Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 61, Issue 12
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • Shogo TSURUTA, Mitsuyoshi SUZUKI, Takatsugu MITSUMOTO
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1051-1056
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study is to estimate genetic and environmental trends for milk and fat production and to investigate the effective breeding program in Hokkaido. All lactation records of 757, 615 Holstein cows in 10, 553 herds were used in this study. These records were obtained from Hokkaido Dairy Herd Milk Recording Association. Breeding values were estimated from simultaneous evaluations of bulls and cows using the animal model. Environmental trends were estimated from averages of herd-year effects in mixed model. Annual environmental changes from 1982 to 1988 in the year of calving were 136.8kg and 5.20kg for milk and fat production, respectively. Genetic trends in the year of calving were estimated from averages of cows' breeding values and averages of sires' estimated transmitting abilities weighted by number of daughters. Annual genetic changes from 1982 to 1988 in the year of calving were 73.2kg and 2.50kg for milk and fat production, respectively. Genetic trends in the year of a cow's birth were estimated from averages of cows' breeding values. Annual genetic changes in the year of a cow's birth for cows' breeding values were 88.1kg and 3.15kg from 1981 to 1986 for milk and fat production, respectively. Genetic trends in the year of a bull's birth were estimated from averages of bulls' breeding values. Annual genetic changes in the year of a bull's birth for bulls' breeding values were 82.1kg and 2.34kg from 1979 to 1984 for milk and fat production, respectively.
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  • Hideyuki MANNEN, Soichi Tsuai, Nobuo GOTO
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1057-1062
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Genomic DNA was extracted from three breeds of chickens and digested with restriction enzyme, Hae III. DNA fingerprinting was applied to the digested DNA using 15 base pair repeats in the bacteriophage M13 as a probe. These repeats detected 25 to 35 bands, between 0.5kbp and 10kbp, in each chicken examined. Although banding pattern in the DNA fingerprint is specific to each individual, several common bands were found within the same breed. A parentage test was carried out with parent-offspring DNA fingerprints. All bands of F1 embryo were always originated from either parent. The similar banding pattern in DNA fingerprint was observed between the germ cell and the differentiated cell in the same individual. From the above results, the method described here seemed to be useful for identifying the individual and parent-offspring.
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  • Tsunenori IRIKI, Matanobu ABE, Tsunenori SUGANUMA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1063-1069
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Two N-balance trials were conducted using male Holstein calves weaned at the end of 6-week-old and made to maintain esophageal groove reflex after the weaning. Eight calves in Trial 1, or six calves in Trial 2, were respectively divided on halves into two groups, and used in a 2×2 Latin square experiment lasted for 4 weeks (two weeks per period) from 8 weeks of age. In each trial, rice straw and concentrate, which consisted mainly of corn and corn gluten meal (CGM) and contained 14% CP, were daily given to calves in proportion of 1:9 by weight at a level of 3% initial body weight in each period. The daily ration was divided into two equal quantities and fed at 8: 30 and 16: 30h. In Trial 1, N-balance was compared between the occasion when 20g L-lysine .HCl and 2g DL-methionine were daily administered in two equal portions through the esophageal groove immediately before each feeding, and the occasion when iso-nitrogenous L-glutamine was administered in the similar manner. In the result, the amount and the rate of N excretion into urine were significantly higher when glutamine was administered(P<0.01), but those of N retention were significantly higher when lysine and methionine were simultaneously administered (P<0.05). In Trial 2, N-balance was compared between the occasion when L-lysine. HCl was singly administered through the esopha-geal groove at a daily level of 0.333g/kg initial body weight in each period, and the occasion when iso-nitrogenous L-glutamine was administered. In the result, the amount and the rate of N excretion into urine were significantly higher when glutamine was administered (P<0.01), while those of N retention were significantly higher when lysine was administered (P<0.05 or P<0.01).
    These results suggest that lysine would be the first or sole limiting amino acid for calves fed a diet consisted of corn and CGM, and further that the utilization of ruminally undegraded protein from corn and CGM could be improved by the rumen-bypassed administration of lysine.
