-
Takashi Karatsu, Tsutomu Shiga, Akihide Kitamura, Tatsuo Arai, Hirochi ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
825-826
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Substitution of a 2-anthryl group at the nitrogen of N=NPh and N=CHPh bonds led to mutual isomerization between Z and E isomers on triplet sensitization giving photostationary mixtures very much rich in E isomers, although the substitution at the carbon of CH=NPh bond resulted in one-way Z → E isomerization in the triplet state likewise to CH=CHPh and C(CH
3)=NOCH
3 bonds.
View full abstract
-
Seijiro Matsubara, Masahito Yoshioka, Kiitiro Utimoto
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
827-830
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Catalytic amount of lanthanoid(III) triflates promoted the conjugate addition of amines to 2-alkenoic acid esters to give β-amino esters. The reaction of benzylamine with α,β-unsaturated esters containing a stereogenic center at γ-position proceeded diastereoselectivity to yield optically active β-lactam precursors.
View full abstract
-
Seijiro Matsubara, Hideo Ukita, Tomohiro Kodama, Kiitiro Utimoto
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
831-834
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The addition of organometallic reagents to imines or hydrazones containing 1,3-oxathiane as a chiral auxiliary proceeded with high diastereoselectivity and can be used as a key reaction for the preparation of chiral β-amino alcohols.
View full abstract
-
Keiji Kabeta, Shigeru Wakamatsu, Takafumi Imai
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
835-838
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Network polysilanes with methyl, phenyl, and ethoxy groups (Mw 530–7000) were prepared by a catalytic disproportionation reaction of methylethoxydisilanes in the presence of phenylethoxysilanes. Hexyl or cyclohexyl groups were also incorporated into polysilanes when corresponding alkoxysilanes were employed. Reaction of pentamethylethoxydisilane clarified a mechanism of the reaction.
View full abstract
-
Keizou Itoh, Mitsunori Takeda, Masaaki Namekawa, Shinichi Nayuki, Yosh ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
839-842
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A variety of pyranose derivatives with a trifluoromethyl group were synthesized and found to be excellent chiral dopants for ferroelectric liquid crystals. Relationships between molecular structures and induced ferroelectric properties were discussed.
View full abstract
-
Hiroyuki Takahashi, Minoru Isobe
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
843-846
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The photoprotein in the luminous squid,
Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, was extracted in high salt solutions at low temperatures. It was partially purified to show bioluminescence when warmed to room temperature. To the resulting protein solution after this luminescence, three solutions containing dehydrocoelenterazine, its DTT adduct and GSH adduct were added to observe immediate light, respectively. These recorded the first reconstruction of the luminous system in this squid. Coelenterazine, however, gave only weak light in 2 h after addition.
View full abstract
-
Hideko Koshima, Hironori Ichimura, Teruo Matsuura
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
847-848
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Irradiation of the mixed crystal which is a simple mixture of carbazole and
trans-stilbene gave a photoadduct. The photochemical reaction proceeds at the interface of the crystallites of carbazole and
trans-stilbene in the mixed crystal.
View full abstract
-
Norihiko Yoneda, Sheng-Qi Chen, Tsuyoshi Hatakeyama, Syoji Hara, Tsuyo ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
849-850
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The selective displacement of formyl hydrogen (–(C=O)–H) to fluorine in aliphatic aldehydes was successfully carried out electrochemically to give acyl fluorides in base-nHF (base: pyridine or Et
3N, n = 3–6) electrolyte solution with or without solvents such as acetonitrile and sulfolane.
View full abstract
-
Osamu Takayasu, Yumi Takegahara, Ikuya Matsuura
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
851-854
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
NiO physically mixed with an unreducible oxide such as MgO, SiO
2 and α-Al
2O
3 showed high activity in the formation of carbonaceous deposits after the reduction of NiO in a CH
4 stream. When the stream was switched to CO
2, the entire Ni was oxidized again to NiO after the removal of the deposits, though the entire Ni involved in a pure NiO or in a supported Ni/MgO was not oxidized. The size of Ni particles formed in these mixtures was less than 10 nm in diameter.
