CYTOLOGIA
Online ISSN : 1348-7019
Print ISSN : 0011-4545
15 巻, 1-2 号
選択された号の論文の16件中1~16を表示しています
  • IV. Fertilization and Activation in Narcotized Eggs
    Toki-o Yamamoto
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 1-7
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. Narcosis of the unfertilized Oryzias eggs with chloretone brings about reversible inhibition to fertilization reaction.
    2. Narcosis of the unfertilized eggs with phenyl urethane or chloretone gives rise to the inhibition of activation on mechanical (pricking), chemical and thermal stimulation.
    3. When the narcosis is not complete, partial cortical response occurs which begins near the animal pole and the vegetal pole.
  • Masahiro Ogaki
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 8-14
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. The sixth salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila virilis have been studied with a recording microphotometer.
    2. In the graphs recorded by this instrument the chromatic bands and achromatic interspaces are shown as crests and troughs respectively of a wavy curve and the relative staining capacity of the bands is designated by the altitude of the crests.
    3. In the sixth salivary chromosome of the Kyoto strain at least eighteen chromosome bands are distinguishable. The same chromosome of the New Orleans strain has a weaker staining capacity. The staining capacities of the chromosomes of these two strains have been estimated quantitatively.
    4. A composite chromosome derived from the crossing-over between the Kyoto and New Orleans chromosomes has been studied with the same method.
  • Nobunori Tanaka
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 15-29
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    The chromosome configuration at the IMs of the intraspecific hybrid of Carex oxyandra (n=9)×(n=10), C. gibba (n=18)X×(n=17), and C. parciflora (n=19)×(n=22), is described. The pattern of the chromosome configuration at the first meiotic metaphases in the first two case, is characterised by the formation of a heteromorphic association of trivalent. The duplicated C chromosome in these hybrids is considered as a sort of extra chromosome. Similar karyological condition prevails in the Carex and its significance to the production of the aneuploidy in this genus is discussed.
    The chromosome configuration observed at the IMs of the intraspecific hybrids of C. parciflora is complicated. An analysis of the data of two sister plants, C63-4 and C63-2, has disclosed the previously undisclosed structural hybridity, i.e. the allopolyploid nature of this species, to some extents. In this connection, a subject of lengthy study and discussion, i.e. the aneuploidy and polyploidy in the genus Carex, is discussed. From the available data, the following conclusions are offered: The aneuploidy in the chromosome numbers in this genus is produced through the cross, among the aneuploid plants with a high degree of polyploidy as well as through the irregularities of the chromosome behaviour at meiosis caused by the structural hybridity which is due to the polyploid nature of species. The basic number in the chromosomes of the genus Carex is of rather small than those postulated heretofore and a considerable number of species are the secondary balanced polyploid.
  • V. Observation by fixation method of the effects of various chemicals
    Mitio Sigenaga
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 30-44
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the present investigation, the effects of KClO3, KCN, chloralhydrate, caffeine, colchicine, acenaphthene, sodium cacodylate, auramin, tannin and ethyl urethan were examined with fixation method for the purpose of comparing the results with those obtained with living material.
    1) Under the influence of KClO3, dehydration figures are observed in higher concentrations chiefly as a result of osmotic effect and in lower concentrations as some injurious effect of the salt, accompanied in the latter case with the vacuolization in the cytoplasm. Di-diploid nuclei and bi-nucleate cells are observed in the material fixed after transferring the root in water. These results are in accord with those obtained with living material under the influence of neutral salts.
    2) In root-tips of Vicia Faba, KCN causes dehydration of chromosomes and the spindle and an accompanying phenomenon, the enlargement of the vacuoles in the cytoplasm, just in the same manner as in the case of living material, and di-diploid nuclei and bi-nucleate cells are found in the root-tips transferred in saw-dust. After a long interval of time in saw-dust these abnormal nuclei enter a further mitosis, and those cells with two prophasic nuclei, with two metaphase figures, with a metaphase figure of tetraploid chromosome complements, etc. are produced. In root-tips of Allium Cepa, on the other hand, bi-nucleate cells and di-diploid nuclei are obtained, though in a low frequency, without transferring the roots in saw-dust. In a long treatment, those cells with several chromatic masses or scattered chromosomes and those which appear quite homogeneous are observed. The abnormalities may be regarded as swelling phenomena of the chromosomes, spindle and nucleus
    3) Under the influence of chloralhydrate in higher concentrations, chromosomes and the nucleus become a pycnotic homogeneous mass owing to a dehydration taking place in connection with the strong enlargement of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In a dilute solution, di-diploid nuclei and bi-nucleate cells are formed without transferring the root-tips in sawdust, though in a low frequency. The present investigation with fixation method indicates that in the case of chloralhydrate it is necessary to obtain these abnormal cells and nuclei in a high frequency that the immersion medium is of a high concentration, and that this medium is replaced with water or the roots are transferred in saw-dust.
