and mean skin temperature increased with environmental temperature but decreased with air movement. No significant effect of either enviromental temperature or air movement on rectal temperature was found. Heart rate reached a minimal level at 8°C and increased as the temperature changed from 8°C to the other levels. With increasing of air movement heart rate tended to decrease. Weighting ratio of environmental temperature (DBT, °C) and air movement (√AM, m/s) on respiration rate and on mean skin temperatures altered as the zone of temperature ranged from cold to warm; the average weighting ratios were from 1:-9.2 to 1:-10.5. Effective temperature (ET), in terms of dry bulb temperature (DBT, °C) and air movement (√AM, m/s) could be expressed as follows. ET (DBT, AM)=DBT-10√AM. The usefulness of this formula is discussed in connection with the protecton of dairy cows from cold and heat.
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  • Significance of Volatile Components and Organic Acids in the Sensory Acceptance of Yogurt
    Hiroya YUGUCHI, Akinori HIRAMATSU, Kazuyoshi DOI, Chuichi IDA, Shigeo ...
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 734-741
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fermented milk was prepared by incubating sterilized milk with a single starter culture consisting of one of 5 strains of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus bulgaricus or Streptococcus thermophilus, or with their mixed starter culture in a sealed vessel. The volatile components in the top gas space in the vessel were analyzed directly by capillary gas chromatography. Acetaldehyde and diacetyl were commonly produced in all the fermented milk, while only a few bacterial strains produced ethanol. In the single starter culture study, the highest activity in acetaldehyde evolution was recognized in the case of fermentation with B. breve ATCC 15700, whereas the fermentation of milk with B. longum BB-536 caused outstanding ethanol production. Incubation with the mixed starter culture stimulated the production of acetaldehyde and diacetyl. Ethanol production was, on the other hand, lower than via fermentation with the single starter culture with the mixed starter culture of bifidobacteria, S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus. Milk products fermented with the mixed starter culture achieved a higher score in the sensory acceptance evaluation than did those fermented with the single starter culture of bifidobacteria. In order to exhibit favorable palatability for yogurt fermented with bifidobacteria, it is desirable to employ additional the starter cultures of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus which are broadly used in yogurt manufacturing.
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  • Hiroya YUGUCHI, Sumio TANAI, Keiji IWATSUKI, Shigeo OKONOGI
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 742-746
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the previous report, the average particle size of yogurt curd after fermentation was found to depend on the fermentation velocity of yogurt and if also correlated with the coefficients of elasticity and viscosity. In this study we examined the relationship between the fermentation velocity and the physicochemical properties of yogurt, such as hardness obtained by a destructive and nondestructive method, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, gumminess, brittleness and penetro-value. These values were measured by the creep meter.
    It was found that of the 7 properties studied, only hardness by a nondestructive method and gumminess had positive correlations for fermentation velocity. Thus it was concluded that the coefficients of elasticity and viscosity, hardness by a nondestructive method and gumminess were estimated by measuring fermentation velocity.
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  • Osamu DOI, Takami YAMASHITA, Yuichi TANABE
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 747-754
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To characterize further the indoleamine production of pineal parenchymal cells in the chicken, we investigated light microscopically the production and localization of serotonin during embryonic and post-hatching development using a immunohistochemical technique. Serotonin-specific granules occurred in the wall of the pineal recess as early as day 3.5 of incubation. In rosettes and small follicles gradually formed after day 4 of incubation, many stainable granules were restricted to the center of the supranuclear and basal region in the columnar cells. These stainable granules increased in the supranuclear region of the columnar cell as many follicles enlarged. Furthermore, the number of granules increased slowly from vertex to stalk region with advancing embryonic stages. These findings suggested the regional differentiation in the pineal parenchyma after day 10 of incubation. At least after day 14 of incubation, large follicles had two cell types, that is, pinealocytes containing many serotonin-specific granules and supporting cells containing a few. After hatching, however, the welldeveloped pineal gland to a solid lobular structure by the proliferation of polygonal cells had been accompanied with gradual decreased and restricted serotonin-specific granules in the perinuclear region of the pineal parenchymal cells.
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  • Mitsuyoshi SUZUKI, Takatsugu MITSUMOTO, Shogo TSURUTA
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 755-760
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A joint sire and cow evaluation of milk production for every lactation was carried out for the Hokkaido Holstein population, and evaluation values were compared with those of present official proofs of Hokkaido Milk Recording Association (HMRA). The data contained milk and fat yields for cows calving from 1975 to March 1987 during HMRA dairy herd testing. The data screenings were processed in the same way as those conducted at HMRA. A total of 1, 672, 032 lactations from 615, 024 cows in 10, 482 herds were used in the study. A mixed linear model included Herd-year effects as fixed and additive genetic effects, nonadditive genetic plus permanent environmental effects of cows and residual errors as random variables. An inverse of numerator relationships matrix, computed by ignoring the relationships between females across herds, was used to obtain the BLUP solutions via the animal model. Under this model, calculations were performed with a three-stage absorbing approach in the following order; nonadditive genetic plus permanent environmental effects, herd-year effects, and cow's additive genetic effects. Assumed heritabilities and repeatabilities were 0.25 and 0.40 in both milk and fat yields, respectively.
