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Volume 66, Issue 4
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Henry Y. LEJUKOLE, Kazuyuki MORIYA, Yoshiyuki SASAKI1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 313-322
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPerformance test records of 3, 759 Japanese Black bulls produced by planned matings of 382 sires and 3, 031 dams were analyzed. The data were collected from 11 performance testing stations, covering a period of 13 years (1974 to 1986). The animals were tested for 112 days. Traits analyzed were final weight (FWT), average daily gain (ADG), concentrate intake (CON), roughage intake (ROU), ratio of roughage to total feed intake (RAT), feed conversion ratio of digestible crude protein (DCP) and feed conversion ratio of total digestible nutrients (TDN). The genetic and environmental correlations among the traits were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) with a 'single trait approach', utilizing the univariate derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (DFREML) program, and with a 'multiple trait approach' utilizing the multiple trait derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML) program. Variance and covariance estimates obtained by MTDFREML method converged to the same global maximum estimates regardless of difference in initial values. The estimates by both approaches were found to be about the same. However, the genetic correlation estimates obtained by the 'multiple trait approach' were generally smaller, had low standard errors, and were all within parameter space compared to those obtained by the 'single trait approach'. Of the genetic correlation estimates obtained by the 'single trait approach' FWT and CON were found to have a highly positive correlation of. 97. On the other hand, FWT and ROU had a negligible correlation of .07. These relationships seem to reveal that weight attained by the Japanese Black bulls depended on CON, with only little or hardly any contribution from ROU. ADG had highly favorable correlation of -.65 and -.76 with DCP and TDN respectively, making ADG a good indicator of feed efficiency. Other favorable correlations were .77 for FWT-ADG, 1.02 for DCP-TDN, and .30 for CON-ROU although a higher positive association of the latter is more desirable. FWT-RAT, CON-RAT, and ADG-RAT all had negative correlations of -.65, -.67 and -.45, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (761K) -
Arthur Bob KARNUAH, Kazuyuki MORIYA, Katsunosuke MITANI, Yoshiyuki SAS ...1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 323-329
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCarcasses of 31 fattening Holstein steers with wide range of slaughter age and weight were used in this study to obtain estimation equations for carcass composition using the information extracted from the carcass cross section by Computer Image Analysis (CIA). The actual data of lean meat, fat and bone were obtained from the left side of the carcass by physical dissection method. The analysis of the pictures of the cross section between the 7th and 8th ribs were conducted by using the Image Processing System (IPEX) on the Fujitsu Integrated Visual Information System (FIVIS). The information extracted was as follows: area of cross section total, lean, fat, and bone; individual muscle area, circumference length, long and short axis lengths, eccentricity, and direction of long axis; and distances between any two muscle centers of gravity. The correlations between the carcass composition and the CIA information were high, indicating that there is a high level of biological relationship between the information on the surface of the cross section and the carcass composition. Coefficients of determination (R2) adjusted for the degrees of freedom from the regression equations were 0.764, 0.900 and 0.673 for kilograms of lean, fat and bone, where as for the percentages of lean, fat and bone were 0.815, 0.857 and 0.882, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (480K) -
Tsutomu HASHIZUME, Shigeto KANEMATSU1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 330-335
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAdditive effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) with growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) on the release of growth hormone (GH) were studied in cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells. The combined stimulatory effects of 10-7M PACAP and GHRH (10-12, 10-10 or 10-8M) together on the release of GH were similar to those for either PACAP or GHRH alone. When 10-8M PACAP and 10-8M GHRH were added together, the release of GH induced by both peptides was significantly greater than those by either PACAP or GHRH alone (P<0.05). When 10-9M PACAP and 10-8M GHRH were added together, the release of GH induced by both peptides was significantly greater than those of either PACAP or GHRH alone (P<0.05). The additive effects on the release of GH were not observed when PACAP (10-8M or 10-9M) was combined with either 10-10M or 10-12M GHRH.
