This writer proposes to divide the period of cartographic history in Korea into three parts as follows: The first period is from ancient time to Koryo Dynasty (to the 14th century). Maps drawn at that time, have not remained, though we can know only by records. The second period is the early part of Yi Dynasty (from the 15th century to the 16th century). Some maps showing foreign countries were prepared with influence of Arabian cartographic techniques and some domestic maps were made for the purpose of military affairs and administrations. The last period is from the middle part of Yi Dynasty to the 19th century (after the 17th century). Western geography and modern world maps were introduced to Korea by Korean envoys to China in the 17th century, and they were written in Chinese letters by European missionaries. In the present paper, the writer emphasizes the second period of the catographic hitory in Korea, particularly, the 15th century, the early part of Yi Dynasty, especially the influence of the Chinese and Arabian catrographic techniques. Honilkangli-Yokdaekukto-Chido (混一彊理歴代国都之図) is a world map, compiled in 1402. At that time, Seongkyo kwangpido (声教広被図) and Honil-Kanglido (混一彊理図) were used as original world maps which Kim Sa-Hyong (金士衡) brought from Ming (明) China. But these maps did not show the area east of the Liao river (遼河), so Lee Hoe (李薈) added to it the map of korean peninsula which he made himself, and the map of Japan which Park Ton-Chi (林敦之) brought from Japan at the end-of the 14th century. This world map was made with Arabian cartographic influence through China, so we can find Arabian cartographic techniques through it. For example, sea and salt lakes were painted in green, rivers and fresh lakes were painted in blue colour. Haetong-Chekukki (海東諸国紀), a regional geographical book of Japan, was written by Shin Suk-Chu (申叔舟) in 1471, in order to understand Japanese situation at that time. Some maps which show Honshu Is., Kyushu Is., Iki Is., Tsushima Is. and Ryukyu Is., were inserted as reference maps. These maps were duplicated from a few original Japan maps. We can find cartographic techniques as same as Honilkangli-Yokdaekukto-Chido in these maps, in the shape of Tsushima Is, and the waving sea. Palto-do (八道図), the maps of Korean peninsula were made by Cheong Cheok, (鄭陟) and Yang Seog-Chi (梁誠之). Yong Seong-Chi was one of the famous cartographers and geographers, and he made not only Korean maps but also some regional geographical book-b. Dongkuk-Yuchi-Seunglam (東国輿地勝覧), a regional geographical book of Korea, was published by King of Seong Chong (成宗) in 1485. The map of the Peninsula and maps of eight provinces were annexed as reference maps. Since then these maps had become the model of simple atlas, called Yuchido (輿地図) or Palto-do (八道図), until 19 century. In the 15th centuy, the aims of map making were to confirm the territory of Korea, for the purpose of military affairs and to use in reference maps. Domestic maps were made through the field investigation and surveying. As mentioned above, map making was developed with some reasonable techniques in the 15th century, but in the 16th century, some fanciful world maps, called Cheonha-do (天下図), appeared in Korea. Since then map making techniques went back for a time.

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The formation of CBDS in Japanese local cities is mainly accomplished by many agglomeration of the company branch offices, because of the weakness of head function. So the writer, by way of the case of Hiroshima city investigated the distribution, through the difference of the capital size and industries of the branch office, setting up the unit zones I-X in urban interior. The branch offices are concentrated in core from Hachobori to Kamiya-Cho, central business district, and are scattered to the outer zone (Fig, 1). Concentration rate of the branch offices in the central districts (I. II) is higher with finance and insurance, mining, services, and in intermediate zones (III-IV), outer zones (VII-X) is higher with construction, transport (Fig. 2). But such a situation of the distribution is affected by the difference of capital size (head office) of the branch office by the kinds of industries (Fig. 3). So the point of locational rate in the unit zones of the branch offices classified by capital size, the branch offices (a. b) of large enterprises, according to their scale, have higer concentration rate in central district (Fig. 4). Similarly, on chief industries (Fig.5a-d), this is the whole tendency, but is, In evidence, differed from situation on the distribution, on boundary between capital size b and c. As mentioned above, the branch offices are concentrated in the central district (CBD), while greater part of the branch offices which is in the central district are branches of large enterprises. After all, between the branch offices of large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, it must be admitted that them is a different situation on the distribution in urban area.

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南極氷床の消耗において,融氷水の海への流山は極めて小さいものとされている。しかし,消耗現象の目立つLutzow-Holm湾東岸の氷床縁辺部では,夏季著しい融氷水による水路が形成されるところがある。大まかな流水の観察と、空中写真による水路の言十測を基礎に,いくつかの仮定を設けて,夏季の流水による消耗量を,Lutzow-Holm湾東岸からPrince Olav海岸にかけての長さ250kmの沿岸地帯について1,8〜7.4×10^9に達する。一方,乏しいながらこれまでに試みられた氷河流速測定を基に,氷の分裂による消耗を推定すると,年間1.8×10^9トン プラス6.2×10^7トンとなる。なお,最大の水流白瀬氷河についてみると,これとは別に年間4.5×10^9トンのオーダーと推測される。以上の計算では、水路による消耗量は大きく見積られ過ぎていると考えられるが,仮にここにあげたものの1/5程度としても,氷河のものに比べて,これまで考えられていたものよりかなり大きい割合を占めることが注目される。

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