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Volume 62, Issue 1
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Yoshio YAMAMOTO, Ikuo OKADA, Yoshizane MAEDA, Kenji TSUNODA, Takao NAM ...1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe frequencies of blood group alleles in Nepalese native chickens were investigated. A total of 243 blood samples were collected from the native chickens of four different geographical locations in Nepal. The gene frequencies at four blood group (A, B, D and E)loci were examined. At the A locus, the frequency of genes having the F factor was considerably higher than those of other factors, while the C' factor was not found in Nepalese native chickens. The frequency of the AF allele showed an altitudinal difference: i.e. the frequency was higher in high altitude areas than in low altitude areas. At the B locus, the frequency of BL was higher in the lowland than other areas. The BD allele was found with the lowest frequency only in the Pokhara area. The BA, BE and BM alelles were not found in Pokhara and lowland areas. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) and the average heterozygosity (H) per individual were estimated to evaluate genetic differentiation in Nepalese native chickens. The estimate of GST was a comparatively low value, 0.1285.View full abstractDownload PDF (344K) -
Yanuarso Eddy HEDIANTO, Katsunori SATO, Takayoshi INO1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 7-11
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to compare the embryonic development during the entire period of incubation in inbred and hybrid quail. Japanese quail used in this experiment consisted of inbred lines (F=59.4%), crosses between inbred lines (crossbred) and a randombred population. An overall developmental retardation and a decrease in embryo weight were found in inbred lines, while the restoration of embryonic development was observed in crosses throughout the incubation period. The effect of inbreeding and crossing on embryonic development were pronounced in early embryogenesis. It was found that inbred lines had a high incidence of embryonic mortality and that embryonic mortality might be assosiated with retardaction in embryonic development.View full abstractDownload PDF (327K) -
Pramila KATTI, Harold D. JOHNSON, Yoshimi NIWANO1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 12-17
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHormonal profiles were measured on 5 non-lactating African Pygmy goats exposed to thermoneutral and 3 levels of high temperature. Animals were progressively exposed to each environmental temperature (18°C for 5 days, 30°C for 3 days, 34°C for 9 days and 37°C for 4 days). Plasma prolactin concentration increased to a maximal during 37°C exposure, and epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations during 34°C exposure. Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol then tended to decline toward thermoneutral levels, which may be an expression of a state of acclimation. In this stage of acclimation phase, plasma prolactin remained elevated and T3 remained decreased.View full abstractDownload PDF (375K) -
Matanobu ABE, Toshihiro SATOH, Tsunenori IRNKI1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 18-24
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIntake patterns of concentrate and rice straw as well as fluctuation patterns of blood metabolite and insulin concentration were compared between the group (HMR) of 4 male Holstein calves receiving 600g milk replacer/d and the group (LMR) of 4 calves receiving 200g/d in each of duplicate experiments conducted on one day in May (Expt 1, 20-24°C in ambient temperature) and on another day in November (Expt 2, 12-13°C) Within 8h after the supply of 300 or 100g milk replacer and solid feeds in the morning on each experimental day, the intake of concentrate tended to be higher in LMR, while that of rice straw tended to reverse, and these tendencies were more obvious in Expt 2 than in Expt 1. The lower supply of energy from milk replacer in LMR was more or less compensated by increased intake of concentrate, and the compensation was more sufficient in Expt 2. Concentrations of glucose and insulin in plasma began to increase immediately after the supply of milk replacer, and reached a higher value in HMR than in LMR in both experiments, but began to decrease again after a few hours. The plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyric aoid showed a gradual increase especially in LMR in each experiment. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids in plasma decreased rapidly after the supply of milk replacer and solid feeds, and stayed at a lower level in Expt 2, but began to increase again after 30 min only in LMR in Expt 1. Concentrations of plasma urea-N were higher in the first few hours, and then decreased more remarkably in Expt 2 than in Expt 1, although there was little difference between groups in each experiment. These results suggest that an energostatic system would participate in a short-term regulation of the intake of concentrate in pre-weaning calves.View full abstractDownload PDF (462K) -
Matanobu ABE, Tsunenori IRIKI1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing 15 male Holstein calves weaned at the end of 6 weeks of age and given free access to concentrate pellet (commercial formula feed containing 18% CP and 78% TDN) and rice straw chopped into 40mm in mean length, an experiment was done at 10 weeks of age (about 90kg in body weight). At 20:00 on the day before experiment all solid feeds were removed from the trough, and at 8:30 on the experimental day five of 15 calves were given the above concentrate and rice straw (group CR), the second five calves were given only concentrate (group C) and the remaining five only rice straw (group R). Within 8h after the start, the intake of solid feeds in CR, C and R was 19.3, 20.5 and 3.9g/kg body weight respectively, and the TDN intake was 45.4, 49.4 and 4.7g/W0.75 respectively. However, the proportion of ingested feeds by volume was 1.2:1.2:1 in the same order. Intake rates expressed as the volume of feeds consumed per unit time were highest within the first 30min in all groups, but the value was more than three times higher in CR and C than in R. In CR, rice straw was ingested at the highest rate from 30min to 1h after feeding. Concentrations of serum non-esterified fatty acids and plasma urea-N decreased after feeding in CR and C, but increased or almost unchanged in R. The plasma concentration of total ketone bodies in C was almost as low as in R, although it began to increase immediately after feeding in CR. Consequently, it was considered that energy-rich feeds were preferred in calves lacking energy, and that rumen capacity or rumen fill could be a factor restricting the food intake when concentrate was given with or without rice straw. On the other hand, rice straw seemed to be ingested mainly in pursuit of the rumen fill, but it was suggested that some physical, physiological or nutritional factors other than the rumen fill might also be concerned with the intake of rice straw.View full abstractDownload PDF (421K) -
Norihide KAKIICHT, Shinichi KAMATA, Osamu ITO, Ken-ichi KOMINE, Hirosh ...1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 32-38
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of disinfectants on activated sludge were studied using pretreated swine feces as waste water. Two disinfectants were used; an orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB) preparation, an insecticide, and polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), a biguanide compound. The COD and transparency of the effluent, accumulation of MLSS and faunal characteristics of microorganisms (protozoa and metazoa) were investigated. The critical concentrations of the ODCB preparation and PHMB at which the effluent transparency was deteriorated were 80 and 20mg/l respectively, and those at which the effluent COD was deteriorated were 30 and 20mg/l respectively. The concentrations of these disinfectants at which the accumulation of MLSS was reduced were 150 and 20mg/l respectively, and those at which the microorganisms were inhibited were 30 and 8mg/l respectively. Protozoa susceptible to the ODCB preparation were Vorticella and Trachelophyllum, and those to PHMB were Trachelophyllum and Aspidisca.