View full abstract
-
Hiromi Yamashita, Nobuhiro Kamada, Hong He, Ken-ichi Tanaka, Shaw Ehar ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
855-858
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: March 20, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The reduction of CO
2 with H
2O was investigated on the single crystals of TiO
2(100) and TiO
2(110); the former TiO
2(100) exhibiting a higher efficiency in the formation of CH
4 and CH
3OH than TiO
2(110). Measurements of the intermediate species formed on the TiO
2(100) single crystal were carried out using a high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS).
View full abstract
-
Ill-Yun Jung, Yong-Jin Yoon, Kyu Seo Rhee, Gap Cheol Shin, Sung Chul S ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
859-862
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A novel [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of methoxy(α,β-alkynyl)tungsten carbene complexes with 1,3-thiazolium-4-olates, synthetic equivalents of thiocarbonyl ylide affords methoxy(thienyl)tungsten carbene complexes or methoxy(pyridyl)tungsten carbene complexes depending on the electronic nature of a substituent at N-3 on the 1,3-thiazole nucleus.
View full abstract
-
Kazuko Takahashi, Atsushi Gunji, Kimio Akiyama
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
863-866
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Novel
p-terphenoquinone analogues incorporating a central dihydrofurandiylidene skeleton have been synthesized. These quinones gave a stable radical cation and a stable radical anion on one-electron redox reactions showing an amphoteric property even though they do not contain any sulfur atom as an integral component. The radical cation and the radical anion of the tetra-
t-butyl derivative have been characterized by EPR spectroscopy.
View full abstract
-
Yozo Miura, Eiji Yamano, Akira Miyazawa, Masashi Tashiro
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
867-870
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Oxidation of 2,7-di-
t-butyl-1-hydroxypyrene yields persistent and oxygen-insensitive 2,7-di-
t-butyl-1-pyrenoxy radical (
2) with the following ESR parameters: (
aH) 0.532, 0.449, 0.430, 0.389, 0.164, 0.110, and 0.095 mT (
aH), and 2.0037 (
g). Radical
2 is isolated as a diamagnetic dimer which, upon dissolution, dissociates into
2 at room temperature. The Δ
H and Δ
S values for the dimer
2 radical equilibrium are determined to be 7.2 ± 2.0 kJ mol
−1 and −35 ± 15 J mol
−1 K
−1, respectively. The negative Δ
S value is briefly discussed.
View full abstract
-
Masahito Ochiai, Kunio Oshima, Yukio Masaki
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
871-874
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Nucleophilic vinylic substitutions of (Z)-(β-halovinyl)phenyliodonium salts with tetrabutylammonium halides proceed in a stereoselective manner with retention of configuration yielding vicinal (Z)-vinyl dihalides. This reaction competes with nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. Similar competition was observed in the reactions with potassium halides/cuprous halides.
View full abstract
-
Masahiro Fujiwara, Kazuhisa Hitomi, Akio Baba, Haruo Matsuda
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
875-876
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Selective C-alkylation of 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione and 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione was performed by using tetraphenylstibonium methoxide (Ph
4SbOMe). The presence of a substituent at the 2-position was essential for C-alkylation.
View full abstract
-
Shigeaki Tanaka, Toshiya Yoshida, Tomohiro Adachi, Toshikatsu Yoshida, ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
877-880
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Treatment of 1,1′-bis{chloro(η
4-cyclooctadiene)platinio}ferrocene with excess phenylacetylene and CuI in diethylamine/acetone results in the formation of a novel 1,1′-ferrocenediyl Pt
2Cu
3 acetylide complex (
4), of which structure is characterized by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Similar treatment of 1,1′-bis{phenylethynyl(η
4-cyclooctadiene)platinio}ferrocene also gave complex
4. The reaction of 1-{chloro(η
4-cyclooctadiene)platinio}ferrocene or 1-{phenylethynyl(η
4-cyclooctadiene)platinio}ferrocene affords a Pt
2Cu
4 acetylide complex.
