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Volume 67, Issue 10
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Kenji OYAMA, Fumio MUKAI1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 835-843
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSApplication of a simple genetic algorithm (GA) was examined to determine the optimum mating designs with constraints on inbreeding level because selection based on predicted breeding values always involves a risk of rapid increase in inbreeding. The GAs search for the optimum solution imitating biological evolution through 'crossover of chromosomes', 'mutation of genes', and 'selections'. The operators used in GA were first evaluated without constraints on inbreeding level. Numbers of chromosomes and of crossovers had little effect on performance of GA. However as mutation rate decreased, performance of GA increased. When constraints were applied on inbreeding level, GA found solutions if appropriate penalties were given to those chromosomes, which resulted in unacceptable inbreeding levels. In this study it became clear that penalty was depended on solution spaces allowed for GA. Although moreresearch is required on determination of operators, GA showed satisfactory performances to search for the optimum mating designs.View full abstractDownload PDF (1101K) -
Norihide KAKIICHI, Aki KITAMIKADO, Takao SASAMORI, Yuuko TANAKA, Yukik ...1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 844-850
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAcute toxicity of 13 kinds of insecticide against ciliate Colpoda aspera was tested in monoxenic culture with Alcaligenes faecalis IFO 13111. The insecticides used were products containing carbaryl (CBR), admixture of dichlovos (DCV) and fenthion (FNT), propetanphos (PPTP), protiophos (PTP), metrifonate (MTFN), phthalthrin (PTLT), admixture of PTLT and permethrin (PMT), esbiol (ESB), admixture of fenitrothion (FNTT) and dt-80 resmethrin (RMT), admixture of FNTT and PTLT, pyriproxyfen (PPXF), cyromazine (CRMZ), and triflumuron (TFMR) as effctive components. Each insecticide was added at varying concentrations, and the concentration (EC50) at which the specific growth rate of C. aspera was reduced to 50% at 24 hours after culture was defined as the acute toxicity of the insecticide tested. It was found that PTLT had highest level of toxicity followed by DCV+FNT, PTLT+PMT, ESB and FNTT+RMT. The three insect-growth regulators (IGR) as well as MTFN, an organophosphorus insecticide, were found to have low toxicity. When the safety on C. aspera was evaluated on the basis of indices obtained by dividing normally applicable concentrations (NC) by EC50s, PPXF which is an IGR, was found to have the highest safety followed by MTFN, TFMR, PPTR and CRMZ. The safety was poorest with CBR and PTLT. When assessed from both acute toxicity against and safety on C. aspera, the IGR insecticides were found to have low toxicity and high safety. On the other hand, CBR, a carbamate insecticide, and PTLT, a pyrethroide insecticide, were found to be highly toxic and less safe.View full abstractDownload PDF (467K) -
Agung PURNOMOADI, Mitsunori KURIHARA, Takehiro NISHIDA, Masaki SHIBATA ...1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 851-861
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments were carried out to investigate the applicability of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the chemical composition of feces, and thereby to estimate digestibility based on a lignin indicator method. Ninety five fecal samples collected from digestion trials using dairy cattle were subjected to NIRS for the prediction of chemical composition. Three methods to determine feed digestibility were compared, namely by digestion trial (in vivo), by the lignin indicator method using data from chemical analysis (LIGLab), and by the lignin indicator method from NIRS prediction (LIGNIR). Digestibility was evaluated for three groups of feeds based on the type of feedstuff used in the ration. The groups were Italian ryegrass only (IRO, n=20), Italian ryegrass-concentrate ration (IRCT, n=16), and Italian ryegrass-steamed wood ration (IRSW, n=12). The rations were adjusted so as to meet the total digestible nutrients requirement of the Japanese Feeding Standard. This study showed that fecal composition could be accurately predicted by NIRS. The values obtained by the NIRS prediction method for unknown samples and the respective values obtained by chemical analysis were highly correlated for acid detergent fiber, crude fiber, lignin and ether extract; the correlation coefficients (r) were 0.98, 0.98, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. Correlation coefficients for crude protein, organic matter and energy were 0.91, 0.91 and 0.82, respectively. With respect to digestibility estimation, the value for the LIGLab and LIGNIR estimations and that for the in vivo were very similar. The difference between the LIGLab and LIGNIR values and the in vivo value was below 3%, the standard deviation of difference was less than 5%. The results show that digestibility estimation using lignin determined by NIRS as an indicator was useful for the routine evaluation of nutritive values because it is simple, fast and accurate.View full abstractDownload PDF (810K) -
Koji TAKAHASHI, Kohkichi SHIRAI, Makoto HATTORI1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 862-868