The results obtained indicated that the ODCB preparation is safer in the treatment of waste water by the activated sludge process than PHMB. The results also suggested the necessity of controlling the concentrations of the ODCB preparation and PHMB not to exceed 30 and 8mg/l respectively for preventing deterioration of the purification efficiency.View full abstractDownload PDF (422K) -
Akiyoshi HOSONO, Masafumi SUZUKI, Hajime OTANI1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 39-44
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSuperoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity in the crude cell extract prepared from a 24 hour culture of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus 3535 was compared with those in the crude cell extracts from six lactic acid bacterial strains for dairy use. It was found that Str. salivarius subsp. thermophilus 3535 was the best producer of SOD among the strains examined. SOD production by this strain rapidly increased in the logarithmic phase of growth, and reached the maximum at 24 hours of incubation. The enzyme had its optimum activity in the neutral pH range from 6.0 to 7.0, and was stable when stood at 60°C for 30 minutes, but remarkably sensitive at 70°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (395K) -
Daiki HOZAN, Masaaki SUNAHARA, Takao MIYAZAWA, Hiroshi OKAMURA1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 45-53
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the removal of aluminum from wet white stock of pig skin prepared by the use of aluminum sulfate and to study the suitability of the stock as a raw material for clothing suede. In removing aluminum from wet white stock in the repickling step, adjustment of the pH of the bath with sulfuric acid alone was found to be more effective than a mixture of sulfuric acid and an organic acid. When a masking agent was used in the preparation of wet white stock, there sometimes occurred an increase in aluminum content of the stock depending on the type of agent used. When the removal of aluminum from wet white stock was made by repickling after adjustment of the stock thickness, preparation of wet white stock by the use of aluminum sulfate alone was preferable. Physical properties, including strength of the clothing suede made from wet white stock, were equal or superior to those of leather made from wet blue, although the former tended to become thicker than the latter. The results of this study indicated that the clothing suede made by chrome retanning of wet white stock had no disadvantage as compared to conventional chrome leather.View full abstractDownload PDF (545K) -
Masakazu GOTO, Osamu MORITA, Kenji NISHIWAKI, Atsushi NAKASHIMA1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 54-57
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (205K) -
Takamitsu AII, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Shuuzou ISHIDA1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 58-62
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (275K) -
Yasuhiko WADA, Akira TAKEBE, Shigeo MATSUMOTO, Kunio YOKOUCHI1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 63-68
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInteraction effects between sire and region were studied with 165, 703 Holstein first lactation records which consisted of Hokkaido data (124, 576 records) and Fu-ken data (41, 127 records). Hokkaido is a northern region of Japan in which dairy business is most popular and Fu-ken is the other region except Hokkaido. The model for leastsquares analysis of variance included sire, region, interaction effects between sire and region, calving year, calving season, age at calving, and residuals. The interaction effects were significant (P<.01) for milk yields, fat percentage and SNF percentage, but mean squares of the interaction effects were much smaller than those of the main effects. Predicted sire merits were estimated by BLUP procedure from all data, Hokkaido data and Fu-ken data, respectively. The model for BLUP included sire, sire age group, herd-calving year, calving season, age at calving and residuals. Correlations between predicted sire merits in Hokkaido data and those in Fu-ken data were. 81, . 80 and. 78 for three traits, respectively. Correlations of predicted sire merits for the three traits were higher than. 93 between all data and Hokkaido data, and higher than. 91 between all data and Fu-ken data.View full abstractDownload PDF (367K) -
Shiro KUSHIHIKI, Kazuhiro UMEMURA, Takashi HAYASHI1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 69-75
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSForty-nine pairs of Japanese Black cows and calves were used to study the relationship between creep feed intake and body weight gain on pasture from April until October. Half of the calves were supplied with creep feed (TDN: 75%, DCP: 15%, crude fat: 2.5%, crude fiber: 6.0%) ad libitum, and the other half were without supplement. Live body weight of cows and calves was measured every two weeks. To analyze the effect of creep feed, we designed a linear model, applying BRODY's growth model, adding variables like creep feed (Cp), years (Yr), sex of calves (Sx), parity of dams (Pt), seasons (Sz) and daily gain of dams (Dm).
Y=b0+b1e-kt+b2Cp+b3Yr+b4Sx+b5Pt1+b6Pt2+b7Sz1+b8Sz2+b9Dm
Y explained daily weight gain of calves at age in days. The multiple correlation coefficient of the linear model was 0.364, the coefficient of determination was 0.133. The estimated values of partial regression coefficients were 0.0963 for b2, -0.0340 for b3, 0.1376 for b4, -0.0772 for b5, -0.0183 for b6, 0.2157 for b7, 0.1724 for b8, and 0.0650 for b9, with b2, b4, b7 and b9 were significantly different (p<0.01).
Parameter b2, a partial regression coefficient for the dummy variable Cp, explained the effect of creep feed with daily weight gain (DG). Therefore the effect of creep feed was 0.0963kg with DG. Parameter b4 was a partial regression coefficient for the dummy variable Sx, and so the male calves were better than the females 0.1376kg with DG. During the course of the pasturing, parameter b7, a partial regression coefficient for the dummy variable Sz1, explained the effect of body weight gain in July to August in contrast to that of April to June. Therefore the period from July to August was better than April to June 0.2157kg with DG. Parameter b9 was a partial regression coefficient for the DG of dams, and so showed a tendency toward a positive correlation in the live weight gains of cows and calves.
