地学教育と科学運動

"ヒ素汚染"の特別号によせて(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

吉村尚久

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 1-
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_1

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土呂久からアジア砒素ネットワークへ(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

川原一之

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1997 年 Special 巻 p. 2-5
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_2

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ヒ素中毒の臨床症状,とくに皮膚症状(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

古城八寿子

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1997 年 Special 巻 p. 6-13
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_6

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Clinical manifestation of arsenicism is different from acute type and chronic type. Some cutaneous symptoms of chronic type are characteristics of arsenicism. Especially, rain drops like depigmentations, spotty hyperkeratosis on the palms and soles, and multiple Bowen's disease on the trunk suggest chronic arsenicism. Over 10 years later, verious cancers derive from many organs. This is most terrible problem. We have to find out and treat them at early time.

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地下水ヒ素汚染地域の地理学的状況(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

堀田宣之

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1997 年 Special 巻 p. 14-27
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_14

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Endemic chronic arsenicism (ECA) due to drinking water has widely been existent whether it is through surfacewater or groundwater and from anthropogenic or natural source of a rsenic. Antecedent to outbreak of ECA, there are recognized a long latent stage of arrangement based on historical, socioeconomical, cultural, geographical and geological background in each endemic area. The word "endemic" has essentially the whole sense of these factors arid in the present paper the description was focussed on geographical one in the endemic areas. The major ECAs in the world are due chiefly to water-born arsenic and some geographical characteristics common to almost all of the endemic areas are summarized as follows; volcanic zone, dry-inland river basin, delta plain, ancient sea area, deep well, agriculture, mining and smelting. The cause of recent outbreaks of big ECA in several places of Asia is speculated that lowering of groundwater level resulting from drawing large quantity of water for irrigation from deep well may move arsenic in the stratum to groundwater. The environmentalarsenicpollution based on excessive water exploitation will be increasingly serious in the next century. Therefore, hydrogeological and geochemical explications on arsenic-pollution in groundwater are now urgent demand.

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内モンゴルにおけるヒ素汚染の水文地質学的背景(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

高存栄

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1997 年 Special 巻 p. 28-33
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_28

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Based on the research and application of the theory of environmental managment of groundwater basins and the field survey, the author, from the viewpoint of hydrology, comprehensively analyzes and studies the arsenic contamination of groundwater and driefly deals with the origin and arsenic enrichment in the groundwater of the Huanghe plain in Inner Mongolia of China. The author recognizes that the high arsenic sickness areas are bandedly-distributed and are formed in the alluvial and lacustrine basins in arid and semiarid areas, where the groundwater runoff is relatively stagnant and the groundwater is greatly influenced by the man-made irrigation activities. This research is of important reference significance in understanding the formation, distribution and prevention of arsenic contamination and also provides a basis for the further research of arsenic contamination in this area.

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バングラデシュにおけるヒ素地下水汚染の地質的問題(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

柴崎直明

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 34-43
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_34

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Bangladesh faces the Bay of Bengal and its most territory comprises the Bengal Lowland. The Bengal Lowland is located in the lowest reaches of the Ganges and Brahmaputra-Jamna rivers. The Bengal Lowland is subdivided into Ganges Delta, Brahmaputra-Jamna river flood plain, and Sylhet Basin (Umitsu 1987). The land forms of the lowland consist of Pleistocene uplands and Recent alluvial lowlands. The recent sediments in the lowland are subdivided into five members by Umitsu (1987); namely lowest, lower, middle, upper, and uppermost members. The lowest member in the Bengal Lowland consists of gravel bed with the thickness of about 10 m. The lower member consists of the sandy sediments with scattered gravels. The sediments of the middle member are fine in their lower horizon and become coarser in the middle and upper horizons. There is an unconformity between the lower member and the middle member. The sediments of the upper member are fine in the lower and upper horizons and coarse in the middle horizon. The uppermost member is characterized by the fine sediments of silt or clay with peat. The author estimates that the lowest and lower members of the recent sediments form a main aquifer in the Ganges Delta. In Khluna district, the groundwater in the main aquifer may be under confined conditions. The groundwater monitoring data of the main aquifer at Jessore show that the groundwater levels tend to have been declined since 1990. The changes in groundwater level are characterized by sharp decline in dry season. This may indicate that the ground-water pumpage in dry season has been increased as well as the groundwater recharge from rain and river through the confining layers has been decreased.