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoluble egg shell membrane protein (SEP) obtained from egg shell membrane by performic acid oxidation (25°C for 24h) and pepsin digestion (25°C for 48h) was used to improve the physical properties of collagen film through reconstructing collagen matrix with SEP. SEP could probably act electrostatically on accelerating molecular rearrangement of collagen in the ratio of about 3 moles SEP: 1 mole collagen, and 1 mole SEP could conjugate with 1 mole collagen to reconstruct matrix. The SEP-conjugated collagen film with a thermally stable and uniform macrostructure and with good flexibility could be obtained from the collagen matrix with SEP by drying it and desalting with ethanol as compared with collagen film.View full abstractDownload PDF (465K) -
Tsutomu FUJIHARA, Satoshi MAEDA, Toshikazu OGINO, Tohru MATSUI, Haruki ...1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 869-877
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of supplementation of spray -dried beef tallow (BT) on fat nutrition, and to discuss the possibility of improving meat quality by stimulation of fat deposition in the muscles of fattening sheep. There were no clear differences in growth rate between the BT-supplemented group and control group, so the feed efficiency was not improved by addition of BT in the present experiment. Plasma triglyceride (TG) level was relatively steady along with their growth in the control group, but a little high in the BT-supplemented group at an early stage of the experiment. The plasma cholesterol level tended to be higher(P<0.05) in the BT-supplemented group as compared with that in control at 0, 1 and 3 months after the initiation of experiment. The moisture content of the carcass decreased (P<0.05) after feeding BT diet as compared with that after feeding control diet, and, on the contrary, the contents of crude fat tended to increase in lambs fed the BT diet. As a result, the meat (such as the loin) tended to contain more fat in lambs fed the diet with BT than in control. These findings indicate a possibility that the BT treatment, such as spray-drying as in this study, can be used as an energy source to stimulate fat deposition in the muscles of fattening sheep.View full abstractDownload PDF (1584K) -
Keigo KUCHIDA, Shino HAMAYA, Yusuke SAITO, Mitsuyoshi SUZUKI, Shunzo M ...1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 878-881
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe body conformation of dairy cattle is closely related to their life-time production. Because of this fact, the development of an accurate and simple method of body dimension measurement using computer image analysis is the objective of this study. A rectangular pipe frame was used as a dimension measurement standard for obtaining photographs. It was placed vertically on flat ground and parallel to the planes which were made by the median line and the points of the pin bone. Two images were photographed: the side view and the dorsal view of an object. The measurements were taken on a wooden cattle model of 1/10 scale and three heads of Holstein cattle. Errors of the ten sites of body dimension measurement points, compared with direct measurements, were the range of -1.9-2.4% with an average absolute error of 0.8% in the wood model and -3.5-3.5% with an average absolute error of 1.2% in the live animals. This method was more accurate and simpler than the conventional method of direct measurement of live animalsView full abstractDownload PDF (272K) -
Tatsuo MURAMATSU, Yoshimoto MIZUTANI, Jun-ichi OKUMURA1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 882-885
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe experiments were done to investigate the effects of incubation time and injection sites on the expression of a reporter gene transfected by lipofection to somatic cells of chicken embryos in ovo. Gene expression was detected by X-gal histochemical staining at 48hrs after transfection. The results showed that when the bacterial lacZ gene was transfected to the embryonic body at 24 or 48hrs of incubation, no difference in the gene expression was found between the incubation periods, but the viability of embryos was higher when injected at 48hrs than 24hrs of incubation. No effect of injection sites on gene transfection efficiency was found in the bacterial lacZ gene expression, although the viability was higher by injecting with the reporter gene in the centre than in the rest of the embryonic body. It was concluded, therefore, that for in ovo lipofection method, 48-hr incubated embryos should be used, and DNA be injected in the centre of embryonic body not because of the enhanced gene expression but because of the improved viabilityView full abstractDownload PDF (267K) -
Hiroyuki HIROOKA, Michio MATSUMOTO1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 886-892