These findings suggest that PACAP interacts additionally with GHRH in stimulating growth hormone release under limited concentrations of both peptides in cattle.View full abstractDownload PDF (451K) -
Toshio TANAKA, Katoko SUZUKI, Hajime TANIDA, Tadashi YOSHIMOTO1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 336-340
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of the present experiment was to study the production performance of laying hens housed in cages with perches. Commercial laying hens were caged in groups of 4 at 474cm2/bird from 21 to 37 weeks of age. A control treatment in conventional cages (C) was compared with 3 treatments involving wooden perches which were located across the front (F), across the rear (R) and across both (FR) in the same cages as C. Feed intake, average rate of egg production, egg weight and body weight change were not affected by the perch arrangement. The proportion of dirty eggs was higher in the F and FR than in the C and R cages (C vs FR and R vs FR, P<0.05). The number of cracked eggs increased in the R and FR cages. Feather damage was slightly improved in F cages, and at its worst in R cages. The utilization of perches in F and R cages was about 50%, in contrast with most birds in FR cages using the perches in both light and dark periods.View full abstractDownload PDF (313K) -
Tadayuki NISHIUMI, Ryuji KUNISHIMA, Toshihide NISHIMURA, Shigeru YOSHI ...1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 341-348
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSShear force value, contents of intramuscular collagen, elastin and proteoglycans and heat solubility of collagen were determined on eight different muscles from miniature pigs in order to confirm the relationship between raw meat toughness and intramuscular connective tissue components. Semitendinosus and semimenbranosus muscles were significantly tougher than any other muscles tested (P<0.05). The strongest correlations (P<0.001) were found between elastin content or heat solubility of collagen and raw meat toughness. No meaningful links could be found between textural quality of the raw meat and heat-labile collagen content or the proportion of ground substance relative to fibrous connective tissue (P>0.05). Significant differences were seen, however, between the total collagen or proteoglycan content and the relative tougness of each muscles (P<0.01, P<0.05), respectively.
The results suggest that the maturity of intramuscular collagen with a stable intermolecular cross-linking and the accumulation of elastin may be directly contributing to meat toughness.View full abstractDownload PDF (535K) -
Kazuo KATOH, Dennis ENGLER1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 349-352
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (276K) -
Seiji IEIRI1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 353-360
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEconomic values (EV) were derived from a bio-economic model of a pig farm. Cumulative discounted expressions (CDE) for production (prod.) and reproduction (reprod.) traits in the Japanese breeding structure were calculated using the gene flow method. The revenues used in the model were obtained from multiple regression based on the carcass records of 1, 258 pigs slaughtered in Kumamoto prefecture in 1991. Average carcass unit prices obtained accouding to at Osaka Market in 1993 were used for evaluation of individual pigs.
EV (Yen•year-1•head-1) of traits were: 16(g-1) for growth rate, -331(mm-1) for back fat thickness, 764 (head-1) for litter size, -88(%-1) for mortarity at weaning, -179(%-1) for mortality at stage III. Assuming evaluation periods of 40 half years (i. e., 20 years) and a discounted rate of 6.5%, CDE (head•half year•head-1) were calculated as follows: 0.516 for prod. with the path from the dam of line A to her progeny, 0.979 for reprod., 0.499 for prod. with the path from the sire of line B, 0.849 for reprod. and 1.109 for prod, with the path from the sire of line C, and 0.019 for reprod. The present approach which uses multiple regression and production model appears useful for estimatng EV for traits with a non-linear profit function. The use of EV corrected with CDE allows us to determine pig breeding goals from an economic aspect as well as to design breeding schemes which take uncertain future breeding circumstances into account.View full abstractDownload PDF (638K) -
Masaki UCHIDA, Tomoyuki TOKUNAGA, Shinichi AIZAWA, Koji NIWA, Hiroshi ...1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 361-367
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring the course of gene targeting on csk gene, encoding non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase, a peculiar mutated ES cell line (NZ-2) has been isolated from the XY-type ES cell line (TT-2). When this ES cell line was used for the production of chimeras, a number of normal fertile chimeras were born with female phenotype. The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the reasons why ES cell line originally tended to produce male chimeras resulted in the chimeras with female phenotype.
NZ-2 cell line was a mixture consisting of mainly two types of the cells, which had 40 (39%) and 39 (48%) chromosomes. To isolate these two cell populations, NZ-2 was subcloned and isolated FE-1 cell line with 39 chromosomal contents. PCR amplification against sry and zfy genes in FE-1 cells suggested that this cell line was XO-type ES cells in a consequence of lacking Y chromosome. Further PCR analysis was done on the targeted csk gene locus and the insertion of neo gene as the targeting vector on the chromosome. None of these mutations were observed in the FE-1 cell line.
FE-1 cells were injected into 8-cell embryos to produce chimeras. Fifty two chimeras, including 37 female mice, were obtained from 312 embryos transferred. Thirteen chimeric mice (62%) from 21 female chimeras proved to be functional germ-line chimeras.
Taken together these results, the efficient production of female chimeras from XY-type ES cell line may be caused by naturally occurred loss of Y chromosome during the culture or maintenance of ES cell line. FE-1 cell line isolated in this experiment may be useful as ES cell line producing female germ-line chimeras.View full abstractDownload PDF (998K) -
Tienjen LIU, Yutaka NAKAMURA, Joji YOSHIDA1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 368-373
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were carried out to study the effects of microwave and dry heat treatment on in vitro pepsin digestibility and solubility of soybean meal (SBM) protein.
