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Michio Kobayashi, Akihiko Maeda, Yoshie Tanizaki, Jun Okubo, Toshihiko ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
557-560
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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The nematic-isotropic transition temperature of 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (host) has been elevated by admixture of 1,5-di-(p-n-butylanilino)-anthraquinone (guest), the elevation being as much as 2.1 °C for 1 mol% guest concentration (β=−0.689). This phenomenon has been considered to be attributable to the guest-host interaction which must be at least attractive and, in addition, of “many-body” type.
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Hyeon Kye Lee, Kyoung Soo Kim, Jack C. Kim, Yong Hae Kim
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
561-564
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, which are inert with superoxide itself, were readily oxidized to the corresponding arene oxides by a 2-nitrobenzene sulfonylperoxyl radical intermediate (
A) generated from 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride and potassium superoxide in polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, nitromethane, and dimethylformamide under mild conditions.
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Takeshi Miki, Takao Ogawa, Akifumi Ueno, Shinji Matsuura, Masayasu Sat ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
565-568
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Ceria in the alumina-supported catalyst was found to react with the alumina to produce CeAlO
3 when heated in flowing H
2 and to return reversibly to the original ceria particles when calcined in flowing O
2 at 1173 K, while lanthana was proved to react irreversibly with the alumina to from LaAlO
3.
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Yoshiki Okamoto, Hidetoshi Yoshida, Setsuo Takamuku
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
569-572
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Upon UV-irradiation, the C–P bonds of [4(4′-alkoxybenzoyl)phenyl]methylphosphonic acids were cleaved in water (pH 12) to give 4-alkoxyphenyl p-tolyl ketones and orthophosphate in high efficiency. It was demonstrated that the acids can be used as photo-degradable surfactants.
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Naoki Toshima, Tadahito Takahashi
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
573-576
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Colloidal dispersions of platinum and palladium protected by nonionic surfactants were prepared by photo-irradiation. They work as active catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and their sodium salts. The regio-selectivity was observed in the hydrogenation in the organized media which surround the colloidal particles. Thus, 10-undecenoic acid was more rapidly hydrogenated than 2-undecenoic acid.
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Takayuki Kawashima, Tsutomu Kihara, Naoki Inamoto
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
577-580
Published: April 05, 1988
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The 1-substituted title compounds can undergo the azaphospha-Cope rearrangement to give the corresponding (3-butenylimino)phosphine derivatives, which can be trapped by hexanol to afford the corresponding hexyl phenyl(3-butenylamido)phosphonates predominantly, whereas 1,1-disubstituted ones give the nucleophilic substitution products mainly. The activation parameters are presented for the reaction of 1-(4-nitrophenyl) derivative.
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Hiroshi Fujitsu, Hideo Ishibashi, Nobuhide Ikeyama, Isao Mochida
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
581-584
Published: April 05, 1988
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Catalytic activity of Rh/Al
2O
3 prepared from RhCl
3 for the CO–H
2 reaction at 473 and 523 K was found to be remarkably enhanced by the evacuation after the reduction of catalyst. Evacuation at 773 K after the reduction with hydrogen at 673 K exhibited the maximum activity of 1200 mmol CO/g-Rh h, which is comparable to that of Rh/TiO
2. Significant increases in H
2 and CO adsorption, especially the irreversible adsorption of CO, as well as the enhanced reactivity of the adsorbed CO by the evacuation treatment may cause the activity enhancement.
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Mitsunori Ono, Isamu Itoh
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
585-588
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Sulfite ion-induced cleavage of the levulinyl group under neutral conditions provides a convenient and mild deprotection method especially for alkali labile and/or oxygen sensitive compounds.
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Kazuomi Ito, Toshimichi Ito, Ikuo Hosoya
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
589-592
Published: April 05, 1988
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The authors have succeeded in diamond synthesis by a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (plasma CVD) method using a mixture of CO and H
2 gas, which had been thought to be difficult to achieve. The growth rate when using CO as the feedstock gas is about several times faster than that when using CH
4.
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Nobuyuki Okuma, Shuji Uchida, Hiroyuki Ogura, Masanori Kato
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
593-596
Published: April 05, 1988
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A new method has been developed for imparting electric conductivity to ZnO particles. The conductive particles are obtained by treating pure ZnO particles with a hydrocarbon at a temperature of- or higher than 500 °C and depositing a 1 nm thick film of carbon. Resulting products are comparable regarding conductivity, particle size, and whiteness with the Sb-doped conductive SnO
2 particles currently in market. In addition, they are advantageous in that they can be produced at a much lower cost due to the simplifie production process and lower material costs.