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo approaches for predicting the genetic merits of breeding animals for profitability of their progeny were investigated and compared. The first was an indirect approach which predicts breeding values for individual traits and calculates an aggregate genotype in the breeding goal as a linear combination of the predicted breeding values and economic weights for components of profit. The breeding animals are selected based on the calculated aggregate genotype. The second was a direct approach which directly predicts breeding values for profit by regarding profit as a single trait, and the breeding animals are selected based on the predicted breeding values for profit. The field records on Japanese Brown steers marketed from 1989 to 1993 in Kumamoto Prefecture and their pedigree information were used in this study. Profit and carcass unit price were taken as interests of selection (aggregate genotypes). In the indirect approach, the traits considered were daily gain during fattening period (DG), marbling score (BMS) and rib-thickness (RT). The effects of between-year differences of economic weights on the aggregate genotypes (i. e., profit or carcass unit price) were small. The correlation between aggregate genotypes (profit vs. carcass unit price) increased with the year. On the other hand, in the direct approach, estimates of heritability for profit and carcass unit price were 0.41 and 0.49, respectively. The correlations between the aggregate genotypes from the indirect approach and breeding values from the direct approach for sires were 0.919 for profit and 0.945 for carcass unit price. The same correlations for dams were 0.834 for profit and 0.880 for carcass unit price. It was suggested that the direct approach may be useful for selection of breeding animals (especially sires), because the approach required easier analysis (single trait analysis) and fewer genetic parameters (only heritabilities) than the indirect approach.View full abstractDownload PDF (534K) -
Katsunori SUNAGAWA, Hiroshi TAKAHASHI, Yumi ISEKI, Mika HIGASHI, Shinj ...1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 893-899
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn previous experiment, we found that heat exposure to goats caused an increase in ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) absorption. In order to investigate the relationship of this increase with an excessive water intake of goats in the hot environment (32°C, 80% relative humidity), the net absorptions of VFAs were determined during intraruminal infusion of two different volumes of warm tap water (3l, 8l; 39.5-40.0°C). The intraruminal infusions of 3l and 8l of tap water were performed on the 9th and 12th day after the heat exposure, respectively. The infusion was conducted over a period of 1 hour during the morning feeding. Also, on the same days, p-amino hippuric acid dissolved in saline solution was constantly infused into the mesenteric vein to measure the portal blood flow. Infusion of 8l water resulted in lower ruminal fluid osmolarity and portal blood hematocrit compared to 3l. However, there was no difference between the two levels of infusion in the portal blood flow. The concentrations of acetic, propionic, n-butyric, iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids in the rumen fluid were lower in 8l compared with 3l infusion. Because of these low VFA concentrations, the 8l infusion gave lower net absorption values for acetic, propionic, iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids than 3l infusion during the period of 8 hours from 10:00 to 18:00. On the other hand, the net absorption of n-butyric acid was not different in the two levels of infusions. These results indicate that excessive water intake decreases the net ruminal VFA absorption in goats exposed to hot environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (464K) -
Sha FEI, Takahide OKAYAMA, Minoru YAMANOUE, Isao NISHIKAWA, Hideyuki M ...1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 900-905
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied to species identification of meats and meat products. For the identification of meat species by PCR, three sets of primer, i. e., BF (5'-GGATCCCTCTTCTCGCTCCG-3') and BR (5'-GGTTAAGCTACATCAACGGG-3') for cattle, PF (BF) and PR (5'-ACTGAATAGCACCTTGTTTGG-3') for pig, and also CF(5'-CCCCTTTCCCCAGGGGGGGT-3') and CR (5'-AGGGGTTGCTGATCTCTCGT-3') for chicken, were designed according to the published mitochondrial D-loop DNA sequences from cattle, pig and chicken. Amplification was carried out 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 2min, annealing at 66-68°C for 2min, and extension at 72°C for 3min in the presence of Taq DNA polymerise. Products amplified were analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Products amplified from beef, pork and chicken gave single specific DNA fragment of 518bp, 321bp and 400bp, respectively. Using this method, several meat products were analyzed. Mixing of beef, pork or chicken in meat products was revealed by identification of each single specific DNA fragment. When three sets of primers were employed together, beef, pork and/or chicken specific DNA fragment from these mixed meat products could be identified by only one PCR reaction. Sheep is closely related species of cattle, but lamb does not gave any amplyfied DNA fragment under these experimental conditions. The detection limits in a mixed DNA sample were approximately 0.1% beef in pork, 0.001% pork in beef, 1% chicken in pork, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1531K) -
Tatsuo MURAMATSU, Yoshimoto MIZUTANI, Jun-ichi OKUMURA1996 Volume 67 Issue 10 Pages 906-909
Published: October 25, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy using in ovo electroporation, the firefly luciferase gene was transfected to living chicken embryos at 2 days of incubation. At 48hrs after transfection, expression of the firefly luciferase gene was monitored in ovo by using a single photon imaging counter. Strong bioluminescence detected from the incubating embryo suggests that in ovo electroporation would provide a useful and efficient nonviral means of foreign gene transfection to somatic cells of living chicken embryos.View full abstractDownload PDF (660K)
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