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千葉県佐原市における地下水ヒ素汚染事例(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

末永和幸

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 44-48
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_44

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ヒ素の化学の基礎知識(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

石塚紀夫

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 49-52
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_49

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As the chemistry of arsenic, the followings are reviewed : the presence, manufacturing methods, properties, compounds and toxicities. The behavior of arsenic in the environment such as sea and river waters is described with respect to the species, bioconcentration and reaction. Also, the following analytical methods are reviewed : silver diethyldithiocarbamate method and hydride generation-atomic absorption method as official methods (JIS in Japan), and state analysis (chemical speciation of arsenic) using HPLC-atomic spectrometry.

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ヒ素の地質的分布 : 地下水ヒ素汚染におけるヒ素の起源(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

久保田喜裕

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 53-59
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_53

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Arsenic contaminated groundwater levels of over 0.01ppm, is recently appearing in many alluvium plains in Japan. However luckily, arsenic patients due to groundwater have not yet been reported. To solve the problem of the arsenic contaminated groundwater, it is important to distinguish three mechanism of arsenic pollution ; origin, concentration and solution of arsenic. This paper reviews firstly, the distribution of arsenic in the natural environment, and secondly, specially discusses about the mechanism of arsenic's geological origin. Ordinary sedimentary to igneous rocks generallycontain 1 to 4 ppm of arsenic. But fine grained rocks and sediments; pelagic sediment, clay, silt, shale, and slate etc., contain much higher arsenic contents of up to 10 to 14 ppm. Soils are also concentrated with much arsenic of up to 10 to 100 ppm, compared with the fresh rocks of the same type. Thus, arsenic is inclined to be concentrated to the fine grained facies and soils. As the alluvial plain composes much fine grained beds, there is a possibility that high concentrated arsenic is originally contained in the alluvium sediments. The mechanism of arsenic concentration in fine grained sediments and soils before and after sedimentation must be clarified. On the other hand, hot springsand/orthermal waters in the present volcano-geothermal fields and ore deposited areas related with magma also have high concentration of arsenic of one to three ppm. These levels are still very higher than standard groundwater. Most of the margins of alluvium plains in Japan are topographically very linear, probably indicating existence of deep fractures. Hot springs are linearly distributed along the margin of the plains in many cases, owing to the deep fractures. Even active volcano-geothermal fields and ore deposits do not exist in the surroundings of the plain. If terrestrial high heat flow exists beneath the plain, it is possible for magma to be in the lower crust. In these field cases, arsenic could be derived from magma to thermal water and/or hot springs. The arsenic problem is becoming a global problem. The study of arsenic contaminated groundwater has just started in Japan. If the world scientists cooperate with each other, it would be surely able to solve this problem.

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バクテリアも関わる鉄・ヒ素からなる温泉沈澱物 : 地下水ヒ素汚染機構への一視点(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

赤井純治

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 60-69
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_60

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Arsenic pollution is recently becoming serious problem in the world. In this paper geochemistry and mineralogy, and biological relations of Arsenic were briefly reviewed. A viewpoint of biological (especially bacterial) contribution to the geochemical processes of precipitation, dissolution, transport and so on was suggested. Some examples of bacterially related precipitation of As were shown : Hot spring and mineral spring precipitates from nine localities in Japan were mineralogically examined mainly by TEM. Seven among the nine specimens were composed of amorphous Fe-As minerals, which were often found around bacteria.

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広域地下水汚染の諸問題 : 農地の塩害からヒ素地下水汚染まで(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

柴崎達雄

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 70-73
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_70

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Arsenic hazards in Bangladesh(Think of Arsenic Contamination Problems in Asia)

Md. Hamidur Rahman

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 74-83
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_74

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バングラデシュにおける地下水のヒ素汚染による健康障害は,インド・西ベンガル州のそれと同様に深刻である.ラジシャヒ大学地質鉱山学部の研究グループは,1996年以来,日本の応用地質研究会やアジア砒素ネットワークのメンバーと共同して,バングラデシュの20県でヒ素汚染の調査をおこなっている.これまでの現地調査や収集したデータによると,飲料水のWHO最大許容ヒ素濃度(0.05mg/l)を超える高濃度のヒ素に汚染された地下水は,20県すべてにおいて発見されている.バングラデシュには全部で64の県があるが,応用地質研究会とラジシャヒ大学の研究グループは,このうち30県の地下水はヒ素により汚染されているとの疑いを持っている.住民に安全な水を供給するためには,バングラデシュ全域で調査をすすめることが重要である.現在のところ,地下水中のヒ素の起源はよくわかっていない.しかしながら,自然の地球化学的プロセスをへて,鉱物中のヒ素が地下水中に溶け出したと考えられている.高濃度のヒ素汚染は,地下水中の第1鉄の減少と,第四紀の沖積層ないしデルタ堆積物からなる被圧帯水層または半被圧帯水層からの地下水揚水と関係している.ヒ素の起源と移動を解明するためには,サンプリング深度を確認し,帯水層そのものの調査をおこなうことが重要である.ガンジスデルタにおけるヒ素汚染地域は広大な範囲におよび,そこには多くの人々が生活している.これらの人々を救うためには,あらゆる種類の国際援助を駆使して問題解決に取り組む必要がある.もし,ヒ素汚染に対する予防措置が直ちにとられなければ,数多くの人々の死亡が避けられない深刻な状況となっている.まず,人々にヒ素汚染問題の深刻さについて知ってもらうことが,予防措置の第一歩となろう.

