This paper describes that the first total synthesis of 3-epi-Juruenolide C. The γ-lactone natural product, which was isolated from roots of Virola surinamensis, exhibits moderate antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides. The synthesis features a highly selective cross metathesis and the subsequent one-pot regioselective bromination, an intramolecular carbonylation using bis(triphenylphosphine)dicarbonylnickel, and a face-selective hydrogenation using a homogeneous Wilkinson’s catalyst. The sequential synthetic procedures could be useful to complete the synthetic and biological studies of other related γ-lactone natural products.
Regioselective cyanation of simple and non-activated carbon–carbon bonds catalyzed by nickel complexes is described. This protocol enables to use of the substituted allenes for regio- and stereocontrolled transformations and their applications for cyclization, 3-component coupling reaction, heterocycle formation as well as natural product synthesis are demonstrated. The author reveals the origin of the above selectivity by axial chirality transfer process using optically active allenes as substrates. Steric bulk of substituents is found to be a key factor for discrimination of allenyl carbon–carbon double bonds in hydrometallation step.
This paper describes the development and validation of a method for measuring linezolid and its metabolites PNU-142300 and PNU-142586 in human plasma, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method. This method enables the simultaneous measurement of these three components within 3 min. Further, plasma concentrations of linezolid, PNU-142300 and PNU-142586 in patients treated with linezolid could be measured. The developed method is a useful tool for therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiling of linezolid, as well as for dose optimization during treatment.
3-Alkenyl cephem compound is a pharmaceutical intermediate. It is typically crystalized by pH adjustment method. However, since the filtration time in the solid-liquid separator is a bottleneck in the production, there is a need to control crystal morphology while changing the pH. This study could be shorten filtration time by pH-modulation operation that repeating the crystallization operation in the vicinity of solubility. The obtained monodisperse particles were like a pseudo-growth body in which a large number of primary particles were aggregated and increased, rather than being a crystallite growth.
Surugamide A, a non-ribosomal peptide with cathepsin B inhibitory activity, and its closely related derivatives, surugamides B-E are cyclic octapeptides produced by several Streptomyces species. All these peptides except for surugamide B contain a D-Ile residue that involve Cβ-epimerization step during its biosynthesis. However, the genes responsible for this conversion is absent in the biosynthetic gene cluster of surugamides. To clarify this issue, surugamide A containing D-Ile as well as its epimer having D-allo-Ile were synthesized. HPLC and Marfey’s analyses showed that surugamide A actually possesses D-allo-Ile instead of D-Ile, requiring structural collection of this group of peptides.
In order to maximize the effect of drugs,
nanomedicines, drug-containing nanoparticles, have become popular in the field
of medicine as they allow selective delivery of drugs to the disease target. It
is important to understand the drug release form nanomedicine at the disease
target. In this study, the authors developed a
simple and easy method of monitoring drug release from nanomedicine using a
fluorescence analysis, especially fluorescence fingerprint. The authors used DOXIL as a typical nanomedicine and
found out that the release of the encapsulated drug, doxorubicin, is
accelerated by albumin which is the most abundant protein in the blood.
A person may choose to wear an accessory so as to
enhance their appearance and give them confidence and thus a change of
character. So what happens when accessories are decorated with drugs? The
author has developed molecular accessories for drugs through supramolecular
chemistry to create new medicines and pharmaceutical technologies. In this article,
the author introduces cyclodextrin-based supramolecular accessories such as molecular
necklace, molecular earring, and intelligent molecular necklace, and describes
their application in pharmaceutical sciences. Moreover, the author proposes a new
concept in pharmaceutical sciences termed as “supramolecular pharmaceutical sciences,” which combines
pharmaceutical sciences and supramolecular chemistry.
Wet granulation is one of the fundamental
unit operations for manufacturing pharmaceutical solid dosage forms including
tablets. This study investigated in detail the states of water incorporated in
wet granules composed of different fillers. The key instrument to evaluate the
state of water was a low-field benchtop 1H-NMR time-domain NMR
(TD-NMR). This study successfully concluded that the state of water
significantly affected the wet granulation process and the characteristics of
the resultant granules. The findings can offer valuable knowledge on wet
granulation process from the viewpoint of molecular mobility of water.
A number of clinical trials demonstrated that
tigecycline was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with
various bacterial infections, but few literatures had shown the coagulopathy
induced by tigecycline. The retrospective analysis in this paper to assess the impact of tigecycline on
coagulation parameters in 50 patients showed that the plasma fibrinogen (FIB)
level decreased during treatment, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean values of
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) were
significantly increased, respectively. It is
necessary for practitioners routinely monitor coagulation level in at-rick
patient populations treated with tigecycline.
When a neutral solution of a nucleoside
mixture was irradiated with UV light having wavelength longer than 300 nm,
addition of salicylic acid to the solution greatly accelerated the reaction of
thymidine. The UV light irradiation of thymidine solution in the presence of
salicylic acid generated isomers of cyclobutane thymidine dimers almost
exclusively. UV irradiation with the longer wavelength of 350 nm induced almost
no reaction. The results indicate that salicylic acid is a photosensitizer for
thymidine dimerization excited by UV light of wavelength 300 to 350 nm.
“Chocolet” is an orally disintegrating tablet formulated with cocoa powder to
mask the bitterness of drugs. The name “Chocolet” indicates that the
formulation combines the good taste of chocolate
with the ease of taking of an orally disintegrating tablet. Rebamipide chocolet has been prepared with excellent
palatability properties, which could not be achieved using a sweetener alone,
by using the combination of a sweetener and cocoa powder as an agent for
masking bitterness. “Chocolet” can be used to provide patient-friendly tablets, thus helping to improve medication adherence.
