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Volume 73 (2002)
- Issue 4 Pages 489-
- Issue 3 Pages 381-
- Issue 2 Pages 237-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 73, Issue 1
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
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Kouichi HAGIYA, Mitsuyoshi SUZUKI, Takayoshi KAWAHARA, Juan Antonio C. ...2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHeritabilities for lifetime production and first lactation traits and genetic correlations among these traits were estimated using an animal model. Data consisted of 58,352 lifetime records of Holstein cows reported from 1975 to 1999 in the Hokkaido Dairy Cattle Milk Recording and Testing Association. Type traits and pedigree information of 132,096 animals were obtained from The Holstein Cattle Association of Japan. Herd life and productive life for 48- and 84-mo after the first calving were defined as longevity traits. Milk, fat, SNF, and protein yields in the productive life were defined as lifetime production traits. For the first lactation, these production traits and 17 type traits were analyzed. A total of 33 traits were simultaneously estimated with the multiple-trait EM-REML method. Heritability estimates of lifetime production ranged from 0.15 to 0.16. Genetic correlations between production traits for the 84-mo lifetime and for the first lactation ranged from 0.53 for milk and SNF yields to 0.61 for fat yields. Genetic correlations between fore attachment or udder depth and milk production for the first lactation were negative (-0.03 and -0.21, respectively). However, genetic correlations between these traits and 84-mo milk production were positive (0.22 and 0.20, respectively).View full abstractDownload PDF (588K) -
Keigo KUCHIDA, Mitsuyoshi SUZUKI, Shunzo MIYOSHI2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 9-17
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe method of evaluating the coarseness of the marbling particle was examined by computer image analysis, and “Coarseness Index” was newly proposed. The effects of breed and sex on the “Coarseness index” were investigated. Digital color images of M. longissimus dorsi of 11 Japanese Black steers assigned as BMS No. 5 by grader were converted into binary image. First, the binary images were thinning by 5, 10 and 20 rounds maintaining the connection of pixels. Second, the hairline (width of line being 1 pixel) of thinned image was removed. Finally, the number of pixels after thinning and removing hairline was counted. Correlation coefficient between scores assigned by five skilled graders for the coarseness of marbling particle and “Coarseness index (Cl2-5)” by computer image analysis was extremely high (r=0.96). Thus, Cl2-5 was calculated dividing the number of pixels after 5 rounds thinning and removing hairline by the number of pixel of marbling immediately after the binarization. The existence of “occluded marbling” was confirmed for the images with high Cl2-5 among the images of 1,821 Japanese Black (1,240 steers and 581 heifers) and 438 crossbred (Japanese Black ?? × Holstein ??, 277 steers and 161 heifers). The coarsenesses of marbling particles of crossbred and heifers were higher than those of Japanese Black and steers, respectively (P<0.01).View full abstractDownload PDF (1563K) -
Naohiko KOBAYASHI, Takashi HIRANO, Takayuki IBI, Tuyoshi OHTANI, Yoshi ...2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 19-23
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSClaudin-16 (CL-16) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease in Japanese black cattle. The association analysis between the deletion mutant allele (d) of CL-16 deficiency and carcass traits was investigated. Normal allele (D) and mutant allele (d) were diagnosed in 464 fattened progeny of three carrier sires (Dd), and 140 cows of Sire 1 whose common ancestor was revealed as Dd. The progeny were composed of 230 normal (DD) and 234 carrier (Dd). The cows were composed of 60 DD and 80 Dd. The association analysis was carried out among the CL-16 genotypes, and carcass traits and predicted breeding value for carcass traits using the 464 progeny and 140 cows, respectively. Analysis of variance was performed considering the CL-16 genotypes, sire, sex, farm and age (linear and quadratic) as the source of variance in order to evaluate factors affecting carcass traits. Significant differences in BMS number, carcass weight, area of rib eye, and rib thickness were observed between the sires. Significant differences in carcass weight were observed in the influence of sex. Significant differences in BMS number, carcass weight, and rib thickness were observed between farms. The regression of any carcass traits on final age (linear and quadratic) was not statistically significant. The significant association of the CL-16 genotypes were not seen in the carcass traits after the effects of environmental factors were eliminated. Moreover, a significant association of the genotypes was not seen (P>0.05) with predicted breeding value for carcass traits in cows of Sire-1. Furthermore, these carcass traits had no significant linkage with the approximately 30 cM region including CL-16 locus in a half-sib family of Sire-1 comprising 136 offspring (P>0.05). Therefore, exclusion of the mutant allele d from Japanese Black cattle population would not deteriorate the carcass traits.View full abstractDownload PDF (425K) -