View full abstract
-
Tomohiro Suzuki, Kin-ichi Tsunoda, Hideo Akaiwa
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
881-884
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Pyridyl and 4,5-dihydroimidazolyl groups bonded silica gel packed columns were newly prepared and applied to high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of coordinatively saturated as well as unsaturated metal chelates,
i.e., cobalt(III) and copper(II) acetylacetonates, respectively. The separation of those metal chelates may be caused by coordination interaction between the central metals and the immobilized neutral ligands.
View full abstract
-
Toshihiro Takai, Eiichiro Hata, Teruaki Mukaiyama
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
885-888
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
In the presence of a catalytic amount of oxovanadium(IV) complexes coordinated with 1,3-diketone ligands, fused aromatic compounds such as naphthalenes and naphthol derivatives are smoothly oxygenated into the corresponding 1,4-naphthoquinones by combined use of molecular oxygen and crotonaldehyde under an atmospheric pressure.
View full abstract
-
Soichi Sato, Naomichi Furukawa
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
889-892
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Bis(2,2′-biphenylylene)selenurane readily reacts with various alcohols, phenols, thiols and selenol to give ligand coupling or ipso-substitution products under mild conditions via a two-step mechanism involving a σ-selenurane [10-Se-4 (C3O)], [10-Se-4 (C3S)] and [10-Se-4 (C3Se)] or corresponding selenonium salts as intermediates.
View full abstract
-
Hideo Matsumura
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
893-896
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Flocculation behavior of large egg-phosphatidylcholine liposomes caused by Ca
2+ under the influence of gravitational force due to the density difference between liposomes and medium has been studied. The greater the difference in density, the more closely packed are the structures or the flocs obtained.
View full abstract
-
Hideyoshi Miyake, Kimiaki Yamamura
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
897-900
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
1-(Tributylstannyl)-2-alkene reacts with a solution of an aldehyde and BuSnCl
3 to give (Z)-homoallylic alcohol. Z-Selective 2-methyl-2-butenylation can be accomplished by using (Z)-2-methyl-1-(tributylstannyl)-2-butene instead of 1-(tributylstannyl)-2-alkene. This reaction is useful as a new method to make (Z)-double bond. An application of the present method for a synthesis of pheromones is also described.
View full abstract
-
Hitoshi Matsumoto, Seiji Shinkai
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
901-904
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
It was shown that the Tb
3+ and Eu
3+ complexes of 5,11,17,23-tetraacetyl-25,26,27,28-tetrakis(
N,
N-diethylaminocarbonylmethoxy)calix[4]arene give the high luminescence quantum yields (Φ = 0.164 for Tb
3+ and 0.017 for Eu
3+). The mechanistic investigations established that the high quantum yields are due to the energy level suitable to the energy-transfer and the presence of the carbonyl groups which mediate the intersystem crossing.
View full abstract
-
Hitoshi Ishida, Tomoyuki Ohba, Tomohiro Yamaguchi, Katsutoshi Ohkubo
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
905-908
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The one-electron reduced species of N-propyl-4,4′-bipyridinium cation (
1+) which is generated under electrolysis at −1.1 V
vs. SCE was found to be able to react with CO
2 although it is even a neutral radical. The intermediate CO
2 adduct was furthermore reduced by one-electron at the same electrolysis potential to form a stable CO
2 adduct.
View full abstract
-
Hironobu Soeda, Toshio Okuhara, Makoto Misono
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
909-912
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Solid H
3PW
12O
40 catalyzed the alkylation of
p-xylene with 2-methylpropene to
t-butyl-
p-xylene with 75%-selectivity, while the selectivity with H
2SO
4 was only 7%. The selectivity of heteropolyacids tended to increase with the acid strength.