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1997年6月現在のバングラデシュのヒ素被害状況 : ダッカ協同病院のニュースレターによる(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

柴崎直明

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 84-87
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_84

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バングラデシュにおけるヒ素含有地下水予備調査(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

坂東和郎, 伊東俊昭, 小林滋, 柴崎直明, 島村雅英, 末永和幸

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 88-94
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_88

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ガンジスデルタ最大の地下水ヒ素汚染 : シャムタ村における調査結果(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

横田漠, 田辺公子, 秋吉康弘, 川原一之, 橋口三夫, 対馬幸枝, A. Wadud Khan, Akhtar Ahmed, ...

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 95-104
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_95

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We survyed the arsenic concentration of all tube wells in Samta village, Jessor district, Bangladesh, from 26 to 30 March 1997. The number of wells was 282 and the concentration of other materials in the wells were also measured. This report, however, explains only the concentration of As, NH3-N and Fe. An arsenic contamination map obtained from the survey shows the clear distribution of pollution level from 0.01mg/l to 0.50mg/l. 96.5% of tube wells were unsuitable for drinking according to the WHO guidline (0.01mg/l) and 90% of tube wells contained arsenic above 0.05 mg/l. The highest contamination was recognized compared with the past investigation on arsenic contaminated groundwater in Bangladesh and West Bengal in India. Samta is a small village with an area of 3.2km^2 (residential area:1.5km^2), 620 households and a population of 3,200. The reason why there was a wide variation in arsenic distribution from the concentration value of under 0.01mg/l to over 0.50mg/l in such a small area is not yet identified. In this report, we recommend some countermeasures to solve arsenic problems in Samta village, and further studies including drilling tests to measure arsenic concentration in the soil and groundwater samples at certain intervals. The drilling tests will help to find out the mechanism of arsenic contamination in groundwater.

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バングラデシュの農業生産とかんがい用水利用の変遷(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

松本俊幸

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 105-115
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_105

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地下水ヒ素汚染問題への今後の取り組み(アジア地下水ヒ素汚染問題を考える)

応用地質研究会ヒ素汚染研究グループ

原稿種別: 本文
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 116-119
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_116

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Research Group for Applied Geology (RGAG) has started studies of arsenic problem in Ganges Delta area by cooperation with Asia Arsenic Network (AAN) and Bangladesh geologists. AAN are acting human health survey, arsenic analysis, groundwater level measurement, etc. in Inner Mongolia and Bangladesh. Some RGAG members joined these research works. RGAG has a plan of "Study on Groundwater Flow System and Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination in the Ganges Delta Area" for 2 years. This study is comprised of (1) regional existing data survey and (2) hydrogeological investigation in a pilot area to reveal the groundwater flow system and the mechanism of groundwater contamination by arsenic. (1) Regional existing data survey : The collection and analysis of existing data concerned with geomorphology, geology, groundwater, regional hydrogeologic structure and groundwater utilization for the selection of the pilot area. (2) Hydrogeological investigation in a pilot area : The principal items are well distribution survey, drilling investigation, observation well installation, groundwater level measurement, and groundwater quality analysis. The results of this study will contribute to take proper measures for the mitigation of the arsenic calamity in the Ganges Delta. It is, therefore, very important for carrying out this study to consider the standpoints of natural science and social science. It should also be done to exchange information/experience among specialists of various fields, to establish a collaborative research group with Bangladeshi scientists, and to inform the residents the outcome from the study.

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About this special issue

原稿種別: 付録等
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 120-121
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_120

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あとがき

原稿種別: 付録等
1997 年 Special 巻 p. 123-
発行日: 1997/11/07
公開日: 2018/03/29

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.15080/chitoka.Special.0_123

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