Isoschizogamine is a member of the schizozygane family of indole
alkaloids. Its highly fused hexacyclic structure containing an aminal adjacent
to a quaternary stereocenter makes it a challenging synthetic target. While the authors reported the total synthesis of
(–)-isoschizogamine in 2012, this paper describes an alternative preparation of
their pivotal synthetic intermediate. The synthesis features a stereoselective
construction of a quaternary carbon by the Claisen-Johnson rearrangement and a
stereoselective rhodium-mediated 1,4-addition of arylboronic acid. The
reliability of this synthetic route enables a
sufficient supply of the intermediate for the total synthesis of isoschizogamine.
Assessment
of repeatability in supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical
detection (SFC-ECD) system is necessary to construct an SFC-ECD as a
quantitative method with satisfactory precision. This article is the first report that a
method for the assessment of repeatability in SFC-ECD has been proposed by
means of the ISO 11843 part 7 which can theoretically provide detection limits
and standard deviation (SD) through the stochastic properties of baseline noise
without repetitive measurements of real samples. The present method is practically useful,
and both experimental time and chemicals can be saved to estimate the
repeatability in SFC-ECD.
A series of 8-methoxy or
8-methylquinolones bearing novel 3-aminooctahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole
derivatives at the C-7 position was synthesized, and the pharmacological,
physicochemical, and toxicological properties of the individual compounds were
evaluated. Novel 7-[(1R,5S)-1-amino-5-fluoro-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methylquinolone
7 exhibited potent and better activity than
LVFX and MFLX against streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, E. coli, A. baumannii, and anaerobes. Compound 7 also demonstrated favorable
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and an acceptably safe
toxicological profile. Consequently, compound 7 was selected as a clinical candidate for further evaluation as a new-generation,
broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic. Compound 7 is expected to become an option for antibacterial therapy against multidrug-resistant A.
baumannii.
Polygenetic and complex diseases are great burden
and challenge of human, such as ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICD) and
cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Drug repositioning, is one important approach to
reexamine the new indications of marketed drugs, especially drugs with
multi-targets. Based on the interplay among diseases, genes (targets) and
drugs, new method can be applied to dissect the association information. A
multi-database, in silico target identification, gene function enrichment, and
network pharmacology analysis integrated methods were proposed to investigate
the approved CVD drugs repurposing for ICD. It provides promising alternative
to inferring novel disease indications for existing safe and effective drugs.
Oxiranyl anions are very unstable and uncommon
nucleophiles while epoxies are widely used as electrophiles in organic chemistry.
A sulfonyl-stabilized oxiranyl anion reacts efficiently with a triflate to afford
an alkylated product in high yield. The high synthetic potential of the
oxiranyl anion chemistry was demonstrated by the total synthesis of gymnocin-A,
a cytotoxic polycyclic ether marine natural product produced by the red tide
organism Karenia mikimotoi.
This paper describes a short total
synthesis of (+)-spinoxazine B, which inhibits NO production in BV-2 microgrial
cells. The synthesis features a double cyclization to rapidly construct the
bicyclic skeleton of spinoxazine B. Spinoxazine B is the first example of a
natural alkaloid containing an oxazinone-pyrrolidone nucleus. Because new ring
system is considered to be a new resource for drug discovery, spinoxazine B is
expected to serve as a novel drug lead compound as well as a drug discovery
scaffold.
A TLC-based simple and convenient
method using UV-sensitive constituents as markers to identify the crude drug Polygala
Root (the root of Polygala tenuifolia
Willdenow; Japanese name “Onji”) was investigated. Twenty-three aromatic
compounds including two new compounds, polygalaonjisides A and B, were
characterized. Based on the phytochemical results obtained, a TLC method
focusing on three marker spots with Rf
values of approximately 0.4-0.5 due to tenuifolisides A and B
and 3,6′-di-O-sinapoylsucrose was proposed as a
simple and convenient test to identify Polygala Root and its single-extract
products on the market. The data presented in this paper could be useful in
stipulating a confirmation test to identify Polygala Root.
Continuous flow synthesis has drawn increasing attention
in current organic synthesis. In this paper, the authors demonstrate a new
entry for the beneficial application of a microflow reactor to the synthesis of
aromatic fluorinated compounds via domino benzyne generation/nucleophilic
fluorination. In particular, the high mixing ability of the flow reactor significantly
reduced the reaction times to ~10 s and improved the product yields in comparison
to their previously reported method under ordinary batch conditions. In some
cases, aryl fluorides were obtained only under microflow conditions. Thus, the
flow chemistry is the method not only for continuous chemical production but
also for achieving transformations that are otherwise inaccessible by the
conventional batch method.
A
novel series of pentacoordinated organotin(IV) complexes derived from L-DOPA
were designed; the synthesis was performed by a one-pot strategy. The
biological evaluation revealed that organotin complexes were substantially more cytotoxic than cisplatin and significantly more
effective than Topotecan in inhibiting the growth of leukemia, breast and lung
cancer cell lines. The
cytotoxicity depended on the nature of the substituent bonded to the aromatic
ring. The brine shrimp lethality assay was also used to determine the toxicity.
Molecular docking revealed that organotin (IV) complexes bind to the active
site of topoisomerase I. Antifungal activity was tested against species of
Candida.