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Volume 65, Issue 1
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Hiroaki SANO, Hiroki TAKAYA, Naoko HASEMI, Yoshiaki TERASHIMA1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbstract Three rams were exposed to a thermoneutral environment (20°C) and a cold environ-ment (0°C) for 18 days to investigate the effects of cold exposure and intravenous glucose infusion on feed intake and plasma insulin response to feeding. The sheep were fed alfalfa hay cubes once daily for 240min. Glucose solution (1.2M) was intravenously infused for 180min from 60min prefeeding to 120min after the initiation of feeding at constant rates of 0 (saline only), 2.5 and 5.0mg•kg BW-1•min-1. Feed consumption was influenced by neither cold exposure nor glucose infusion. Plasma insulin concentrations increased after the initiation of glucose infusion in both environments. After the initiation of feeding in addition to glucose infusion the concentrations increased further in the thermoneutral environment, but increased slightly during cold exposure. The insulin response areas were greater (P<0.05) for the higher glucose infusion rates and during feeding than the lower glucose infusion rates and during prefeeding, and were smaller (P<0.001) during cold exposure than in the thermoneutral environment. It is suggested in sheep fed alfalfa hay cubes that plasma insulin response to feeding was amplified by intravenous glucose infusion, the response was reduced by cold exposure (0°C), and glucose infusion failed to affect feed intake under such environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (505K) -
Keisuke UENO, Kazuyuki KOIDE, Teru ISHIBASHI1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 9-15
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbstract Amino acid requirements of animals increase with increasing dietary protein levels. In order to clarify that the increase of amino acid requirement may be caused not by protein levels, but amounts of individual amino acids which are contained in dietary protein, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, to confirm the effect of additional amino acids on increase of arginine requirement, 0.6% of glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine or mixture of them and 0.4% of lysine, methionine, threonine or mixture of them was added to the basal marginal arginine diet containing 1.0% arginine 17.9% protein and 3, 200 kcal ME/kg of diet, Four chicks per dietary group each at 8-day-old were fed ad libitum above experimental diets and water for 10 days. At the terminal of experiments, body weight gain and feed consumption were recorded. Body weight gain decreased significantly on high lysine, methionine, mixture of them or tryptophan diet. In order to confirm the significant decrease of body weight gain by excess lysine was due to deficiency of arginine, in experiment 2, to the basal diet containing 1.0 or 1.40% of arginine and 1.14% of lysine, 0, 0.4 and 0.8% of lysine were added. On 1.0% arginine diets, body weight gain and feed efficiency decreased with increasing dietary lysine levels. However, on 1.4% arginine diet, they tended to decrease numerically, but not significantly. Concentration of plasma lysine increased but that of plasma arginine decreased with increasing dietary lysine levels. On the high arginine diets, that of plasma lysine decreased. It suggests that in broiler chicks lysine is one of direct factors causing to increae arginine requirement with increasing dietary protein levels.View full abstractDownload PDF (494K) -
Kanji MATSUI, YUZO KUROKAWA, Tadakatu OKUBO1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 16-21
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHeart rate, number of jaw movements and number of pauses between jaw move-ments longer than 3 seconds were recorded over a 13 day grazing period using a Holstein heifer with four other heifers. Sward surface height was 31cm at the start of grazing (May 9) and 14.5cm on the 11th day of grazing (May 19), and the experiment was completed on the 13th day (May 21). Grazing time per day increased noticeably from day 1 to day 6 of the grazing period. After that it decreased by approximately 20% on days 9 and 10, due to one of the four heifers being in heat, and then returned the previous level on the 11th day. Rumination time gradually increased in the first half of the grazing period but did not change in the latter half. The R: G ratio (rumination: grazing ratio) showed a tendency to increase from 0.63 to 0.83 with grazing days. Daily heart beats (DHB; total beats per day) gradually increased from day 2 (about 141, 000 beats) to day 5 (about 143, 000 beats) of the grazing period and then decreased till the end of the grazing period. The value for day 12 was about 120, 000 beats. The average heart rate during grazing periods per day was higher than that during rumination periods by 10 to 15 beats per minute throughout the grazing period. Heart rate during both grazing and rumination slightly in-creased till day 5 and thereafter gradually decreased till the end of the grazing period. These changes were similar to those of the DHB. The peak frequency of all jaw movements during grazing periods increased from the 2nd to the 4th day of grazing, and stayed at about 84 to 86 bites from the 5th day to the 10th day. The results obtained in our field observation indicated that grazing and rumination time, jaw movements during grazing, DHB, and heart rates during grazing and rumination changed in close relation to a decrease in the amount of herbage available and to a change in sward characteristics with different grazing days.View full abstractDownload PDF (436K) -