Peishi YAN, Toshio ITO2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the management of thermal environment, the significance of the relationship between thermoregulatory responses, sensible heat loss were studied. Four female cattles were exposed to environmental temperatures (ET) of 5, 12, 19, 26, and 33°C daily for 8 hours. Heat production, vaginal temperature, tympanum temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and surface heat flux were measured. At 5-33°C, mean body temperature increased by 0.04°C for every 1°C ; respiration rate (RR) increased by 2.4/min. for every 1°C. Mean skin temperature (mTs) increased by 0.36 and 0.18 for every 1°C at 5-19 and 19-33°C, respectively. With an increase in ET, mean heat flux increased by 3.3W/m2 for every 1/min. rise in RR ; mean heat flux decreased by -14.4 and -50.8W/m2 for every 1°C rise in mTs at 5-19 and 19-33°C, respectively. Therefore, the change of mTs and RR was useful information which shows concrete effect from the complex thermal factor for environmental management.View full abstractDownload PDF (491K) -
Junko NAKAJIMA, Tharwat MOHAMED, Hiroshi SATO, Takashi KUROSAWA, Shin ...2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 33-38
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPortal and hepatic flows of metabolites have been paid much attention in feeding and nutritional studies. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous punctures of portal and hepatic veins were performed in standing using 17 cattles (12 cows and 5 heifers), and those plasma glucose, acetic acid, 3 - hydroxybutyric acid (3 - HB) levels, blood gas tension and pH were compared with ear arterial blood (only for gas tension and pH) and jugular blood. Percutaneous catheterization in the portal or hepatic veins were performed in 3 cattles. Usinig the catheters, continuous sampling from the hepatic vein, or portal injection were carried out. Portal vein was characterized by thick hyperechogenic wall compared to hypoechogenic hepatic vein, therefore a distinction between them was easy by watching the ultrasound screen. Abnormalities like as fever, anorexia were not observed after the puncture and catheterization. Plasma acetic acid and 3-HB levels of portal and hepatic vein were markedly higher than those of jugular plasma. Among the 3 veins, highest plasma glucose level was observed in the hepatic veins in most animals. Portal blood showed marked higher oxygen tension than the blood of other two veins. On continuous blood sampling from the jugular and hepatic vein via the catheters, an elevation of glucose level after oral propylene glycol administration was much larger in the hepatic vein than that in the jugular vein. There was no difference in glucose clearance from the peripheral circulation between portal and jugular injections of glucose. Benefit for nutritional studies and safety of the ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncture and catheterization of the portal and hepatic veins were confirmed.View full abstractDownload PDF (663K) -
Katsumi SAITO, Masami NOMURA, Junko KIMURA2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 39-48
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was carried out to assess the effect of dietary levels of perilla oil, perilla meal and perilla leaves, which are rich sources of α-linolenic acid, on α-linolenic acid contents of egg yolks and to compare with feeding effect of perilla seeds already reported. Diets containing different levels of perilla oil, perilla meal and perilla leaves were formulated and given to a total of 180 hens over a period of 4 week. The α-linolenic acid contents of the egg yolks in perilla oil and perilla meal at the dietary levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% each were 0.20, 1.20, 1.64, 2.59 and 3.00mg/100mg egg yolk, and 0.17, 0.21, 0.28, 0.32 and 0.39mg/100mg egg yolk, respectively. The eggs from hen fed perilla leaves at the dietary levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% contained also 0.17, 0.19, 0.20, 0.22 and 0.29mg/egg yolk 100mg of α-linolenic acid, respectively. Linear regression between contents of α-linolenic acid in the diets and the egg yolk was significant in all of perilla oil, perilla meal and perilla leaves. Dietary levels where α-linolenic acid content reached 200mg/egg yolk were estimated with 4.8, 3.0, 46, 204% perilla seeds, perilla oil, perilla meal and perilla leaves, respectively. The purchase costs of perilla seeds and perilla oil were 78 yen and 113 yen per egg mass to get the dietary levels. It was suggested that perilla seeds may be most economically advantageous for the production of eggs with high α-linolenic acid content.View full abstractDownload PDF (850K) -
