Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
Online ISSN : 1880-8255
Print ISSN : 1346-907X
ISSN-L : 1880-8255
Volume 84, Issue 4
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
Original Articles
  • Takafumi ISHIDA, Tadaaki TOKUNAGA, Shingo ARIMA, Tetsuo MORITA, Toshih ...
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 435-442
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In cases where carcass defects are found during beef carcass grading, no change in the grade of carcass is seen but could affect the carcass market price. These defects might be found at the meat distribution stage and the defected parts cannot be sold, therefore the impact of these defects on both beef producer and supplier can be substantial. However, the mechanisms of the occurrence of most of the defects are not yet clear. Therefore, this study intended to get basic knowledge of the defect occurrence factors, and investigate the influence that environmental and genetic factors have on defects occurrence by logistic-regression analysis of beef carcass grading records (n=70,171) of Japanese Black cattle in Miyazaki. The results showed low incidences of blood splash and trim loss, and that the incidences of intermuscular edema tended to be lower in recent years. Fattening farm factor had significant effects on defect occurrences but the effects of sire were not significant. On the other hand, the highest bruising odds ratio was in carcasses graded in 2008 and an increasing trend was observed. High odds ratios between sires were obtained. This suggested that differences in nature of activity and/or militancy attributed to sire genetic effects might cause the bruising considering that one of the outbreak factors of bruising is the struggle between cattle. Odds ratios within sires or fattening farm were higher for steatosis cases, suggesting that genetic and environmental factors influence steatosis outbreaks. In addition, the steatosis odds ratio of carcasses graded in March was the highest. It was thought that these fattening cattle spent initial fattening period (about 10 months of age) in high temperature and humidity during rainy seasons, because most Japanese Black fattening cattle are slaughtered from 28 to 30 months of age. For these cattle, while the energy consumption was increasing, the amount of feed intake was decreasing under the hot environment. On the contrary, the lowest odds ratio was observed in cattle fattened from the start of the winter season and slaughtered in October. This observation suggests that the drop in feed intake during the early fattening period influences steatosis outbreak. Although further investigations of feed intake level and/or temperature of environment are needed, it may be concluded that environmental factors including feed management in conjunction with differences in sensitivity due to genetic factors cause the steatosis.
    Download PDF (364K)
  • Yuzuru ISHIZUKA, Terumi NISHIOKA, Shintaro OHTANI, Takao HOSOMI, Masak ...
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 443-449
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to investigate the occurrence and primary factors of blood splash and blood remaining in pork carcass, questionnaires were used to assess the equipments and slaughter treatments in the principal flesh processing facilities in Japan. Blood splash and blood remaining have been issues in many facilities (37 of 57). Correlation coefficient was r=0.40 (P<0.05) between occurrence of blood remaining and blood splash. On blood splash, the odds ratios were as follows ; 0.31 for manual equipment stunning compared with automatic, 0.42 for both of vena cava and aortic compared with aorta cutting, 0.20 for weak kicking and convulsion compared with strong and 2.54 in the left lateral decubitus position compared with the right lateral position. On the other hand, concerning blood remaining, the odds ratios were as follows ; 0.36 for long cutting size at sticking compared with medium, 2.75 for short sticking size compared with medium, 0.24 for both of vena cava and aorta compared with aorta at the blood vessel cutting, 0.16 in the left lateral decubitus position in the direction of pig carcass compared with the right position. These results show the possibility that blood splash and blood remaining were affected by slaughter methods like carcass direction and blood vessel cutting.
    Download PDF (443K)
  • Takeshi YASUE, Momoko MATSUBARA, Noriko TAKEDA
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 451-458
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is considered that extensive milking by grazing-dairy goats is effective for utilizing the abandoned cultivated land in the urban area, since the practitioner is a non-farmer citizen. In order to evaluate the extensive milking methods under grazing condition on abandoned cultivated land in Japan, the behaviour and milk yield were analyzed when 4 dyad of Saanen does and their kids were briefly separated according to their suckling behaviour under natural condition. In the “normal day” when kids could suck their does’ udder freely and the “separation day” when kids are separated from their does during 2-6 h according to their age, total 18 times of 11-hours continuous observations were conducted during 0.8-6.2 month old of kids. Additionally, milk yield was measured immediately after the observation in separation day. The milk yields in separation day were relatively stable (180-350mL/doe) through experiment because separation time was extended from 2 h to 6 h according to kids’ age. However, more than 4 h separation concentrated the does’ grazing-site on the surrounding area of kids’ isolated shelter. From the results of vocalization rate, the rate of attempt to escape from isolated shelter and the concentration of salivary cortisol, it was suggested that kids’ stress was induced by short-term maternal separation in spite of the resemblance between the duration and that one of maximum suckling interval under natural condition. It was concluded that the extensive milking methods with short-term maternal separation was not recommended in grazing goats on abandoned cultivated land.