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Manabu Igawa, Michael R. Hoffmann
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
597-600
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Formaldehyde reacts with bisulfite to form hydroxymethanesulfonate, which is a conjugate base of a strong acid, and is able to be transported actively by the coupled countertransport of hydroxide ion through an anion-exchange membrane. The permeation rate is controlled by pH and formaldehyde can be separated readily from other types of organic solutes via this method.
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Isao Shimizu, Fuyuki Aida
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
601-604
Published: April 05, 1988
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Selective hydrogenolysis of vinyl- or 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenylcyclopropanes having two electron withdrawing groups was carried out using palladium–phosphine catalysts with ammonium formates. The reaction proceeded with inversion of stereochemistry.
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Yoshio Nosaka, Katsuhiko Yamaguchi, Hajime Miyama, Hisaharu Hayashi
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
605-608
Published: April 05, 1988
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Size of colloidal CdS particles in aqueous medium was controlled by adding thiols in the procedure of the preparation. The change in optical absorption spectra and the quantum yield of photoinduced electron transfer were measured for these size-controlled CdS colloids.
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Keitaro Ishii, Toshihiro Hashimoto, Masanori Sakamoto, Zenei Taira, Yo ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
609-612
Published: April 05, 1988
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The first photochemical transformation of a cardenolide derivative was studied. The photolysis of 16β,17β-epoxydigitoxigenin 3-acetate prepared from gitoxigenin leads to cyclopropyl ketones, which are formed by oxa-di-π-methane rearrangement of the primary photoproduct, 16-oxodigitoxigenin 3-acetate.
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Hiroyuki Ikawa, Koji Shima, Kazuyori Urabe
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
613-614
Published: April 05, 1988
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The MAS-NMR spectra of the unexchangeable sodium in Na
+- and K
+-β″-gallates were sharp and symmetric, and their chemical shifts were far larger than that of sodium on the conduction planes. The results were consistent with the studies that the sodium ion could occupy the tetrahedral site in the middle of the spinel blocks.
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Keiichi Kimura, Mitsunori Matsuo, Toshiyuki Shono
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
615-616
Published: April 05, 1988
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Lipophilic calix[4]arenes bearing ester and amide linkages were synthesized and tested for their usefulness as neutral carriers of Na
+-selective electrodes. The resulted poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrodes based on the calixarene derivatives were found to be highly selective for Na
+.
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Kiyokazu Nozawa, Tadashi Sugano, Hatsumi Urayama, Hideki Yamochi, Gunz ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
617-620
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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A quite large diamagnetic susceptibility corresponding to 83% of the perfect diamagnetism is observed for (BEDT-TTF)
2[Cu(NCS)
2] at 2 K. The critical temperature is determined to be 9.8±0.3 K at 30 G. The magnetization shows a hysteresis loop with sharp maxima near 35 G, thereby indicating the type II superconducting nature. The lower critical field and the critical current density are estimated from the analysis of the hysteresis loop.
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Yukito Murakami, Yoshio Hisaeda, Teruhisa Ohno, Yoshihisa Matsuda
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
621-624
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Heptapropyl cobyrinate perchlorate catalyzed the ring-expansion reactions, which convert 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione and 3-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone into 1,4-cyclohexanedione and 2-piperidinone, respectively, in single-compartment bilayer vesicles.
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Yoshihisa Matsuda, Hiroaki Koshima, Koichiro Nakamura, Yukito Murakami
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
625-628
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Photochemical epoxidation of olefins was catalyzed by a molybdenum porphyrin in benzene under aerobic conditions. The catalytic reaction rate was somewhat lower than that observed for the similar reaction catalyzed by the corresponding niobium complex. A reaction mechanism, involving cooperative interaction of an olefin and dioxygen with the molybdenum(IV) species, was postulated.
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Hideyuki Matsumoto, Hiroshi Miyamoto, Nobumoto Kojima, Yoichiro Nagai, ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
629-632
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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The X-ray analysis disclosed that the title compound has a cis-fused structure. The bicyclic skeleton is twisted and has C
2 symetry; the puckering of each four-membered ring is 21.8°. The central Si–Si bond distance, 239.6 pm, is comparable to those found for the peripheral Si–Si bonds, which range from 238.5 to 242.6 pm.
