We treated 80 obese and 28 nonobese children diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these patients, 26 obese and 23 nonobese children were assigned to pharmacologic therapies during the course of diabetes. Pharmacologic therapies were started if the HbA1c (NGSP) value exceeded 7.0% despite dietary and exercise management. For the 26 obese patients, metformin alone or in combination with an additional medication was frequently used. Only 2 patients independently received sulfonylureas (SUs) in the form of glimepiride. In addition, 9 patients were treated with basal insulin supported with oral hypoglycemic drugs (OHDs) or biphasic premix insulin. On the other hand, the 23 nonobese patients were frequently treated with insulin alone or in combination with an additional medication followed by SUs. The nonobese patients tended to require pharmacologic therapies, in particular insulin, at an earlier stage of diabetes as compared with the obese patients. New antidiabetic drugs, DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, seemed to exert positive effects on glycemic control without occurrence of hypoglycemic episodes in some patients regardless of the type of diabetes. These results suggest that pharmacologic treatment strategies in childhood T2DM should be tailored to individual patient characteristics.

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Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets represented by X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) is a rare disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and undermineralization of bone. Active vitamin D and phosphate are administered to correct hypophosphatemia and elevation of ALP. Overtreatment with phosphate leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism, and a large dose of active vitamin D has a risk of hypercalciuria. To understand the situation concerning treatment of patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets in Japan, we conducted a questionnaire survey of pediatric endocrinologists. Answers were obtained from 53 out of 68 hospitals where the pediatric endocrinologists worked. One hundred and thirty-five patients were treated in 28 hospitals during November 2009 and May 2010; 126 patients suffered from hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, and 9 had hypophosphatemia caused by other miscellaneous reasons. The distribution of patient age was as follows: 27 (21%) were between 6 mo and 6 yr of age, 39 (31%) were between 6 and 12 yr of age, and 60 (48%) were more than 12 yr of age. Active vitamin D was given to 123 patients, and phosphate was given to 106 patients. As for the dose of phosphorus, 37.2-58.1 mg/kg/d was given divided into 2 to 6 aliquots. There were various control targets of treatment, including serum phosphate, serum ALP, rachitic change, urinary Ca/Cr, parathyroid hormone and growth. It is very important to avoid side effects of these treatments. No evidence is available about the optimal dose of phosphate or number of administrations in the treatment of patients with hypophosphatemic rickets. Although there is a recommendation for clinical management of patients with hypophosphatemic rickets, we should set a clinical guideline for it in Japan.

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