View full abstract
-
Takakazu Yamamoto, Kenichi Kizu, Tsukasa Maruyama, Naoki Ooba, Satoru ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
913-914
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A copolymer of pyridine-2,5-diyl and indigo-6,6′-diyl has been prepared by dehalogenation polycondensation using Ni(0) complex. The copolymer forms a good film, and the film shows the three-photon resonant third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ
(3) of about 10
−11 esu at absorption of poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) unit.
View full abstract
-
Toshiyuki Moriuchi, Toshikazu Hirao, Yoshiki Ohshiro, Isao Ikeda
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
915-918
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Coexistence of 4-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one facilitated the epoxidation reaction of styrenes with molecular oxygen catalyzed by FeCl
2 and the multidentate
N-heterocyclic podand ligand,
N,
N′-bis{2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl}-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide.
View full abstract
-
Takayuki Ishida, Hidenori Tsuboi, Takashi Nogami, Hajime Yoshikawa, Ma ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
919-922
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The polycrystalline sample of the title radical has a positive Weiss constant of 0.63 K. The ac susceptibility measurements indicated a ferromagnetic phase transition at about 0.4 K. The magnetization measured at 80 mK (below
Tc) showed a characteristic curve of a ferromagnet with a small hysteresis. The X-ray crystal structure analysis at room temperature revealed a two-dimensional network of the N–O sites (O···O distances are 5.96 and 6.09 Å) with an inter-sheet distance of 14.2 Å.
View full abstract
-
Ken-ichi Fujita, Michio Iwaoka, Shuji Tomoda
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
923-926
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Optically active diaryl diselenides carrying C
2 symmetrical chiral pyrrolidines are synthesized by the condensation between 2,2′-diselenobis(benzyl chloride) derivatives and chiral pyrrolidines and are applied to methoxyselenenylation of
trans-olefins. The observed diastereomeric excess (d.e.) is up to 60%.
View full abstract
-
Takashi Hibino
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
927-930
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
An electrochemical cell, Pd | YSZ | Pd, was constructed to remove both NO and CH
4 from an oxidizing atmosphere. When the direct current was supplied to the cell at 700 °C in the reactant flow containing 1000 ppm NO, 1000 ppm CH
4 and an excess amount of O
2, NO was reduced to N
2 at the cathode, and CH
4 was oxidized to COx at the anode.
View full abstract
-
Nami Sugita, Kotaro Araya
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
931-932
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Four homologues of 4-(
trans-4-alkylcyclohexyl)-alkylbenzene were prepared and their liquid crystal properties were investigated. These homologues comprise an interesting and useful family of nematic liquid crystals with melting points below 0 °C. Eutectic mixture of these four compounds gave a stable nematic phase at temperatures between −22.8 and −50.2 °C.
View full abstract
-
Wataru Fujita, Toshio Ishioka, Norio Teramae, Hiroki Haraguchi
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
933-936
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The polymerization of pyrrole adsorbed on a roughened gold electrode was studied by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. It was found that pyrrole was polymerized at −0.2 V vs. SCE and under open circuit. It is concluded that the polymerization of pyrrole occurs by the catalytic action of adatoms on a roughened gold electrode because pyrrole is adsorbed with the molecular ring parallel to the surface plane.
View full abstract
-
Sunao Yamada, Yasuhiro Yamada, Takashi Nakano, Taku Matsuo
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
937-940
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Interfacial second harmonic generation (SHG) from amphiphilic ruthenium(II) tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complex (RuC12B) was clearly observed with an alkaline-treated glass substrate in a RuC12B - ethylacetate solution, but not with an octadecylsilyl (ODS)-derivatized glass substrate. Interference fringe patterns due to SHG strongly indicate that RuC12B is adsorbed at the alkaline-treated glass surfaces, with its head group pointing toward the glass surfaces.
