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Volume 72, Issue 8
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Mamoru SAITOH2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 117-119
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been pointed out that livestock manure is becoming an increasing burden on the environment. The aim of this paper was to search the trend of recent studies on reducing nutrient excretion in poultry and pigs by means of nutrition. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. It is possible to reduce the amounts of feces excreted in poultry and pigs by improving nutrient digestibilities via enzymes addition (cellulase, protease) and processing of diet (pellet, expander). The amounts of urine excreted in pigs are reduced by about 40-50% by feeding amino acids supplemented-low protein diets.
2. It is possible to reduce the nitrogen (N) excretion by about 30%, 10% and 20% in pigs, broilers and laying hens, respectively, by feeding amino acids supplemented-low protein diets without a decline in productivity. The reason for the low reducing rate of N excretion in broilers is that it is unable to reduce largely dietary protein level because abdominal fat accumulation increases in broilers fed low protein diets. Further experiments on this point are necessary.
3. It is possible to reduce phosphorus (P) excretion by about 30% in both pigs and laying hens and by about 40% in broilers by feeding low-P diets supplemended with microbial phytase (Aspergillus niger) without a decline in productivity.
4. Recent studies suggest that the amounts of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) supplemented to the diets during weaning and growing periods in pigs may be reduced without negative effect on growth-promotion of Cu for young pigs and therefore Cu and Zn excretions decrease. Further studies on this problem are necessary.View full abstractDownload PDF (1872K) -
Takashi OSADA2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 167-176
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough there are many unknown portions, about 5% of CH., and about 30% of N2O anthropogenic generation sources, are presumed to be of livestock excrement origin, and the curtailment is expected. However, in actual cases in which the amounts generated were in a real porcessing facility, there was a great disparity in the value obtained. The amount of gas generated from actual treatment processing must be measured more exactly, and generating factors must be analyzed.View full abstractDownload PDF (933K) -
Emiko FUKUI, Masaaki KOGANEZAWA, Midori YOSHIZAWA2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 200-206
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGenetic variation in Japanese sika deer populations in Nikko National Park including Omote-Nikko, Ashio and Oku-Nikko areas in Japan was examined by random amplified polymorphic DNA method (RAPD). DNA samples extracted from fresh blood were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using five kinds of primers. RAPD patterns were determined according to the site and the number of bands displayed by electrophoresis. Polymorphism in RAPD patterns with three primers was found in PCR products obtained from Nikko deer. The results in Nikko deer were compared with RAPD patterns of DNA samples of deer in Tsushima island. Based on the number of bands in RAPD patterns, band-sharing coefficients (BS) within Nikko and Tsushima populations were calculated, and genetic variation in Nikko population was higher than that in Tsushima population. Homogeneity between populations was the highest between Omote-Nikko and Ashio populations among Omote-Nikko, Ashio and Oku-Nikko populations. We concluded that Oku-Nikko population had been derived from Omote-Nikko and Ashio populations after 1984, and the number of deer in this area increased rapidly in a short time.View full abstractDownload PDF (1044K) -
Hiroyuki HIROOKA2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 207-214
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to compare the power of half-sib (with and without selective genotyping) and grand-progeny designs for detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle using data from progeny testing schemes. Power of QTL detection was calculated for a range of small to large QTL effects (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5SD) and the type I error rate of 0.01. Two progeny sizes (10 or 50) were used assuming half-sib (without selective genotyping) and grand-progeny designs, and the progeny size of 500 was used for half-sib design with selective genotyping. Without selective genotyping, power increased with increasing number of sires and decreasing heritability in half-sib designs. When it was assumed that progeny size was 10 and heritability was 0.4, 191 sires were required to achieve reasonable power (>0.75) in half-sib designs (total 1, 910 animals were genotyped), while only 44 sires with 10 grand-sires were required in grand-progeny designs (total 440 animals were genotyped). With selective genotyping, only 50 animals genotyped were required to achieve reasonable power for QTL having moderate effects. The results indicated that QTL could not be expected to be identified for carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle using data from the half-sib designs without selective genotyping. On the other hand, it was suggested that the grand-progeny designs and half-sib designs with selective genotying would be a useful tool for QTL detection of carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle.View full abstractDownload PDF (694K) -
Keiich SUZUKI, Yuuko SHIMIZU, Hiroyuki ABE, Keiko TONAI, Atsushi SUZUK ...2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 215-223
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of breed, sex and site of longissimus thoracis muscle on meat quality and the correlations between meat quality traits were investigated. Three pure breeds (Landrace: L, Large white: W, Duroc: D) and two crossbreds (LD, LWD) were compared in this experiment. Two or three barrows or gilts, respectively from each pure breed and crossbreed were used (total of 28 pigs). At 105kg of body weight, the pigs were slaughtered. Two sites of the longissimus thoracis muscle (front site: 6th and 7th dorsal vertebrae, rear site: 2 dorsal vertebrae from the last vertebra) of each pig were sampled after 24 hours after slaughter. Cooking loss, meat color, physical traits (Tenderness, Pliability and Toughness) and intramuscular fat content at both sites of the longissimus thoracis muscle were measured. Further drip loss and pH of the rear site of the longissimus thoracis muscle were measured. The muscle fiber diameter, primary muscle bundle area and muscle fiber number at the 11th-12th dorsal vertebrae also were measured. Significant breed effects on the meat