    4, 525 sires were evaluated simultaneously, about 2.3 times the number of the present official proofs by BLUP under the sire model with first lactation daughters. Correlations between the estimated breeding values of sire by simultaneous and those of the official evaluation were 0.795 for milk yield and 0.757 for fat yield. Correlations from 81 sires with 1, 000 or more daughters increased to 0.933 for milk yield and 0.866 for fat yield. Correlation coefficients between the breeding values of cows from the joint evaluation and those of the intra-herd cow evaluation of HMRA were 0.959 and 0.941 for milk and fat yields, respectively. But, correlation coefficients from 1, 462 elite cows which were the 1% upper bound on both milk and fat proof decreased to 0.909 for milk yield and 0.908 for fat yield, respectively.
    It was concluded that the simultaneous evaluation of sire and cow can be applied to improving dairy cattle without extra computing time and resource requirements.
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  • Comparison of in vivo Developed Blastocysts and Those Obtained in Culture after in vitro Fertilization
    Motoyuki TOKUMARU, Kazufumi GOTO, Yutaka KAJIHARA, Masamitsu KOBA, Yos ...
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 761-770
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A methodological investigation was conducted on chromosome preparation from bovine blastocysts developed in vivo, which were obtained from superovulated cows, and those developed in culture after in vitro fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes. The rate of sexing and the incidence of numerical abnormality of chromosomes were also examined.
    In the embryos developed in vivo, the length (2 to 8h) of colcemid-treatment (TCM 199 containing 0.04μg/ml colcemid) did not affect the percentage of embryos with metaphase plates and the rate of sexing. In the embryos developed in culture, a 2-h colcemid-treatment gave the highest percentages of embryos with metaphase plates and the highest sexing rate.
    In the embryos developed in culture, a brief rinsing of embryos in a hypotonic solution of 0.5% sodium citrate prior to a hypotonic treatment with 0.5% sodium citrate for 5min gave a higher rate of sexing as compared with the rate obtained by the second hypotonic treatment only. A similar trend was observed in the embryos developed in vivo. From these results, it was concluded that the brief rinse of embryos prior to the hypotonic treatment is the most desirable to obtain high quality chromosome preparations.
    The sexing rates of embryos were not different according to their developmental stages. The percentage of embryos with metaphase plates and the sexing rate tended to decrease as the quality of embryos becomes poor. The incidence of embryos with abnormal numbers of chromosomes was higher in the embryos developed in culture after in vitro fertilization than in those developed in vivo.
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  • Kiyoshi YAMAUCHI, Yuji NASU, Tomio OHASHI, Seiichi HAGA, Hisashi MURAT ...
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 771-775
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study was performed with a total of 139 pork carcasses to elucidate the differences and correlation between the fatty acid compositions of adipose tissue lipids and muscle lipids. This included the possibility of readily estimating (with a significantly high correlation coefficient) the fatty acid composition of muscle lipids from adipose tissue lipids. The animals were raised under different conditions in the southern Kyushu area and slaughtered at about 105kg live weight. Their adipose tissues (the outer layer of backfat, OBF; the inner layer of backfat, IBF; perirenal fat, PF and intermuscular fat, IMF) and muscle (M. longissimus thoracis, MLT) were excised and analyzed for their fatty acid compositions.
    The percentage concentrations of each of the main fatty acids (palmitic acid, 16:0; stearic acid, 18:0; oleic acid, 18:1; linoleic acid, 18:2) varied among the tissue lipids evaluated. However, those between OBF, IBF and PF were significantly different from each other. The simple correlation coefficient values for the percentage concentrations of main fatty acids between the adipose tissue lipids tended to decrease in the order of (between OBF and IBF)>(between IMF and either OBF or IBF)>(between IMF and PF)>(between PF and either OBF or IBF). This suggests that the effects of extrinsic factors such as feeding conditions are most remarkably reflected in the differences in fatty acid compositions between PF and either OBF or IBF, whereas the respective intrinsic differences in the main fatty acids between OBF and IBF are unlikely to be affected by extrinsic factors. Between the adipose tissue lipids and muscle lipids simple correlation coefficients of their main fatty acids were found to be reduced and varied to a considerable extent. Although the values obtained were significant, they were very low depending upon the kind of fatty acid, particularly for both 18:0 and 18:1. The results demonstrated that there was considerable difficulty in estimating the fatty acid composition of muscle lipids from that for any adipose tissue lipids.
