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Volume 25 (1960)
- Issue 3-4 Pages 293-
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Volume 25, Issue 3-4
Displaying 1-25 of 25 articles from this issue
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II. Chromosomal movement in the first meiotic anaphaseKôsaku Izutsu1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 293-304
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhase-contrast cinematography was used for the study on the meiotic processes from metaphase I to telophase I in the spermatocytes of several species of grasshoppers, obtaining the following results.
1) The chromosome separation and the changes in spindle and cell diameters in anaphase I were measured on the cine-films. The graph of chromosome separation plotted against time was S-shaped in each spermatocyte examined. In the anaphase the chromosomes approach the spindle poles, while the spindle body elongates definitely, the two processes occurring almost simultaneously.
2) The continuous spindle fibers were clearly observable in the living, anaphasic cells. So these component fibers of the spindle exist in vivo as a morphological reality and are not an artificial product. Furthermore, it was conjectured that the elongation of the continuous fibers results in stretching the spindle in anaphase.
3) The kinetochore paths of the bivalents were followed from metaphase I to the end of anaphase I on the cine-films. They are grouped into two types: i) in which the kinetochores approach to the spindle axis progressively from the start of anaphase to the complete separation of the chromosomal tips, and ii) in which they approach to the spindle axis after moving parallel to or receding a little from the axis at the start of anaphase. In both the types, the kinetochores recede somewhat from the axis just after the separation of the chromosomal tips and then, they move more or less parallel to the spindle axis, till they deviate towards the spindle pole at the end of anaphase.
4) All the results mentioned above seem qualitatively well explained on the following assumption: an autonomous terminalization of the chiasmata is active at the early anaphase I, the chromosomes are carried to the spindle poles by the traction of the chromosomal fibers and the elongation of the spindle, and the chromosomes are affected in the spindle by a force which tends to push them out of the spindle and/or by a body repulsion among them.View full abstractDownload PDF (1375K) -
Isamu Awano, Fukumi Tsuda1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 305-312
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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Yukio Kato1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 313-321
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Sticky chromosome bridges and chromosome breaks in the ana- and telophase have been found in the root tips and the ovular tissue of Clivia miniata growing in the greenhouse and outdoor.
2. The occurrence of these irregularities was frequent in the root meristem fixed in summer, but infrequent in the material fixed in winter.
It is most probable that there is a seasonal variation of frequency in the occurrence of aberrant cells.
3. The patterns of abnormalities in the ovular tissue are different from those in the root meristem.
4. It is suggested from the present data obtained that both the external conditions enclosing the plant, especially temperature, and cellular metabolic conditions caused by the heritable internal factor are responsible for the aberrations.
5. Various degrees of pollen sterility have been observed. Mitotic divisions in the shoot meristem were quite normal.View full abstractDownload PDF (1636K) -
Izabella Mikulska1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 322-333
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExamination of chromosome number in 5 parthenogenetic species of the genus Otiorrhynchus Germ. occurring in the mountains chains of Poland, viz. O. salicis Ström., O. scaber L. O. subdentatus Bach., O. pauxillus Rosh., O. proximus Strl. showed polyploidy in all cases. Counts were done in somatic and meiotic divisions. All species but O. scaber are stated as triploid (with 33 chromosomes), the last forming both tri- or tetraploid forms (with ca. 33 or 44 chromosomes).
The differentiation in the degree of polyploidy among species occurring in Polish-mountains is smaller than in those of Alps.View full abstractDownload PDF (1299K) -
K. R. Khanna1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 334-341
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe haploid and the spontaneous diploid races have been discovered in the moss Octoblepharum albidum, growing side by side in the same locality. A detailed morphological and the cytological comparison has been made of the two. The nature and the origin of the diploid race has been discussed and its rapid reversion to the parental haploid type has been pointed out.View full abstractDownload PDF (445K) -
G. Fred Townsend1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 342-343
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
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II. Scopulariopsis brevicaulisA. Bakerspigel1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 344-351
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nuclei in the imperfect fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis divide without the aid of a visible spindle or metaphase plate. In this respect they behave in a manner similar to the nuclei in other imperfect fungi such as Penicillium and Phyllosticta. Complexes of chromosomal filaments are present in the dividing nuclei of S. brevicaulis. However, it has not been possible to count these filaments nor to determine how they become segregated during division.View full abstractDownload PDF (2439K) -
Singo Nakazawa1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 352-361
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpores of Dryopteris varia were germinated in Knop's solution. Just after the germination, before the original cell of protonema was cloven, the sporelings were transferred to solutions containing various chemical agents. As a result, the following was obtained.