quality traits were detected in all the traits except for b* value, muscle fiber diameter and muscle fiber number. Duroc breed had more intramuscular fat, softer meat, dark meat color, less drip loss and cooking loss than other purebred and crossbred. There were significant sex effects in L*, b* and a* value, moisture and intramuscular fat and Pliability. There were significant site effect on all the meat quality traits except for cooking loss and moisture content. The L* value significantly correlated with cooking loss for the front site (r=0.465) and the rear site (r=0.400). Further, for the rear site of the longissimus thoracis muscle, the correlation of the L value with drip loss was significant. Although the intramuscular fat content significantly correlated with Tenderness (r=-0.673), Pliability (r=-0.546) and Toughness (r=-0.467) at the front site of the longissimus thoracis muscle, at the rear site of the loin the correlation between intramuscular fat and these traits were very low. Tenderness was significantly correlated with muscle bundle area (r=0.508). It is suggested that the muscle bundle area is a primary factor on Tenderness.View full abstractDownload PDF (834K) -
Keigo KUCHIDA, Mitsuyoshi SUZUKI, Shunzo MIYOSHI2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 224-231
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe first aim of this study was to develop photographing equipment, which is able to take a clear image of the cross section of carcass integrating the digital camera and the illumination device. The second aim was to predict the Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) number by using the obtained image from that equipment. The photographing equipment was composed of a dome section, a coaxial epi-illumination section, and a digital camera section. 570 white LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) were arranged upward at the bottom of the dome section like a ring. The half mirror of the 50% permeability was set up in a coaxial epi-illumination section at an angle of 45 degrees to the subject, and reflected light from the 324 white LEDs arranged on the side to the subject. The bottom of the dome section contacted with the cross section of carcass, so that photographing from a perpendicular direction and a constant distance was possible, Photographing for 271 Japanese Black cattle was executed with the developed equipment. As no sample with diffused reflection existed on the surface of the ribeye, clear and stable images were effectively taken by using this equipment. Multiple regression equation with the BMS number assigned by grader as the dependent variable were obtained by a stepwise method starting with 148 independent covariates for image analysis traits and some carcass traits. BMS number was predicted by using the multiple regression with six covariates selected by the stepwise method. The percentages of the difference between the assigned BMS and the predicted BMS being ±0 and within ±1 were 62.0% and 97.0%, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (2841K) -
Makoto OTSUKA, Yu KATSUNUMA, Mariko OKUMURA, Yutaka NAKAMURA, Hajime M ...2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 232-238
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fecal metabolic products and the constitution of the microbial population of fresh feces were compared between pigs given a diet supplemented with dietary microbes ("Lactohirox") and pigs given a non-supplemented diet. At 60 days of age after birth, the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration in the feces of pigs given a diet supplemented with dietary microbes was significantly higher than the pigs given a non-supplemented diet. And also, the VFA composition in the feces was different between the pigs given a diet supplemented with or without dietary microbes. However, at 90 days of age after birth, the VFA concentration and composition in the feces were not different between the pigs given a diet supplemented with or without dietary microbes. For the constitution of microbial populations, at 60 days of age after birth the cell density of veillonellae was lower in the feces of pigs given a diet supplemented with dietary microbes than in the pigs given a non-supplemented diet. At 90 days of age after birth, streptococci were more abundant in the feces of pigs given a diet supplemented with dietary microbes, as compared with the pigs given a non-supplemented diet. At 90 days of age after birth, the predominant bacteria in the feces of pigs given a diet supplemented with dietary microbes were Bacteroides spp. and Lactobacillus spp., while those in the pigs given a non-supplemented diet were Bacteroides spp. and Fusobacterium spp. For the species composition of lactobacilli isolated as the predominant bacteria, L. gasseri was most abundant in the feces of pigs given a diet supplemented with dietary microbes, and L. acidophilus was most abundant in the pigs given a non-supplemented diet.View full abstractDownload PDF (626K) -
Fumihiro OHTANI, Naozumi TAKUSARI, Takashi UENO2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 239-246
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree mid- or late-lactating Holstein cows were used in nitrogen (N) balance trials to examine whether readily fermentable carbohydrate (RFC) supplementation to the diet can reduce N excretion without decline in productivity of lactating cows. Additionally, to determine the reduction mechanism by RFC supplementation, changes in urine, ruminal fluid, plasma, and milk components were examined. Basal diet was mainly composed of grass silage, and purified potato starch was used as RFC supplement. The cows were fed basal diet only, basal diet supplemented with 10% starch or basal diet supplemented with 20% starch according to 3×3 Latin square design. Although it was observed that crude fat and NDF digestibility and ruminal fluid pH decreased in the 20% starch supplementation, the extent of these changes were not large. There was no significant difference in milk yield and composition between treatments. Urinary N excretion or urinary N excretory rate (N excretion/N intake) reduced significantly in response to starch supplementation, the total (urine plus feces) N excretion or excretory rate was significantly lower in 20% starch supplementation than control. This reduction of urinary N excretion was due to the decrease in urine volume and urine urea concentration with starch supplementation, and it was thought that the decline in plasma urea concentration caused the decrease inurine. Two factors might be involved in this decline in plasma urea concentration, 1) the decline of ruminal fluid ammonia concentration which would result in the decrease of N supply to liver and 2) the increase in glucose production from propionate, lactate and pyruvate which would affect the sparing glucogenic amino acids.