    Download PDF (751K)
  • Teruaki HASEGAWA, Kiyomi SUGIMOTO, Takahiro YAMASHITA, Yasuo TANAKA
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 459-465
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to develop a simple method for removal of nitrogen in swine farming wastewater, a demonstrated operation of sulfur powder filled reactor was carried out at a swine farm and evaluated the performance of the reactor. Commercial sulfur powder was supplied as soil pH conditioner. The reactor to for effective was about 23L in volume with 15cm in liquid depth. The reactor was filled with 5kg sulfur powder (nominal sulfur bed volume about 5L, layer thickness 3.3cm). Purified swine wastewater treated by activated sludge process was fed to the reactor as influent. The removal rate of NOx--N increased gradually, and reached to about 52% after 21 days with an NOx--N loading rate of approximately 0.6kg-N/m3/day. Value of "NO3--N+ NO22--N+NH43+-N×0.4" in the reactor effluent dropped to about under 100mg/L which is the national minimum effluent standards of Japanese Water Pollution Control Law. SO42--S was produced by the treatment, though nitrification of NH43+-N did not occur. It suggested that SO42--S was derived from denitrification process. Simple denitrification reactor using the commercial fine sulfur powder would be applicable for practical use.
    Download PDF (414K)
  • Yasuo TANAKA, Takahiro YAMASHITA, Akifumi OGINO
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 467-473
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to verify long term stability of swine wastewater treatment performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal rate and biogas production rate were measured for about ten years. Values of BOD were 1895±1117mg/L (average ±SD) for the influent and 886±634mg/L for the effluent. The removal rate of BOD fluctuated from 10 to 90%, and 53% in average. That in the summer of the final year was 64±13%. Biogas production volume per the removed BOD (Δ BOD) in summer was 0.1-0.8m3/kg Δ BOD. That of the final year was 0.2-0.7m3/kg Δ BOD. These results suggest that the performance of organic matter removal and biogas production was maintained almost at equal level throughout the ten years operation period. The diameter of granules in sludge drawn from the reactor at the end of operation was 1∼2mm. This value coincided with the representative value of granules in UASB reactor, which suggests that the methanogenic bacterial population was maintained in good condition throughout the operation period.
    Download PDF (849K)
  • —Utilization of paddy rice fields at national level—
    Toshiya NISHIDA, Kazato OISHI, Yousuke CHOUMEI, Hajime KUMAGAI, Hiroyu ...
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 475-486
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A linear programming (LP) model was used to evaluate integration between animal and crop production systems at national level. In particular, this evaluation focused on the utilization of paddy rice field. Animal categories considered were production systems for Holstein cows (milking and dry cows and replacement heifers), Holstein growing calves, dairy fattening steers, Japanese Black cow-calves, Japanese Black fattening steers, fattening F1 steers and heifers, integrated pigs, layers and broilers, and crop categories were feed production for pasture, whole crop rice silage (WCS), feed rice for animals and food rice for human. In addition, external concentrates and roughages were considered. The objective function of the model maximizes total benefits from animal and crop production, while restricting environmental impacts (surplus nitrogen, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy use) and total labor time at national level. The result of optimization for the basic situation suggested that the total benefit may be maximized when the number of Japanese Black and layer increased and the number of other animals decreased and when forage rice for WCS was cultivated instead of food rice. The effects of alternative scenarios such as targeted reduction of surplus nitrogen and green house gas, the amount of subsidies of feed rice in paddy fields, concentrate costs and different processing costs for each animal category in feed rice production on optimization of integration between animal and crop production were also examined.
    Download PDF (638K)
Technical Report
  • Haruka YAMAGUCHI, Keigo KUCHIDA
    2013 Volume 84 Issue 4 Pages 487-491
    Published: November 25, 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2014
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between objective evaluation values and eating quality for beef. Objective evaluation values consisted of three traits (monounsaturated fatty acid : MUFA, marbling percent : MP, coarseness index of marbling : CIM), and eating quality was described by four traits (flavor, tenderness, juiciness, overall liking). High-resolution digital images of 6th-7th ribs of carcasses were taken for crossbred cattle (n=10). Fat tissues were sampled from the M. longissimus dorsi (RIB) and M. trapezius (TRAP) of each carcass, and the fatty acid composition was analyzed using gas chromatography. Samples of RIB and TRAP from 10 carcasses were supplied to 280 general consumer panels for evaluation of eating quality. Paired comparison tests of preference were carried out using the following 7 sets of meat samples ; two RIB MUFA comparison sets (I, II), two RIB MP comparison sets (III, IV), one RIB CIM comparison set (V), one TRAP MUFA comparison set (VI : same animal of set I), TRAP MP comparison set (VII : same animal of set III). The panel had to select the better of two samples for each eating quality trait and evaluate the degree of difference between samples into 4 levels (score 1 : very little, 2 : a little, 3 : considerable, 4 : exceedingly). The total score of these evaluation values for each sample from panel was treated as the score of the sample. As a result, there was no relationship between CIM and eating quality traits. Lower MUFA samples were associated with flavor and juiciness, and higher MP samples were characterized by poor flavor, better tenderness and juiciness (P<0.05).
    Download PDF (264K)
feedback
Top