View full abstract
-
Shiro Kobayashi, Shaokui Cao
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
941-944
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A bisgermylene and a bisstannylene with acyclic structure were synthesized for the first time by one-pot, two-step ligand substitution reactions from the corresponding germanium and tin dichlorides. The products were easily isolated by crystallization from diethyl ether and are stable at ambient temperatures under argon. Oxidative addition of the bisgermylene or bisstannylene to organic halides was examined.
View full abstract
-
Dwi Siswanta, Hideaki Hisamoto, Hajime Tohma, Noriko Yamamoto, Koji Su ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
945-948
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Based on the finding that dibenzyl ether (DBE) exhibited a relatively high selectivity for ammonium ion relative to potassium ion, four types of dibenzyl ethers were synthesized and their ammonium ion selectivities over alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions were examined with potentiometric measurements.
View full abstract
-
Masaaki Kojima, Kiyohiko Nakajima, Masanobu Tsuchimoto, Miki Tanaka, T ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
949-952
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A pair of diastereomers, I and II, of the titled complex were separated by liquid chromatography, and each of them crystallized in two different colors, green and orange. I(green) and II(green) were assigned to a mononuclear square pyramidal structure, while I(orange) and II(orange) to a polynuclear linear chain structure. The orange complexes turned green by heating at 195 °C in a few minutes. All of the four complexes undergo isomerization at 195 °C in the solid state to give an equilibrium mixture, I : II ≈ 1 : 1.
View full abstract
-
Hiroshi Tanaka, Takeo Yoshioka
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
953-956
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A new route for synthesis of 6-deoxyanthracyclinone has been developed. Preparation of the key intermediate 2-ethylenedioxy-9-pivaloyloxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene-5,8-dione was achieved by chemoselective reduction of the adduct of naphthazarin monopivalate with 1-methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxybutadiene, and successive dehydration of the resulting alcohol.
View full abstract
-
Honjie Zhang, Yoshio Takeda, Yoshinori Minami, Kenichiro Yoshida, Taka ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
957-960
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Three new taxane type diterpenoids, taxuyunnanine B, C and D were isolated together with the known taxusin, 2α-deacetoxytaxinine J and taxinine J from the roots of
Taxus yunnanensis and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means.
View full abstract
-
Akira Nishinaga, Shinya Kojima, Takahiro Mashino, Kazushige Maruyama
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
961-964
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
Reduction of 2,6-di-
t-butyl-
p-quinols with NaBH
4 results unexpectedly in the regio- and stereoselective formation of the corresponding dihydro-
p-quinols. The novel reduction occurs via a quinoxyborohydride anion intermediate, which regulates the stereochemistry of the 4- and 6-positions in the products. Aromatization of the products is blocked by the
t-butyl groups.
View full abstract
-
Kiyoshi Tanemura, Hiroshi Dohya, Masanori Imamura, Tsuneo Suzuki, Taka ...
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
965-968
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
A variety of 1,3-dithianes were converted to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good yields by treatment with 1.5 equiv. of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) in MeCN–H
2O (9 : 1).
View full abstract
-
Eun-mi Han, Lee-mi Do, Yasuro Niidome, Masamichi Fujihira
1994 Volume 23 Issue 5 Pages
969-972
Published: 1994
Released on J-STAGE: April 19, 2006
JOURNAL
RESTRICTED ACCESS
The morphological change of vapor-deposited TPD (N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine) films, used as the hole transport layer of organic electroluminescent (EL) devices, on a glass plate was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM) in an ambient atmosphere. The TPD film was flat and amorphous as deposited, but was crystallized partially about a week later. By friction force loop measurement, we found that the bare glass surface was revealed between the crystals and between the amorphous film and the crystal due to mass transport for crystallization of TPD from the amorphous film.
View full abstract