SBM was heated in a dry heat oven at 120-150°C for 10-180min or in a microwave oven at 200 and 500W of output power for 30-300s. By utilizing the treated SBM, pepsin digestibility (PD) and nitrogen solubility in 0.075N hydrochloric acid solution (HCS) as well as nitrogen solubility in artificial saliva, were measured. True pepsin digestibility (TPD) was calculated as the difference between PD and HCS. Treatment effectiveness was judged according to whether or not the PD decrease was small, the HCS decrease was marked and the TPD increase balanced approximately with the HCS decrease.
The most effective dry heat treatment was obtained at 130°C for 180min because of the slight PD decrease, the large decrease in HCS, and the large increase in TPD. Medium range effects were shown by treatment at 120°C for 180min and at 130°C for 60min Furthermore, similar effects were obtained in a treatment range between 150°C for 10min and 130°C for 60min.
The nitrogen solubility of SBM heated at 150°C for 10min in artificial saliva was lower than that at 140°C for 10min, and the HCS of SBM residue soaked in artificial saliva was similar. However, the TPD of the residue was higher in SBM heated at 150°C for 10min than that at 140°C for 10min.
During microwave treatment, the PD of treated SBM decreased to some degree compared to the control SBM, whereas the HCS of treated SBM decreased and the TPD of treated SBM increased as treating time increased. The effects of microwave treatment on SBM at 500W for 80s were similar to those at 200W for 300s and those of dry heat treatment at 130°C for 180min.
Total lysine content in SBM decreased slightly and about a 15% decrease in available lysine, compared with the control, was shown by microwave treatment at 500W for 80s. The other essential and non-essential amino acids did not decrease by this treatment.
From these results, it was presumed that similar effects to dry heating could be obtained for the solubility and digestibility of SBM protein but that decreased available lysine occurred via microwave treatment for a considerably short time.View full abstractDownload PDF (467K) -
Kiyoshi HAYASAKA, Naozumi TAKUSARI, Noriaki YAMAGISHI1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 374-382
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn view of the average national yield of about 8000kg/305 days/cow and its continuing increase, early studies on energy metabolism and requirements between 1961-62 in Japan have doubtful applicative value in modern practice. Therefore, 53 energy balance trials were conducted between 1991-94, to determine the efficiency of energy utilization and requirements for milk production by using an open-circuit respiration hood method. The 53 energy balance trials were carried out on 19 Holstein cows that were fed 12 totally mixed rations. Each trial lasted about three weeks. Feces, urine and milk were collected over a 7-day experimental period during which one or two 24-hour respiration trials were run, in which oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and methane production were measured. Rations contained 40-70% DM of forage, 63-77% DM of actual TDN, 11-19% DM of CP and 31-54% DM of OCW. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Gross energy (GE) throughout the lactation stage ranged from 263 to 473 MJ per day with an average of 371 MJ. When experssed as a percentage of the GE consumed, averages of 34-35% were lost for feces and heat production(HP), accounting for the largest sources of energy, as compared to 25% for milk, a 7% of energy loss as methane, and a 2% of energy loss as urine. (2) Digestible and metabolizable energy (DE and ME) averaged 65% and 56% and the efficiency of use of each intake of GE, DE and ME for milk energy (LE) averaged 25%, 39% and 45%, respectively. (3) Methane production ranged from 489 to 733l/day/cow with an average of 600l, and HP ranged from 804 to 1251kJ/kgW75/day with an average of 990 kJ. (4) Multiple regression analysis of the 53 energy balance trials gave 64.0% for the efficiency of use of ME for LE, 73.9% for the efficiency of use of energy gained or lost as body tissue (RE) for LE, and 80.5% for the efficiency of use of ME for RE. This indicates that the efficiency of LE via RE from ME was 7% lower than the direct use of ME for LE. The net energy required for maintenance would be 374kJ/kg0.75, equivalent to 585kJME/kg0.75. (5) ME and TDN requirements per 1kg of milk with 4% fat, containing 2.927MJ, energy were 4.573MJ and 320g, respectively. From the above results, decreases in digestibility and metabolizability caused by increases in the intake of GE and the improved use of GE, DE and ME intake for LE were confirmed. This compares with data from an earlier experiment with low-producing cows, but not for the improvement of k1.View full abstractDownload PDF (652K) -
Naoharu TAKAI, Shinya WATANABE, Hiroshi MASUDA1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 383-385
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (817K) -
Tienjen LIU, Yutaka NAKAMURA, Joji YOSHIDA1995 Volume 66 Issue 4 Pages 386-388
Published: April 25, 1995
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (252K)
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