Mitsuharu MATSUMOTO, Hifumi OHISHI, Akiyoshi HOSONO2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 49-56
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHydrolyzed buttermilk (HBM) prepared from buttermilk by bromelain digestion (45°C, 24h) had the thermostable anti bovine rotavirus activity. HBM was subjected to chromatography on DEAE and then Superdex 75, and four fractions with anti-rotavirus activity, HBM-0.2-A, HBM-0.2-B, HBM-0.4-A and HBM-0.4-B, were obtained. ED50 (mg/ml) of HBM-0.2-A, HBM-0.2-B, HBM-0.4-A and HBM-0.4-B were 0.16, 1.75, 0.14 and 3.25, respectively. By SDS-PAGE analysis, HBM-0.2-A, HBM-0.2-B, HBM-0.4-A and HBM-0.4-B had molecular weight of 14-30, 14-21, 14-35 and 14-21kDa, respectively. Western blot analysis after SDS-PAGE of HBM-0.2-A and HBM-0.4-A using WGA detected three glycopolypeptides of 20-25, 30-35 and 70-100kDa, but that of HBM-0.2-B and HBM-0.4-B detected no band. From this fact it was supposed that the anti-rotavirus activity of HBM depended on the structure of the sugar chain, especially the position of sialic acid.View full abstractDownload PDF (1137K) -
Takayuki MURAMOTO, Katsuhiro AIKAWA, Masahiro SHIBATA, Naoto NAKANISHI2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 57-62
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of restricted feeding of concentrate over the entire fattening period on beef productivity of Japanese Black steers was studied. Eight Japanese Black steers of 10 months of age were assigned to two experiment groups (concentrate group and roughage group ; each four steers) and fattened until 27 months of age. In the concentrate group, steers were supplied both concentrate and roughage ad libitum. In the roughage group, each steer was supplied concentrate at 1% of its body weight and was supplied roughage ad libitum. The concentrate intake of the roughage group was 60% that of the concentrate group. The TDN intake of the roughage group was significantly lower than that in the concentrate group. The body weights and dressed carcass weights of the roughage group were significantly lower than those of the concentrate group. However, the muscle weight was not significantly different between the groups. The crude fat content of M. longissimus thoracis, omental and mesenteric fat weight, and carcass fat weight of the roughage group were significantly lower than those of the concentrate group. The omasum weight in the roughage group was significantly higher than that in the concentrate group. However, the weights of esophagus, rumen and reticulum, abomasm, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder were not significantly different between the groups. The values of L*, a*, and b* of M. longissimus thoracis and M. semitendinosus were not significantly different between the groups.View full abstractDownload PDF (516K) -
Katsufumi TODA, Fuminori NAKAI, Hajime IEKI, Kazuhiko FUJIOKA, Hiroyas ...2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 63-70
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to clarify the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on milk yield of Holstein cows in hot and humid environments. Milk yield and dry matter intake of 17 Holstein cows were determined from spring to fall, the years 1997 and 1998. Dry and wet bulb temperature was recorded for the period. Daily milk yield of the cows ranged from 22 to 44kg per day, when they were managed in comfortable conditions. The index of temperature and humidity (effective temperature) was calculated using the following formula ; Effective temperature=Dry bulb temperature (°C)×0.35+Wet bulb temperature (°C)×0.65. The expected milk yield is estimated by the two sets of data method to eliminate the influence of individual difference. The time series analysis and the segmented model of the non-linear regression analysis were used to determine the daily mean effective temperature (ET) where milk yield began decreasing. Milk yield began decreasing from the month of May, and a greater decline occurred in late June. The depression in milk yield per day increased with the rise of production level (P<0.05). It was found that the cows producing higher milk yield began decreasing at lower ET (P<0.05). Greater decline in milk yield for each unit increase in ET occurred for higher producers (P<0.05). The results showed that the higher producers are more affected by ambient temperature and humidity and the obtained effective temperature which the milk yield begin to decrease could enhance the stress effects of hot and humid environment in dairy cattle productivity.View full abstractDownload PDF (666K) -