    4) Under the influence of auramin and tannin dehydration phenomena take place in association with the vacuolization in the cytoplasm, but the formation of di-diploid nuclei and bi-nucleate cells is not observed. In coincidence with the results of experiment with living material it is difficult to obtain by these agents the di-diploid nuclei and bi-nucleate cells.
    5) The effects of urethan was examined in the present investigation only with 1% and 2% solutions, and it was observed that bi-nucleate cells were formed only in a low frequency in those cells with strongly vacuolized cytoplasm, without transferring the roots in saw-dust or water.
    6) In caffeine solutions of high concentrations, the dehydration occurring in association with the enlargement of vacuoles in the cytoplasm causes the chromosomes and nucleus to become a homogeneous pycnotic mass, and the spindle to decrease in volume. In a dilute solution, the vacuoles in the cytoplasm is not so strongly enlarged, but the spindle be-comes dehydrated as the only dehydrated element, and the septum membrane fails to be formed. Daughter chromosomes can migrate to poles, and undergo the process of nuclear reconstruction. Thus bi-nucleate cells are easily formed without transferring the root in saw-dust. In the root-tips fixed after a long treatment, abnormal cells such as those with a tetraploid metaphase figure, those with a tetraploid anaphase figure, those with two figures of diploid metaphase, those with four free nuclei, etc.
  • Concluding remarks on the abnormal mitosis experimentally induced and a consideration on these mitoses occurring in nature
    Mitio Sigenaga
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 45-60
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Observation of the various types of starch grains
    Kono Yasui
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 61-74
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. The reserve starch formation in the amyloplasts in the cells of the endosperm as well as of the embryo in Oryza sativa, Zea Mays, Pisum sativum, Vicia Faba, Dolichos lablab, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ph. radiatus var. typicus, and in the cells of potato tuber and of the bulbils of Dioscorea batatas.
    2. The amylum is formed in a chamber, the amylum vacuole, which appears in the amyloplast. It is considered that the amylum vacuole may be a grana in the amyloplast.
    3. Oryza sativa has the most primitive starch grains in its endosperm cells. This kind starch grain is called primary or true compound starch grain.
    4. The starch granule in the starch grain in the cotyledonary cells of starchy seed of Pisum sativum is the kind of the most complicated starch granule. Indeed it takes place the most complicated developmental process in all others which were investigated by this writer. The starch granule in the potato tuber cells is the kind of the next complicated granule. The starch grain having such starch granule is called as the derivative starch grain.
    5. The endosperm cells of the sugar corn as well as the starch, the dent, the flint, and the pop corn have the starch grains belonging to the same category in their composition. The starch grains are called as the secondary compound starch grains.
    6. All starch grains as far as this work concerned have passed through the the primary compound stage in their developmental process.
    7. The aggregated starch granule, semi-aggregated starch granule, derivative starch grain, secondary compound starch grain and the plastid plasma-center or plasma-center are explained and defined respectively (cf. p. 63, 65 and 66.)
    8. The detailed general discussion on the composition of the starch grains and on the zonation (the amylum crystal layer formation) in the granules will give in the next paper.
    Here the writer's hearty thanks are due to Em. Prof. K. Fujii for his kind advice and encouragement during this work.
  • The structure and the development in general, the classification and the heredity in the starch grains
    Kono Yasui
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 75-87
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Bungo Wada
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 88-95
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. When the stamen hair of Tradescantia is cultivated in an agar plate containing colchicine the whole process of c-mitosis can be observed. By observation of material in the living state, the time required for c-mitosis was measured. The minimum time required, when 0.05% colchicine was used, was 430 minutes (about 2.8 times as much time as required for normal mitosis), and with the 0.1% treatment, 343 minutes (about 2.2 times as much as normal mitosis).
    2. The increased duration required for c-mitosis as compared with normal mitosis is due to the greatly increased duration of the intactness or staying period of the chromosomes (about 8-10 times as much as that of normal mitosis). The increase of time necessary for the formation of chromosomes and uncoiling namely the time required for the prophase and telophase was not considerable.
    3. The time required for c-mitosis varies according to the concentration of colchicine. In explanation the author's hypothesis of the submicroscopic structure of the achromatic figure was introduced and the mechanism of colchicine functions discussed.
  • Sajiro Makino, Eizi Momma
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 96-108
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    The chromosomes of ten species of reptiles were investigated in male germ cells through spermatogenesis, with special regard to the karyotype. Table 2 gives the chromosome relationship in the species under study which are arranged in systematic order.
