Big wild mammals have been game and vermin for men from of old. But, in Japan, big wild mammals are not shown interest in generally. We must consider the management of big wild mammals from the view point of biological resources and conservation of nature, but such approach is few and far between in the Japanese geographical field. One of the main reasons is lack of fundamental data which is necessary for the enforcement of the management. The author investigated the fluctuations of wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and wild bears (Selenarctos thibetanus japonicus) from the Meiji era onward and its factor of regulation in the northern area of Kyoto Prefecture. The results are as follows. There are four patterns in the distribution of wild boars and it is largely affected by men and snow-fall. Wild bears are affected mainly by men, such as the change of forest use and hunting impacts. In comparison the two, we can recognize differences in their distribution pattern. This is caused mainly by the difference in the condition of parturition. In short, with the afforestation wild boars have moved to the north where the intensity of natural forest use and heavy snow-fall decrease. Wild bears are unable to make the move because they need the hollows of the large trees for parturition. Affection has to be paid to the proper management of big wild mammals that are included in men's activity system. A foresighted policy is expected with a mind as the influence on wild boars and wild bears differ according to their ecologies and the background of damages are often placed at men's side. It is the important problem to give the proper management of big wild mammals in the synthetic forest use, we must therefore fill up the fundamental data moreover.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of disposal of feudal clan's forest, the utilization and ownership of them thereafter, and the formation of commual forest in the early period of Meiji era. The followings have been confirmed: (1) Tonogouchi Ohayashi(about 1,600 ha), one of the feudal clan's forest, was established in the upper area of the river Katsuura. Tokushima Prefecture. In the early period of Edo era the villagers of Sezu-mura lived on slash-and-bum cultivation and petty farming on sloping land, and had their commural forest. (2) The slash-and-burn cultivation in Sezu-mura, from Edo era to Meiji era, was very important for dependent peasants as well as independent ones. Comparatively low productivity of slash-and-burn cultivation here was one of the reasons why the clan forest was disposed as a whole to the lumberer (Mr. Nishioka) of Tokushima in the early Meiji era. If the slash-and-burn cultivation here had had high productivity, the clan forest should have almost become the possession of villagers. (3) In Awa clan, all of the feudal clan forest were disposed in 1869 before the abolition of clans and establishment of the prefecture. From 1869 to 1870, private forest which had been permitted to be possessed of private owners by Awa clan in Edo era, and communal forest were disposed by Awa clan. (4) Tonogouchi clan's forest was sold to the lumberer who was politically connected with Awa clan at the beginning of Meiji era. Only ten percent of the forest under discussion was sold to the officers of the nearby villages. Later on, during the middle Meiji era (1887-1893), the higher class of villagers bought the forest back from the lumberer. From 1897 to 1925, they sold it out. At the end of Meiji era (1911), Mr. Hara, a lumber merchant in Tokushima city bought it all. And then, in 1927, it came into possession Nagao lumbering industry. (5) In 1909, in order to develop vast natural forests and charcoal, and communal forest of Sezu-mura, Mr. Hara founded the railway through the Tonogouchi forests, for the first time in Tokushima Prefecture. Stimulated by this railway, the lumberers built more than seven sawmills in these villages, and turned natural forests into planted on in Taisho era. (6) Sezu communal forests (130 ha) which was established in clan's forest in Bunsei era (1818-1829) has remained, through the strong control of the community. Planted sedar trees and trees for charcoal in the communal forest were sold respectively to the lumberers and charcoal makers in the villages. Sedar trees were planted by the villagers and peasants of Ikumi-mura (Sesu-mura, Nogiri-mura, Kubo-mura and Kashihara-mura were united as Ikumi-mura in 1874).

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This paper is to survey the history, especially the changes of the ownership of the salt fields at Matsunaga in Hiroshima Prefecture. Most of the Matsunaga Salt Eields were developed with the aid of Fukuyama Feudal clan in 1737. Around the 20th of the Meiji era, only a few wealthy landlords, such as the Fujiis and Ishiis, possessed nearly half of all the salt fields, as well as huge farmland. They also invested in moneylending business and other local industries. As time went by, many of those owners sold their salt fields; some of them owing to their failure in business, others in order to invest in new industries. The next owners, mostly small, were those who had accumulated their capital by woodwork manufacture or commercial business. Now the fields were no longer mono-polized by just a few landlords as before, and tenant fields decreased radically. In 1959, all the salt fields there came into disuse as a result the enforcement of the Third of Readjustment of Salt Industry by the Central Government.

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