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Kiyotaka Asakura, Yasuhiro Iwasawa
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
633-636
Published: April 05, 1988
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While platinum supported on one-atomic layer Niobium oxide which was chemically attached on a silica surface did not exhibit an SMSI phenomenon unlike usual Nb
2O
5-supported Pt, the ethene hydrogenation activity of the catalyst reduced at 773 K was much higher than a SiO
2-supported Pt catalyst. Another interesting feature is that the activity was reversibly enhanced or depressed as a function of pre-evacuation temperature.
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Masayuki Takada, Ryuichi Oshima, Jun-ichi Tsuchiya, Tetsuo Miyakoshi, ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
637-640
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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By the spin-trapping technique using 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane as a spin trap conjugated hydrocarbon radicals have been detected in dehydrogenation of methyl linoleate and (2
E,4
E,7
Z)-tetradecatriene with 4-
t-butyl-
o-benzoquinone.
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Kazuhiro Takahashi, Hiroshi Tanino
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
641-644
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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The crystal structure of the title compound is determined by X-ray analysis. The chloro-bridged one-dimensional structure is identified. The bridging chlorine atom has a positional disorder in the crystal. The two one-dimensional chains stack in a face-to-face form with an interchain distance of 3.32 Å.
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Masaru Hashimoto, Mitsutoshi Yanagiya, Haruhisa Shirahama
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
645-646
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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A marine triterpene, teurilene, whose molecule has
meso form, was totally synthesized employing chiral assemblies.
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Kazuhiko Saigo, Yun Chen, Kazutoshi Fujioka, Noriyuki Yonezawa, Masaki ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
647-650
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Optically active polyamides were synthesized by ring-opening polyaddition reaction of (−)-anti head-to-head coumarin dimer with H
2N–(CH
2)
n–NH
2 (n=2–10). The polyamides show high optical resolution ability to racemates containing an aromatic group(s) when n is even number of 6 and over, while no resolution could be achieved when n is odd number.
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Hiroshi Hirota, Akihisa Yokoyama, Takahiko Tsuyuki, Takeyoshi Takahash ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
651-652
Published: April 05, 1988
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Nigakikactone O, a new picrasane-skeletal compound, was isolated from
Picrasma ailanthoides PLANCHON, and its structure including the stereochemistry was determined to be 2α-hydroxy-12β-methoxy-11α-(3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxybenzoyloxy)picrasane-1,16-dione mainly by 1D and 2D NMR techniques.
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Fuyuhiko Matsuda, Motoji Kawasaki, Masako Ohsaki, Kaoru Yamada, Shiro ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
653-656
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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The title compounds were prepared employing the regioselective cycloaddition of the (+)-naphthoquinone derivative, the CDEF-ring system of nogalamycin, with various homophthalic anhydrides. Among the 7-methoxylnogarene derivatives obtained, 7-methoxy- and 9-hydroxy-7-methoxy-9-demethylnogarene and their 2′,4′-diacetates were found to show prominent
in vitro cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia.
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1,2,3-Trithiole, 1,2,3-Triselenole, and 1,2,5-Thiadiselenole. Novel Ring Systems Derived from Sterically Protected 1,2,3-Selenadiazole
Norihiro Tokitoh, Hitoshi Ishizuka, Wataru Ando
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
657-660
Published: April 05, 1988
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Thermal reactions of sterically protected 1,2,3-selenadiazole with elemental sulfur and selenium resulted in a formation of very stable 1,2,3-trithiole and 1,2,3-triselenole. Novel 1,2,5-thiadiselenole was also obtained by the sulfurization of the 1,2,3-triselenole.
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Yoshiro Yamashita, Tsutomu Miyashi
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
661-664
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Wittig-Horner reaction of 2-dimethoxyphosphinyl-1,3-benzodithiole with 1,4-benzoquinones fused to a 1,2,5-thiadiazole unit and related heterocycles gave a new type of donors which show reversible two-electron oxidation waves and formed conductive complexes with iodine and DDQ.