Ryozo AKUZAWA, Nobuyuki YAGI, Masayoshi KIMURA, Akihiro OKITANI1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 22-32
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn enzyme was purified to homogeneity on a polyacrylamide gel by conventional chromatographic techniques from an extract of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 140, 000, and it was composed of 2 homo subunits. The optimal activity was observed at pH6.0-6.5 and 30-35°C. The enzyme was almost completely stable between pH6.0 and 7.0, and 0 and 40°C. The enzyme seemed to a serine proteinase since it was inhibited by DFP and PMSF. The Km, Vmax and activation enemy of the enzyme for whole casein were 0.044%, 1.10μg tyrosine eq./min/mg and 26, 300 cal/mol, respectively. αs1-and β-casein were degraded to some extent by the enzyme.View full abstractDownload PDF (1551K) -
Yoshihiro NOMURA, Koji TAKAHASHI, Kunio SHIRAI1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 33-41
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe interaction between type I collagen and proteodermatan sulphate (PDS) isolated from pigskin insoluble collagen and its fragmental components, was investigated in respect to collagen matrix reconstruction. The rate of collagen matrix reconstruction was affected by the change in the addition ratio of PDS. The addition of core protein (CP) isolated from PDS molecules did not affect the rate of collagen matrix reconstruction. Dermatan sulfate (DS), isolated from PDS molecules, regardless of the addition ratio, accelerated the collagen matrix reconstruction. The interation of DS and collagen type I was primarily of electrostatic nature, and appeared to not be influenced by the molecular weight of DS. The denaturation temperature range of the collagen matrix, which was reconstructed in the presence of PDS, was lower and broader in comparison with that of control in the absence of PDS. With the addition of DS, the denaturation temperature was similarly reduced. These results suggest that the function of PDS in accelerating collagen matrix reconstruction and reducing denaturation temperature is primar-ily attributable to the DS part of the PDS molecule, while CP may regulate the function of DS in PDS.View full abstractDownload PDF (573K) -
Toshio HARIGAYA, Nobuhide KITABAYASHI, Katsutoshi YOSHIKAWA, Masanori ...1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 42-44
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
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Tetsu JOHKE, Koichi HODATE, Akihito OZAWA, Hiroshi FUSE1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 45-48
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (309K) -
Makoto KIMURA, Seiichi ARAKI, Mamoru SUZUKI, Masatoshi FUJIMOTO1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 49-52
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
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Study with the Artificial ORumen MethodTakahiro HATANAKA, Eiji HOSOI, Tohru MATSUI, Hideo YANO1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 53-58
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of heat damage of dried grass on availability of Cu and Zn to ruminants was investigated by examining release rates of these minerals in dried grass ensiled under different temperatures using the artificial rumen method (0, 8 and 48h of incubation time) with ruminal fluid of sheep. Dried grass samples were sealed airtight and treated with four different temper atures: 20, 40, 60, and 80°C. These samples were ensiled for three different periods, i. e., 3, 12, and 36 days, for each temperature. The amount of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen tended to increase with ensiling temperature. The amount of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, which is used as an index of heat damage of forage, was high in silage made under 80°C, from 12 days of ensiling, especially 36 days of ensiling. In the samples without incubation, dry matter disappearance rate decreased in 80°C, and release rates of Cu and Zn decreased in all temperatures, as ensiling time increased. Release rates of Cu and Zn decreased with increase of ensiling temperature. This tendency was marked in Cu. Dry matter disappearance rate was low in the sample ensiled under 80°C for 36 days, which indicated heat damage was caused by this treatment. In this sample, release rate of Cu tended to decrease by incubation when compared to other temperatures. It may be because Cu became insoluble by heat damage. On the other hand, ensiling temperature did not affect release rate of Zn. Exposure to high temperature seems to affect solubility of Cu more than that of Zn.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Yoshio ISOBE, Fumio SHIBATA, Hiroshi KOMAKI, Akira KAMADA1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 59-66
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fumaric acid supplemented to the diets on the population of intestinal microorganisms and their fermentation in weanling pigs.