    By way of summary it may be said that the chromosomal relation of reptiles is on the whole closely related within the genus, but it seems not the same with the family, since a family includes various karyotypes considerably different in the chromosome constitution.
  • Tohru Uchida, Kin-Ichiro Hanaoka
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 109-130
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    a) Triturus pyrrhogaster has multiple testis made up of two or more small successive lobes. In each testicular lobe certain wave of germ cell differentiation proceeds in cephalo-caudal direction. The spermatogenesis begins at the cephalic end of the lobe and the more the tubules shift caudally they contain the germ cells of the more advanced stages and its caudal end is occupied by the senescent tissue which had extruded the reproductive products in the preceding breeding cycle. At the cephalic apex of the lobe there remains permanent embryonal tissue which supplies the germ cells in the succeeding breeding season. The last named region is readily distinguishable as a white crest at the apex of the lobe.
    b) When the male is incompletely castrated the tissue of white crest regenerates very well. Spermatogenesis performed in the regene-rated testis agrees in general with that in the normal male.
    c) The white crest of the testicular lobe regenerates equally well, whether grafted in completely castrated male or female. Grafts from the central region of the testis containing only matured spermatozoa degenerate and eventually disappear.
    d) In a small number of regenerated testes oviform germ cells of various sizes differentiated intermingling with matured spermatozoa.
    e) When incompletely castrated male was injected with pelanin benzoate, a preparation of crystalline follicular hormone dissolved in sesame oil, differentiation of oviform germ cells occurred in the majority of cases to a considerably high degree. The injection was executed every month over the range of about one year. Some oviform cells appeared singly in the intervening tissue of seminiferous tubules, others within the confines of tubules, but those developed in the broad connective tissue zone of rather abnormally regenerated testes were largest in size as well as in number. In an extreme case about two-thirds of the entire volume of the regenerated testis was packed with oviform cells of various sizes. The seminiferous tubules neighbouring the connective tissue containing oviform cells are more or less retarded in their spermatogenetic activity.
  • Mamoru Kusa
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 131-137
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    The hardening of the chorion of salmon egg has been studied.
    1) The degree of re-absorption of water depends upon the duration of initial absorption in tap water, and in re-distilled water.
    2) The degree of later absorption of water differs according to the duration of interruption of water absorption when liquid paraffine is employed.
    3) The degree of water absorption of the eggs in isotonic b.s.s. which have been immersed in 10% solution of gum arabic, differs according to the duration of immersion.
    4) Hardening is an irreversible change.
    5) From these facts, it may be concluded that the hardening of the chorion is caused not only by the existence of bivalent cations in the surrounding medium, but also by some other factor, which has not been clarified. It is probable that the tonicity of the medium plays a rôle in the hardening reaction.
  • I. Morphologie des reifen Eies
    Yasuhiko Kanoh
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 138-144
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Mamoru Kusa
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 145-148
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    The hardening of the chorion of salmon eggs is chiefly caused by Ca ion which originated from the body fluid, not from the surrounding medium. When the water-unabsorbed eggs are washed in isotonic Na2-oxalate, the hardening is incomplete, and the degree of ultimate-water absorption increases and the interruption effect is never found.
  • W. Hsiang
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 149-152
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Sajiro Makino
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 153-160
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Chromosome studies on some primitive varieties of sugar cane in South-eastern Asia
    Akira Moriya
    1949 年 15 巻 1-2 号 p. 161-171
    発行日: 1949/12/30
    公開日: 2009/03/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    1). Nine primitive varieties of sugar cane in South-eastern Asia and vicinity were found to have the following chromosome numbers:
    Mia co-ke (Siam) 2n=80
    Mia go-cat (Siam) 2n=80
    Koshu fleshy cane (South China) 2n=80
    Ancha (Formosa) 2n=80
    Luzon White (Philippine) 2n=80
    Badila (New Guinea) 2n=80
    Talur (Java) 2n=81
    Tekcha (Formosa) 2n=118
    Yontanzan (Okinawa) 2n=118
    2). It was made clear that, in Siam and Cochin China, there exist some primitive cane varieties belonging to S. officinarum.
    3). Cane varieties showing 2n=80, presumed to belong to S. officinarum, are found in South China and Formosa. Cane varieties with morphological characters the same as those of this species are found also in Okinawa and even in Japan proper, although cultivated on a small scale.
    4). Tekcha and Yontanzan seem to be identical, judging from the study of meiosis in their PMC-s.
    5). A Javanese cane Talur shows 2n=81 and strikingly differs from other Saccharum plants having the never-heading and cauliflower-like inflorescence and pubescent leaf blade. This cane seems to be included rather properly in S. edule Hassk.
    The writer wishes to express his hearty thanks to Dr. F. Kagawa, Professor, Kyoto Univ., for his kind revision of this paper.
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