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Shin-ichi Hirano, Takashi Hayashi, Ronald H. Baney, Masashi Miura, Hir ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
665-668
Published: April 05, 1988
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The preparation of high Tc superconducting YBa
2Cu
3O
7−δ compound was investigated through organometallic route, using Ba metal, Y(O–iPr)
3 and Cu-alkoxides or Cu-acetylacetonate as starting materials. Chemically homogeneous submicron powder of orthorhombic YBa
2Cu
3O
7−δ was prepared as a single phase by controlled partial hydrolysis of metal alkoxides. It was confirmed by dc resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements that single phase YBa
2Cu
3O
7−δ ceramics exhibited superconductivity at about 90 K (Tc onset).
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Yoshifumi Ichinose, Koichiro Oshima, Kiitiro Utimoto
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
669-672
Published: April 05, 1988
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Treatment of 1-alkenylsulfides or 1-alkenylstannanes with Ph
3GeH in the presence of Et
3B provides 1-alkenyltriphenylgermanes in good yields. 1-Alkenylstannanes are converted into 1-alkenylsulfides easily with PhSH–Et
3B, whereas 1-alkenyltriphenylgermanes are recovered unchanged upon treatment with Ph
3SnH–Et
3B or PhSH–Et
3B.
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Hiyoshizo Kotsuki, Yoshikatsu Ichikawa, Hitoshi Nishizawa
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
673-676
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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Various cyclic and acyclic ethers are efficiently cleaved with acyl chlorides or bromides to give ω-chloro- or ω-bromoesters under high-pressure conditions.
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Rikuhei Tanikaga, Aritsune Kaji
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
677-680
Published: April 05, 1988
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Allyl benzenesulfenates containing an electron-withdrawing group at the conjugated position were prepared in isomeric forms which would be stabilized by partial bonding between the C=C bond and two lone pairs of electrons on the sulfur atom.
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Tatsuaki Yamaguchi, Akira Kadota, Chiaki Saito
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
681-682
Published: April 05, 1988
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By using a thermal diffusion column as reactor, the dehydrogenative coupling of methane was investigated over electrically heated tungsten wire at 1000–1400 °C. Besides hydrogen, the main product by the downward flow of methane was C
2 hydrocarbon, although that by the upward flow was aromatic oil.
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Toshiyasu Sakakura, Touru Sodeyama, Masato Tanaka
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
683-684
Published: April 05, 1988
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Dehydrogenation of methyl propionate yielded methyl 4-propionyloxybutyrate (head-to-tail dimer) by photocatalysis in the presence of RhCl(CO)(PMe
3)
2 at room temperature. Methyl aerylate is presumed to be an intermediate.
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Koushi Sasaki, Toshiyasu Sakakura, Yuko Tokunaga, Keisuke Wada, Masato ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
685-688
Published: April 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
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The reaction of benzene with methyl acrylate and ethylene catalyzed by RhCl(CO)(PMe
3)
2 under irradiation gave methyl cinnamate and styrene, respectively. The reaction of toluene afforded meta-substituted isomers as major products.
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Makoto Komiyama
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
689-692
Published: April 05, 1988
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Stereospecific cleavage of adenosine 2′3′-cyclic monophosphate to the 2′-monophosphate is achieved at pH 11.08, 20 °C by use of β-and γ-cyclodextrins as catalysts. The 2′/3′ ratio for the product is 7.7 at the concentration 1.5×10
−2 mol dm
−3 of β-cyclodextrin. In contrast, α-cyclodextrin promotes the formation of the 3′-monophosphate, giving the product 2′/3′ ratio 0.49 at the concentration 1.0×10
−2 mol dm
−3.
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Tetsuo Saji
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
693-696
Published: April 05, 1988
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Phthalocyanine (
1) was dissolved to the micellar solution formed by non-ionic surfactants with ferrocenyl moiety. A
1 thin film was prepared on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode by the controlled-potential electrolysis of this solution. This film consisted of rod-like crystals of 500 nm in length.
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Yutaka Fukuda, Kumiko Mafune
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
697-700
Published: April 05, 1988
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Three nickel(II) mixed ligand dinuclear complexes were prepared, Ni
2(tae)(tmen)
2X
2·nH
2O where tae = tetraketonate; tmen =
N-alkylethylenediamine; X
− = B(C
6H
5)
4−, ClO
4−, or NO
3−; n = 0 or 3. Each complex assumes the unique combination of square planar and octahedral coordination geometries in the dinuclear entity.
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Masakazu Anpo, Masatoshi Sunamoto, Takao Doi, Ikuya Matsuura
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
701-704
Published: April 05, 1988
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A good parallel between the intensity of newly observed photoluminescence at around 450 nm with Li-doped MgO catalysts and their activity for oxidative coupling of methane was found, indicating that lower coorinative surface sites produced by incorporation of Li into MgO play a significant role in methane oxidative coupling.