Peishi YAN, Toshio ITO2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 71-77
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to obtain a better understanding of the daily rhythm and level of body temperature, the mutual relationship of some of thermoregulatory responses were studied in four female piglets (16.8-18.6kg) exposed to environmental temperatures (Te) of 25, 29, 33 and 37°C. The piglets were fed twice daily in equal quantity at 0800 and 2000 h to have a stable heat production (HP) from feed ingestion. The influence of Te on rectal temperature (Tr), mean surface temperature (mTs), respiration rate (RR) and evaporative heat loss (eHL) was clearly observed. Rectal temperature was higher during the 1300-1700 h than during the 0100-0500 h in both the 25 and 29°C. Mean surface temperature was higher during the 0100-0500 h than during the 1300-1700 h at all the temperature periods. With an increase in Te, eHL increased by 0.04kJ/kg0.75h for the increase of RR in one minute. The sensible heat loss (sHL) decreased by 0.80kJ/kg0.75h for 1°C increase in mTs. The changing rate in all the phases was the same and performed parallel line during 0100-0500 h and 1300-1700 h, respectively. In Tr 39.5°C or higher, RR increased by 14.1/min. for 0.1°C increase in Tr and mTs increased by 0.43°C for 0.1°C increase in Tr. Mean surface temperature changed rapidly with Tr, when Tr was 39.5°C and 39.0°C during the 1300-1700 h and 0100-0500 h, respectively. Therefore, Tr 39.5°C may be the critical point where the eHL begins to increase due to increased RR instead of the decrease of sHL. The day-night thermoregulatory physiological differences in piglets were understood clearly.View full abstractDownload PDF (485K) -
Norio TOKITA, Noriko NARISAWA, Reiko TAKAHASHI, Mizue TAKAHASHI, Ayaka ...2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 79-86
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn analysis of time budget and food digestibility of adult ostriches was conducted in captivity. They were kept singly for males and in a group for females. Concentrated feed and fresh forage (alfalfa) were given 2 times daily and water freely. All birds were sitting on the ground during the night. Time budget for observation was accounted from 0900 am to the time at which the birds sat down the ground by the sunset. Accounted time for 5-day observation was 560.5±41.2min in males and 512.1±47.2min in females. Time spent walking was over 43% as a dominant behavior in both male and female ostriches through the daily observations, and time walking together with standing and pecking on the ground was over 69%. Male and female ostriches consumed 288.0±3.8 g and 273.9±20.3 g crude protein per day, respectively. They spent about 60 minutes (11% each for male and female ostriches) eating this amount of food and pecked 1415.4±481.9 times for concentrated feed and 1538.4±664.5 times for fresh alfalfa. Therefore, dry matter intake per peck for male and female was 0.9±0.37 g for concentrated feed and 0.3±0.12 g for fresh forage. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in the experimental feeds was 64.1±10.0% and 80.7±6.3%, respectively. Digestibility of dietary fiber as a neutral detergent fiber was 59.2±11.4% in female ostriches and 47.9±8.6% in males. The transit time of marker (Yb), after oral prescription to the first appearance in feces, was 17.3±4.1 h for females and was longer than that for males. But the mean retention time of Yb in the digestive tract was 50.5±7.7 h and was no different between male and female ostriches.View full abstractDownload PDF (2167K) -
Peishi YAN, Toshio ITO2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 87-94
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDay-night characteristics of thermoregulation, variation in body temperature and physical activity of pigs were studied. Four 7-18 kg female Landrace pigs were exposed to environmental temperatures of 18, 25, 32 and 38°C under TDN 60g/kg0.75d food intake in order to measure physical activity, vaginal temperature, mean surface temperature, exposed surface area, lateral lying, sternum lying and standing.
1. Physical activity counts of lateral lying, sternum lying and standing were distributed over 0-80, 0-260 and 0-325 counts/min, respectively. Each value of the mode of frequency distribution of physical activity in lateral lying, sternum lying and standing was 0, 50 and 260 counts/min, respectively. This induces the importance of posture observation or the time spent each posture on estimation of energy expenditure in pigs.