The effect of creep feed was appreciated with the difference of designed trial by the usual technique. We showed a new method of analyzing creep feed efficiency in this study. It would be necessary to append the other variables in this model for improving the fitness.View full abstractDownload PDF (480K) -
Hiroshi FUJITA, Sakae MATSUOKA, Junichi TAKAHASHI1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 76-82
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn an attempt to identify the factors contributing to variations in ruminal degradability of forage protein, changes in protein degradation pattern due to difference in conservation method were investigated with two types of conserved forage viz. grass hay and silage.
Using six pairs of hay and silage, each pair of forages being made from the same materials of a primary growth of a predominantly orchardgrass sward, time-lapse changes in crude and true protein degradabilities were measured in situ by the nylon bag technique within 3 to 48 hours incubation in the rumen of 4 wethers. The degradation pattern of forage protein was analyzed by the parameters of non-linear regression equations fitted to the degradability values.
Crude protein degradability of silages was significantly higher at the initial period of incubation as compared with that of the hays, having a smaller variation among the samples examined. In contrast, there were no marked differences in degradability values for true protein between hays and silages throughout the incubation period. For both hay and silage, "Logistic growth law" was found to be the best model for describing the degradation traits of crude and true proteins in the rumen. Based on the parameters of this model, it was found that the percentage of rapidly degradable fraction of silage crude protein was significantly greater than that of the hays, and vice versa for the value of slowly degradable fraction. There were no significant differences in the potential degradability values of crude protein and in all parameters for true protein between the types of conservation, whereas the estimated "dg" value of silages (74.3%) was significantly higher than that of hays (66.6%).
These results clearly indicate that the type of conservation should be considered as one of the most prominent factors determining the degradation traits of forage protein in the rumen.View full abstractDownload PDF (493K) -
Shusuke SATO, Hirofumi SASSA, Tatsunobu SONODA1991 Volume 62 Issue 1 Pages 83-92
Published: January 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFive heifers aged 2 years old were individually introduced to a herd of 16-18 Japanese Black cows aged 3 to 10 years old. Each of the five heifers was individually observed 1 hour at the introduction day, 6 hours at the next day and 6 hours every 15 days until 3 months after the introduction. Their social behaviour was investigated using the focal-animal sampling method and scored of each of 23 behaviour categories.Investigative behaviour, aggressive behaviour, fighting and mock-fighting occurred frequently at 1 hour of the introduction. In the introduction day, the threat display as the fight-or-flight posture and pawing and the flehmen occurred frequently in original group cows and escape behaviour in the introduced heifers occurred few. Social behaviour in the next day was not different qualitatively from that in the introduction day, but quantitatively social behaviour was suppressed largely. The total frequency of social behaviour changed little after 15 days of the introduction, then the lowest was around 45 days of the introduction. Social behaviour varied widely with the individual and the social individuality of heifers was explained by three principal components, that is aggressiveness, affiliativeness and strangeness. Escape behaviour has disappeared until 45-60 days after the introduction and after that mock-fighting, fighting and affiliative behaviour emerged again in heifers which showed less frequently escape behaviour.Escape behaviour has not disappeared and fighting did not emerge again in heifers which showed more frequently escape behaviour. Heifers which have the character of affiliativeness, adopted again mock-fighting and affiliative behaviour 45-60 days after the entry. The individual variation in the frequency of receiving social behaviour from original cows is a little. So familialization of strange heifers and original cows may mainly depend on the action from strange heifers. From above results, we thought that the strangeness of each other faded until 45-75 days after the introduction, the introduced heifers were neglected from original cows and neglected original cows, and after that heifers gradually positively took part in a group.View full abstractDownload PDF (588K)
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