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Kahee Fujita, Tsutomu Tahara, Yoshimitsu Egashira, Hatsuo Yamamura, Ta ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
705-708
Published: April 05, 1988
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(3
R)-2,3-Anhydrocyclodextrins which were prepared from 3-
O-sulfonylcyclodextrins were treated with aqueous alkali to give 3,6-anhydrocyclodextrins, which were prepared by the reaction of 6-
O-sulfonylcyclodextrins with aqueous alkali. This regiochemical correlation was applicable to regioisomer determination of 3-
O-disulfonylcyclodextrins on the basis of the regiochemistry of 6-
O-disulfonates.
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Hisashi Fujihara, Ryouichi Akaishi, Naomichi Furukawa
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
709-712
Published: April 05, 1988
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Disulfide dication was found to react with several aromatics to give either the substitution or redox products. The reaction mode depends remarkably on the oxidation potential of the aromatics.
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Hiroshi Hara
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
713-716
Published: April 05, 1988
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Relative humidity dependence of the equilibrium product of NH
3 and HCl was thermodynamically calculated for ammonium chloride at 25 °C. This compound was found to be deliquescent at relative humidity greater than 77%, where the product began to decrease steeply. When the solution was treated as ideal, the product was mispredicted several factors higher than that for non-ideal solution.
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Shinichi Motoki, Yasuhiro Terauchi, Shunichi Kametani
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
717-720
Published: April 05, 1988
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The reaction of bis(arylmethylene)propanone and P
4S
10 gave 3,8-bis(2-arylvinyl)-5,6-diaryl-2,9-dithia-1-phosphabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-3,7-diene 1-sulfide. Upon heating, the sulfide generated the title compound which was trapped by various dienophiles as [4+2]cycloadducts.
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Syun-ichi Kiyooka, Masumi Nakata
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
721-722
Published: April 05, 1988
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Ethyl triphenylstannylacetate and ethyl α-triphenylstannylpropionate reacted with aldehydes and acetals to give β-hydroxy and β-alkoxy esters at room temperature in the presence of TiCl
4, in moderate yields. Under these conditions ethyl triphenylgermylacetate and ethyl trimethylsilylacetate did not work.
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Nobuyuki Ichinose, Kazuhiko Mizuno, Katsuhiko Yoshida, Yoshio Otsuji
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
723-724
Published: April 05, 1988
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9,10-Dicyanoanthracene-sensitized photoreaction of electron-rich 1,2-diarylcyclopropanes with NO in acetonitrile afforded 3,5-diaryl-2-isoxazolines in good yields. The cyclopropanes bearing different aryl-substituents gave a mixture of two isomeric 2-isoxazolines. Mechanistic features of this reaction are described.
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Kazuhiro Maruyama, Hiroshi Imahori
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
725-726
Published: April 05, 1988
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1,1-Diphenylallene underwent a [2+4] photocycloaddition reaction with the carbonyl group of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone to produce a novel spiro compound.
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Hitomi Suzuki, Yoshinobu Nishioka, Seetharama Iyer Padmanabhan, Takuji ...
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
727-728
Published: April 05, 1988
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Arenesulfonyl chlorides undergo a facile one-pot coupling reaction with primary alkyl iodides and benzyl halides through the telluride ion-induced polarity reversal, giving the corresponding alkyl aryl sulfones in acceptable yields.
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Hidemitsu Uno, Yasukazu Shiraishi, Kazuhiro Shimokawa, Hitomi Suzuki
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
729-732
Published: April 05, 1988
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In the presence of BF
3, perfluoroalkyllithiums were found to react with imines to give perfluoroalkylated amines in moderate to good yields.
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Gorou Arai, Katsuyoshi Enomoto, Iwao Yasumori
1988 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
733-736
Published: April 05, 1988
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Electrochemical oxidation-reduction of poly(mercaptohydroquinone/mercapto-
p-benzoquinone) causes a rapid and large pH change in the polymer film in an aqueous solution. Phenolphthalein, a typical pH indicator, incorporated within the polymer film on a SnO
2 electrode showed a rapid reversible color change from red to colorless when the electrode potential is repetitively stepped between −0.6 (reduction) and +0.4 V vs. SCE (oxidation).
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