The result in this study showed that supplementation with purified potato starch as RFC had a reducing effect on N excretion without much influence on feeding and milk performance in lactating cows and the decline in plasma urea concentration might play an important role in this reduction mechanism.View full abstractDownload PDF (692K) -
Ryoya NIKI, Toshiaki ITO, Hidemasa MOTOSHIMA, Fuji TUKASAKI2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 247-255
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to investigate the influence of preheating skim milk on the physical properties and microstructure of acid-induced milk gel. Skim milk samples preheated at various temperatures (60-90°C, 10min) were acidified by an acidulant, glucono-δ-lactone (GDL). The storage modulus (G') and the loss moduhis (G") were measured using a rheological apparatus. The time courses of changes in G' and G" for the control and preheated samples were examined after acidification. The maximum value of the storage modulus (G'max) and the geiation rate (GR) were found to increase with the increase in temperature of preheating above 70°C, whereas the gelation time decreased. The tan δ(G"/G') at the time of G'max decreased with the increase in preheating temperature. These results indicated that preheating facilitated the subsequent gelation of the skim milk upon acidification. The apparent activation energy of gelation for the control and a sample preheated at 80°C for 10min were 69.5kJ/mol and 70.3kJ/mol, respectively. The effects of preheating on the microstructure of acid-induced milk gels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs showed that in the case of the control, the aoid-induced gel consisted of a coarse three-dimensional network of casein particles joined together in large clusters, whereas the gels formed from preheated skim milk consisted of a finer network of smaller clusters of casein particles.View full abstractDownload PDF (1414K) -
Masato AOYAMA, Makoto YAMAZAKI, Shoei SUGITA, Ryo KUSUNOSE2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 256-265
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was thought that for horse trainers, riders and grooms, to care for horses, emotions is very important during riding or training. Therefore understanding horses emotions would be necessary. They may be able to guess horses emotions from its facial expressions and behaviors. We investigated whether it is possible to guess horses emotions from their facial expressions, and which parts of horses faces they can observe the guessing. Questionnaires, which asked them to guess horses situations only from its faces pictures and asked which parts they observed for guessing, were distributed. As the results, the average point of 143 people who treat horses usually was 53.5 (100 points for all correct answers), and it was significantly higher than the average of 111 persons (39.4 points) who are unfamiliar with horses. So, horse trainers, riders and grooms, at least in parts, could guess horses situations from its faces. The most observed part for guessing on horses faces was by the ears, and that higher points getters (above 55 points) observed ears more frequently than lower points getters. This results describe that horses ears can be a useful indicator for guessing their situations. However, in some cases, even in different situations, horses ears appear so similarly that it would be difficult to guess their situations only from ears. In such cases, observation of other parts of the face or the face of neighboring horses, simultaneously with ears might be useful for guessing correctly their situations, and their emotions caused by these situations.View full abstractDownload PDF (3281K) -
Fumiro KASHIWAMURA, Jun SUDA, Keiko FURUMURA, Satoru HIDAKA, Tetsuya S ...2001 Volume 72 Issue 8 Pages 266-273
Published: April 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: March 10, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTraining of cows to enter the milking boxes of new installed automatic milking system at a farm was made. Forty-eight Holstein cows were transferred from the conventional stanchion-stall barn to the new free-stall barn. The automatic milking system consisted of an entrance gate, an alley and three milking boxes of tandem type. Cows were preconditioned to pass down the gate and the alley for five days. After the preconditioning period, cows were trained to enter the milking boxes for eight days and the training observation was started. The herd were then divided into three groups, and the milking of each group started separately in the automatic milking system. The observed characteristics were the following: 1) duration of passing through the entrance gate, 2) duration from passing the gate to entering into a milking box, and 3) the score of training difficulty of putting the cows into the milking boxes. The number of training that was required for the cows to enter the milking box without any difficulties, i.e., a training difficulty score of one, was 10.8±7.5(M±SD) times. However, the individual animals showed the large range of attempts (4-33 times) for achieving a score of one. The number of training needed for half the cows to achieve a score of one was about 14 times. Analysis of variance was applied to determine the factors that affect training difficulty. The average score of training difficulty for each cow and the number of training necessary for achieving a score of one were regarded as the dependent variables in the statistical model. The independent variables were parity of cows, training group, and number of preconditioning trials. The results showed that the primiparous cows become familiar with the new automatic milking system faster than the multiparous cows, with the number of preconditioning also having a significant effect on the training difficulty of entering the milking boxes (P<0.05).View full abstractDownload PDF (486K)
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