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  • Koji MIYAZAKI, Tuneo HIND, Hisao ITABASHI
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 776-782
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to utilize ethanol as a feed additive, it is important to know the effect of ethanol on rumen microorganisms: (1) Effect on VFA and gas production was examined in vitro. Mixed rumen microorganisms harvested from a steer fed a diet containing ethanol (5% of feed intake, "EtOH-fed") or a control diet ("EtOH-unfed") were incubated with graded levels of ethanol. Ethanol increased VFA and gas production below 2-3% and decreased above the concentration, and the critical concentration was not different between "EtOH-fed" and "EtOH-unfed "periods. In both periods, percentages of acetate increased and propionate decreased as ethanol increased from 0 to 6%. In "EtOH-fed" period, proportions of valerate and caproate remarkably increased. VFA production by protozoa was not increased by ethanol, and considerably decreased above 3% ethanol.
    (2) Effect on membrane fatty acid composition was investigated in vitro. Ethanol (3%) markedly increased proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) of mixed rumen microorganisms. Experiments with single strains of rumen bacteria showed, that bacteria were grouped into 3 categories, based on the changes in fatty acids caused by ethanol; in Group 1, ratios of UFA to saturated fatty acids (SFA) were enhanced by ethanol, in Group 2, proportions of branched chain fatty acids increased, in Group 3, significant changes were not observed. The greater was inhibition of growth by ethanol, the less significant changes in fatty acid composition were seen. Some rumen bacteria appear to change their membrane fatty acid composition as a way of adaptation to ethanol. In conclusion, ethanol is not only utilized by rumen microorganisms as an energy source, but also exerts considerable influence on lipid metabolism in the rumen. The latter results suggest that ethanol may affect fatty acids supplied to ruminants.
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  • Hiroshi NAGASAWA, Masashi KOBAYASHI, Ritsuko OHBAYASHI, Hideo INATOMI
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 783-787
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As a possible step toward evaluating the efficiency of medicinal plants on the improvement of productivity of farm animals, the effects of crude extracts of 13 plant products (Table 1) on mammary gland growth were examined in C3H/HeMei virgin mice. Both intact and single pituitary grafted mice given the extract of Nut-grass rhizome (5g/l tap water) between 30 and 51 days of age had significantly inhibited mammary duct growth, whereas mammary end-bud formation was enhanced by the agent in pituitary grafted mice. By contrast, the same treatment with extract of Mulberry root stimulated marked mammary duct growth in both intact and pituitary grafted mice.
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  • Haku SUGAWARA, Jun SEGAWA, Shigeki SHIMOYAMA
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 788-796
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    One or 3mg of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) per kg of body weight were injected in 3 non-lactating female Saanen goats via the external jugular vein at a light hour of a day (14 hours of lighting per day, 350 lux at goat's head, room temperature 20±2°C). The plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations began to increase from 5 to 15 minutes after administration and rose to a peak within 40 minutes. When 10μg of melatonin per kg of body weight were administered in 2 of these 3 goats, the plasma PRL concentration increased markedly within 5 minutes. We then confirmed the following in 4 other goats under the same lighting conditions: 1) the normal level of the plasma PRL concentration, and 2) the releasing responses to both 1mg of 5-HTP and 10 and 20μg of melatonin per kg of body weight. Thereafter we dissected the ganglion cervicale craniale of these goats (GCCX). After GCCX, the plasma PRL concentrations were decreased during the light hours in 2 of the goats but showed almost no changes in the 2 others. The plasma PRL concentrations in all 4 of these goats did not increase during the dark hours. When 5-HTP was administered after GCCX, the plasma PRL concentrations increased slightly. The peak in plasma PRL concentration induced by melatonin after GCCX was diminished to 10-20% of that in the intact animals.
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  • Choemon KANNO, Hideko OGAWA
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 797-806
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Lactophorin (LP), which reacts with the antiserum to milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), has been designated as the major glycoprotein in component-3 (C-3) of proteose-peptone (PP). We investigated whether LP could be derived from any skim milk (SKM) proteins by indigenous milk proteinases during the incubation of SKM at 37°C. After incubatine, the total PP isolated from SKM was fractionated into component-5, -3 (rich in LP) and-8 fractions by salting out. A marked difference was found between heated SKM (95°C, 30min) and unheated SKM. The amounts of the total PP fractions isolated from unheated SKM increased with incubation time, while those of heated SKM (control) did not. The LP content in C-3 from heated SKM, which was determined by a single radial immunodiffusion, did not change during the incubation period. In contrast, the LP content in C-3 from unheated SKM decreased with incubation time, and was 20% of the 0-day amount after 14 days. Electrophoretic analysis showed that major band of LP from unheated SKM disappeared after 6 days of incubation. An immunoelectrophoretic assay showed that the precipitation lines of C-3 from unheated SKM had shifted to the more-negative electrode side after 2 and 3 days, changed to one line after 4 days, and become shorter after 6 days, suggesting that LP was degraded via the intermediates formed during proteolysis. The results indicate that the increase of PP and degradation of LP was caused by proteolysis with indigenous milk proteinases. It is concluded that, far from being newly formed, LP was degraded by proteolysis.
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  • Tomoya USAGAWA, Shozaburo YOSHIDA, Ryoji KAWASHIMA
    1989 Volume 60 Issue 8 Pages 807-810
    Published: August 25, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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