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  • Kiyoshi HAYASAKA, Naozumi TAKUSARI, Noriaki YAMAGISHI
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1070-1076
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Four Holstein cows during early lactation were used to find out changes in feed intake, composition of residuals, and meal and rumination patterns with increasing amounts of feed offered. Feeding trials were designed as 42 Latin squares, in which rows, columns, and treatments were represented by periods, cows, and levels of amounts of feed offered. A total mixed ration (TMR), consising of 30% of grass silage, 5% of grass hay and beet pulp, 15% of alfalfa pellet and 45% of concentrate on a DM basis, was offered twice daily at 9:15 and 19:45. The results were as follows: (1) Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to increase when higher amounts of feed were offered; DMI for feeds offered averaged 24.7kg for 25.1kg, 26.6kg for 28.1kg, 27.1kg for 31.1kg and for 34.1kg. (2) Milk production in levels was not improved. (3) Body weights tended to increase when higher amounts of feed were offered. (4) When higher amounts of feed were offered, the length of the first meal after feeding decreased, but spontaneous meals and length increased. (5) Ruminating time, ruminating time/kg DMI and chewing time/kg DMI were almost not affected by the amounts offered. (6) When higher amounts of feed were offered, the amounts of residuals increased and their chemical composition approximated those of the TMR offered. From the results mentioned above, when there were large differences in quality between feed offered and its residuals or small amounts of residuals, caused by lowered amounts offered, voluntary DMI was observed to be influenced more by the control of amounts of feed offered rather than by the physiologi-cal control of animals. The method to get voluntary DMI should be tested with 10-15% as the ratio of residuals to intake.
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  • Kyozo SUYAMA, Atsuo YAMAJI, Keigo KUTIDA, Susumu ADACHI, Yutaka MIZUMA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1077-1083
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The objective of this study is to determine the breed effects on the concentration of individual fatty acids and the molecular distribution of triacylglycerol (TG) isolated from three different adipose tissues, the subcutaneous, inter-muscular and anterior portions of the kidney knob. Data collected from 21 straightbred and 21 crossbred steers of Brahman sire×Japanese black, Japanese Shorthorn and Holstein dams were obtained from the Tohoku University beef cattle herd at the Kawatabi Experiment Station. All steers were fattened with the same feedlot treatment after pasturing.
    Significant breed differences exist between these variates. Marked significant differences in fatty acid composition were found between the cross-and the purebred judging from the means in the percentages of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 and in the ratio of 18:1 to 18:0 (OS ratio). Triacyl glycerols from Brahman crossbreds were significantly higher in C16:0 and C18:0 and lower in C18:1 and OS ratio than those of purebreds. Significant breed differences were also found in comparisons of TG molecules. TG from Brahman crossbred steers were significantly higher in concentration of C48 and C50 TG and lower in C52 and C54 TG than those of purebreds.
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  • Yasuhiro AOKI, Iwao NOTSUKI, Terushi NAKANO, Tadao ICHIKAWA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1084-1094
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to establish the method for detecting subclinical mastitis, the experiments were carried out to examine the variation in the several mastitis indicators and the effect of infectious status on that variation patterns. From 16 (Experiment 1) and 38 (Experi-ment 2) quarters, of which infectious status had been determined, milk samples were collected at intervals of 2 hours during 12 (Exp. 1) or 24 (Exp. 2) hours and examined somatic cell count (SCC), distribution percentages of the components of somatic cells (epithelial cell, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and others), electrical conductivity (EC; Exp. 1 only) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity (Exp. 2 only).
    Results were summarized as follows. (1) SCC in milk samples from each quarter abruptly increased to the maximum at the first 2 hours after milking and, thereafter, declined gradually toward the next milking, regardless of the infectious status of the quarters. The ratio to SCC in foremilk sample at the routine milking were 4.2, 3.5, 2.5 and 1.8 times at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after milking, respectively. (2) In foremilk samples from uninfected quarters, epithelial cells were dominant. At 2 hours after milking, however, the distribution percentages of neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte increased and that of epithelial cell decreased, and these percentages returned to the basal state toward next milking. On the other hand, regarding to the milk from infected quarters by major pathogens, the percentages of neutrophil and monocytes were high at every sampling time. (3) The variation pattern of EC relating to sampling time and infectious status was not shown clearly. It was guessed that the EC values were modified by milk fat. (4) The greatest difference of NAGase activity between groups of quarters according to infectious status was observed at 4 hours after milking, and it was shown that the NAGase activity was significantly higher as infectious status of quarters became more severe.
    These facts suggest that, determining the state of health of each quarter from data of milk samples obtained between routine milking times, it must be regarded that, even if the quarters are not infected by any pathogens, SCC will increase as mentioned above and the distribution percentages of cells from blood become higher than routine milking time. Also, it is suggested that, for determining the state of udder health more exactly, it is useful to examine NAGase activity, as well as SCC.