2. With an increase in environmental temperatures, vaginal temperature increased and physical activity decreased. Vaginal temperature and physical activity were higher during the 1200-1800 h than during 0000-0600 h. But during 0000-0600 h, vaginal temperature decreased while physical activity increased, and hence, physical activity does not influence the formation of rhythm of body temperature in pigs.
3. Mean surface temperature and exposed surface area were higher during the 0000-0600 h than during 1200-1800 h. These may indicate that mean surface temperature and exposed surface area were changed with the change in resting position, and increased sensible heat loss during 0000-0600 h.View full abstractDownload PDF (595K) -
Takuji HIRAYAMA, Kazuo KATOH, Minoru OHTA2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 95-101
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was undertaken to determine the effect of feeding alfalfa hay and timothy hay on the rectal and rumen temperature, rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, contract of rumen and excretion movement of feeds of goats exposed to heat (33°C, 80%). Goats initially housed in thermoneutral environment (20°C, 80%) were fed once daily with equal amounts of each hay in both environments. In each hay fed, rectal temperature, rumen temperature, digestibility and concentration of VFA in the rumen were higher in the heat exposed than in thermoneutral environment. And, amplitude of contract in internal pressure of the rumen were lower in the heat exposed in each hay fed. Meanwhile digestibilities of NDF were higher in the alfalfa hay fed and heat exposed, in the timothy fed, digestibilities of NDF were not changed in the heat exposed. The result in this study showed that fiber digestibility, amplitude of contract in internal pressure of the rumen and excretion movement of feeds were more influenced by environmental temperature than feeding roughage. And digestibilities of NDF were more influenced by feeding roughage than environmental temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (550K) -
Koichi KAKU, Kazuhiro SHIMADA, Akifumi OGINO, Morihiro YAMAUCHI, Makot ...2002 Volume 73 Issue 1 Pages 103-114
Published: 2002
Released on J-STAGE: May 12, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe domestic distribution style on pork has changed from carcass to cut meat recently. In 2001, therefore, pork cut meats are mainly distributed in Japan, but both the existing domestic pork price formation system on the wholesale markets and pork import system are still based on carcass distribution. The purpose of this study is to analyze the self-supplying ratio on Japanese domestic pork cut meats and the influence of the existing systems that stabilize fluctuations in pork carcass prices and regulate pork import (differential tarrif system). The main findings of this study were as follows :
(1) During 1988-2000, the amount of pork cut meat distribution slightly increased from 1.43 million tons to 1.55 million tons in Japan, but self-supplying ratio on total pork cut meat decreased from 77.7% to 58.0%.
(2) During 1988-2000, the self-supplying ratio on Tenderloin decreased from 56.2% to 26.1%, the self-supplying ratio on Loin decreased from 63.1% to 32.2%, the self-supplying ratio on Belly decreased from 76.7% to 54.4%, and the self-supplying ratio on Shoulder decreased from 87.3% to 73.4%. But during the same period, the self-supplying ratio on Ham increased from 84.0% to 95.0%. The import pork cut meats have increased because Japanese people prefer Tenderloin and Loin to the other pork cut meats as table meat and the shortage of domestic pork Tenderloin and Loin has occurred.
(3) In 2000, the amount of chilled pork meat supplied from North American Free Trading Agreement Area was 88% of total chilled imported pork cut meat and the ratio on chilled pork meat to the total imported pork cut meat was 29%.
(4) In 2000, annual sales by wholesale price per year on Japanese domestic pork cut meats were ¥150.9 billion (Shoulder), ¥141.4 billion (Loin), ¥128.1 billion (Ham), ¥106.1 billion (Belly), ¥23.5 billion (Tenderloin), and ¥12.6 billion (Others) respectively.
(5) During 1995-2000, the ratio of yearly amount of pork cut meat traded on the Japan Meat Distribution Center (Kawasaki, Osaka and Nagoya) to total Japanese domestic pork cut meat increased from 5% to 16%. That's a 12.3-point jump from the all-time low of 3.5% in 1977.
(6) Japanese selected companies (meat processors) have made profits mainly as commission merchant. In 1999, out of 10 high-ranking meat processors, 7 companies' handling share as the commission merchant were more than 50% of their total sales and 3 companies' handling share as the commission merchant were within the range of 30%-50%.
(7) I believe the Japanese domestic pork cut meat had suitability as the benchmark of pork price which could be traded on the pork futures market in Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (985K)
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