Fourteen pigs at a litter were weaned at 21 day old and they were divided into two groups which were given weanling diets with or without fumaric acid in the level of 3%. The diets were prepared without antibiotics. The pigs of each group were killed at 8, 9 and 10 week old in the order of 3, 2 and 2 head. The digesta of the stomach, the small intestine, the cecum and the colon were sampled and analyzed for pH, VFA, coliform bacteria and fumaric acid utilizing anaerobes.
The pH of gastrointestinal contents was not affected with fumaric acid administration although a trend to lower pH was found in the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, and the colon. The viable counts of coliforms on DHL plate ager medium indicated that the fumaric acid treatment depressed the colonization of this bacteria in the lower ileum, the cecum and the colon and the difference of treatment vs. control was significant in the ileum and the colon (p<0.01) and the cecum (p<0.05). The specimens picked up at random from 19 colonies were identified all as Escherichia coli. The anaerobes appeared in Veillonella medium were Gram-negative small cocci in clusters and Gram-negative large cocci occurring in pairs. The former was decided as Veillonella species and the latter as Megasphaera spp. It could be pointed out that the concentrations of Veillonella spp in the lower ileum and the cecum of treated group were higher compared with those of control group, and the Megasphaera spp was also in the state similar with the Veillonella spp in the treatment vs. control relations. The determination of molar proportions of VFA in the ileal, the cecal and colonic contents showed that propionic acid was the most predominant one of VFAs appeared in the three portions of weanling pig. This fact seemed to reflect the function of VeilLonella spp inhabiting predominantly in these portions in order of 106 levels. The other finding was the relatively high proportions of iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids in the cecum and the colon. These facts suggest that the microbial fermentation occurring in the cecum and the colon is somewhat different from the fermentation in the ileum in weanling pigs.View full abstractDownload PDF (643K) -
Shintaro OHTANI1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 67-74
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSForty-eight dairymen selected randomly were quesioned on their milking hygiene practices.
The relationship between the each answer to the questions and their improvement data of dairy herd from May 1988 to February 1989 was studied statistically to investigate the influence of factors of dairy management on somatic cell conts (SCC). In the herds with mean SCC<200, 000 cells/ml, dairymen kept their cow's environment clean and recognized the importance of the role of milking machine in the spread of pathogens. They had preventive measures against udder infections and mastitis. In the herds with mean SCC_??_200, 000 cells/ml and SCC<300, 000cells/ml, dairymen were not sufficiently conscious of milking hygiene practices. In the herds with mean SCC_??_300, 000cells/ml, dairymen did not observe cow's teats. They were careless about milking hygiene practices and milk quality. This results point out the need for integrated health management program in achieving optimal production.View full abstractDownload PDF (498K) -
T. OIKAWA, K. SATO, Y. KAWAMOTO, Y. MIZOGUCHI, H. NAKAHARA, K. HIRAMOT ...1994 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 75-77
Published: January 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (253K)
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