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  • Meiji ZEMBAYASHI, Yukihiro EMOTO
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1095-1101
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Carcass measurements on carcass length, width, thickness and girth, and carcass fat scores valuated as a degree of subcutaneous fat deposition in three parts of carcass were used for an estimation of amounts and proportions of muscle and edible meat in carcasses by a stepwise regression analysis. Steer carcasses used were 107 and consisted of two strains of Japanese Black, Holestein, Japanese Shorthorn and Crossbred between Japanese Black (75%) and Holstein (25%). Carcasses were dissected and the amounts of edible meat were adjusted on the basis of the amount of fat and muscle in each wholesale cuts. Carcass fat scores correlated better to the proportion of carcass fat than to the weight of fat in carcass. Carcass weight explained 0.87 and 0.89% of the total variances of muscle and edible meat weights in carcass, respectively, and carcass measurements and carcass fat scores were not effective for an improvement of the determination coefficients of the regression equations. On the contrary, the proportions of muscle and edible meat in carcass were explained effectively by the carcass measurements and carcass fat scores, and the carcass weight was not so effective. Breed was an important factor for the improvement of the determination coefficients of the regression equations. But the independent variables entered into the equations differed greatly among breeds.
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  • Keiichi TANAKA, Bying-Sun YOUN, Shigeru OHTANI, Minoru SAKAIDA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1102-1106
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fermented products from the chub mackeral on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the plasma, and on activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of growing chicks. Forty chicks (SCWL male, 4 weeks of age) were weighed individually and divided into five groups of eight chicks each, which were fed the diet containing either 0 (control group), 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% with fermented products from the chub mackeral (chub mackeral extracts). Chicks were fed the experimental diets for 21 days.
    Dietary chub mackeral extracts improved body weight gains of chicks. Abdominal fat weights were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackeral extracts. The 1.0 or 2.0% extracts to the diet showed the tendency of decreases in the triglyceride and free cholesterol concentrations in the plasma of chicks. When 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackeral extract was supplemented to the diet, the triglycride and free cholesterol contents in the liver of chicks were significantly decreased. Similarly, the addition of more than 0.5% extracts to the diet caused significant reduction in the cholesterol in the liver of chicks. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase in the liver of chicks tended to be decreased and were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackeral extracts to the diet.
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  • Kunioki HAYASHI, Shunichi KUKITA, Michiko MUKAI, Masaaki TOYOMIZU, Yui ...
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1107-1112
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary thyroxine (1.2ppm) on the growth, weight of pectoral profundus muscle, rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown estimated by Nτ-methylhistidine method and abdominal fat content in the male intact broiler chicken from 15 to 29 days of age in hot(30°C)and moderate (25°C)environments. In the hot environment, dietary thyroxine decreased body weight gain, rate of muscle protein synthesis and abdominal fat content and increased the feed conversion ratio, although pectoral profundus muscle weight and the rate of muscle protein breakdown were not changed. In the moderate environment, dietary thyroxine increased pectoral profundus muscle weight and decreased the feed conversion ratio. However, body weight gain, rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown and abdominal fat content did not change significantly. These results indicate that the effects of thyroxine on protein and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens under hot environmental conditions are different from those under moderate environmental conditions.
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  • Masayuki FUNABA, Hideo YANO, Ryoji KAWASHIMA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1113-1120
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of dietary contents of grain on calcium (Ca) metabolism was evaluated in adult sheep. They were fed 60 to 90% grain diets with increasing ground barley at the level of 10% every 5 days period, then a 100% hay diet was fed for eight days. Blood pH values tended to be decreased and urinary net acid excretion (NAE) was gradually increased as higher grain diets were offered. Although plasma total Ca concentrations were linearly decreased and urinary Ca excretion was increased with the elevation of dietary grain contents, plasma ionized Ca concentrations were little decreased in sheep fed the high grain diets. A decrease in fractional renal tubule reabsorption rates of Ca was responsible for the increase in urinary Ca excretion in part. Circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels were elevated in sheep fed the high grain diets, while plasma ionized Ca concentrations were little changed. There was no significant relationship between plasma ionized Ca concentrations and NAE (r=-0.18, p>0.23), but a. significant correlation between plasma total Ca concentrations and NAE (r=-0.56, p<0.001). Also, there was a positive correlation between plasma iPTH levels and NAE (r=0.40, p<0.01).
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  • Kazuyuki MORIYA, Kazuo FUJITA, Hiroshi HARADA, Riichi FUKUHARA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1121-1124
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Hitoshi MIKAMI, Akira ONISHI, Masanori KOMATSU, Tomiji AKITA
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1125-1126
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Yoshimi NIWANO, Williams B. HAINEN, B. Ann BECKER, Harold D. JOHNSON
    1990 Volume 61 Issue 12 Pages 1127-1130
    Published: December 25, 1990
    Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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