1) In IAA, at 100ppm, a rhizoid is formed at the terminal of the protonema where a papilla is to be formed in the normal development. At 1 to 10-2ppm, formation of the terminal papilla is abnormally accelerated so that it appears at an earlier stage than usual.
2) Similar acceleration of the terminal papilla formation is also observed with LiCl at 10-2M.
3) Two-dimensional growth is inhibited by KCN at 10-5M, by KSCN at 10-3M, and by NaSCN at 10-2M.View full abstractDownload PDF (1760K) -
Following Crosses with Untreated and X-Rayed PollenFilomena F. Campos, D. T. Morgan, Jr.1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 362-372
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn autodiploid line of Capsicum frutescens L., G168A, produced an unusually high frequency of haploid-diploid twin seedlings. Another autodiploid line, P1A, had a low frequency of polyembryony and yielded only diploiddiploid twins. The two autodiploid lines were utilized as female parents and crossed with untreated and X-rayed pollen of the variety Floral Gem. Floral Gem produced few twin seedlings and had pungent, yellow immature fruits in contrast to the nonpungent, dark green immature fruits of the autodiploids. The contrasting fruit characters of the parents permitted identification of the origin of resulting twin seedlings and haploids.
Autodiploid G168A, characterized by a high frequency of haploidy in association with the formation of twin embryos following self-pollination, retained this attribute following crosses with pollen from the low frequency variety Floral Gem. Typical twin seedlings produced when G168A was utilized as the female parent had a smaller maternal haploid member in association with a larger sexual diploid. The reciprocal cross, Floral Gem×G168A, produced no haploids. Crosses of G168A with pollen of Floral Gem X-rayed with 500r, 1, 000r and 2, 000r did not result in significant variations in the frequencies and types of multiple seedlings in the X1 in comparison with the control population. Similarly, cytogenetic alteration of the pollen of Floral Gem by the same X-ray treatments did not significantly alter the incidence and kind of multiple seedlings produced when P1A was utilized as the female parent. These results suggest that the development of maternal haploid embryos in the formation of polyembryonic seeds is controlled by the genotype of the female parent.
Seventeen monoembryonic haploids were isolated from the X1 populations of G168A×Floral Gem. All of the haploids occurred following treatment of the pollen with 1, 000r or 2, 000r. The frequencies of monoembryonic haploid parthenogenesis following the two pollen treatments were not significantly different. All of the haploids bore fruits, which enabled them to be classified as maternal in origin. A single monoembryonic haploid, paternal in origin, occurred in the F1 of P1A×Floral Gem; none was found in the X1 populations.
An estimated five percent of the viable seeds from G168A crossed with pollen exposed to 1, 000r produced maternal monoembryonic haploids or maternal haploid members of twin seedlings. No haploids occurred following crosses of P1A with pollen irradiated at 1, 000r. These results show that the genotype of the female parent must be considered in experiments designed to induce haploidy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1572K) -
Koichiro Tsunewaki, B. Charles Jenkins1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 373-380
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome basic problems related to root-tip checking of chromosome numbers were quantitatively studied in order to establish the most efficient way of aneuploid screening in wheat.
1. The effects of two types of cold treatments on mitosis in root-tips were compared against a check. The cold treatments did not significantly change the number of prophase cells, but increased the number of metaphase cells about three times and reduced the number of anaphase cells. Chromosome length was shortened to about 60 per cent of the check. Chromosome spreading was also improved after the application of cold. The cold treatments apparently intensified chromosome spiralization and disturbed spindle organization.
2. The cold treatment of the detached root-tips accumulated more metaphase cells and more extremely reduced the number of anaphase cells than that of the attached root-tips. The chromosome length was more shortened in the attached root-tips. These results indicate that chromosome spiralization was more intensified in the attached root-tips and spindle organization was more disturbed in the detached root-tips.
3. In application, the cold treatment of the detached root-tips is the best for an efficient screening of aneuploids. However, the treatment of the attached root-tips is recommended whenever anaphase configurations must be studied.
4. Root-tip collections from germinating seeds, transplanted seedlings and growing plants were compared on the per cent success of chromosome counting and the efficiency of plant management. The results indicate that the most satisfactory was root-tip collecting from germinating seeds.View full abstractDownload PDF (521K) -
Ronald J. Przybylski, John R. Cortelyou1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 381-395
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith the electron microscope, studies were made of the structure of the bacterial nucleus of sectioned young E. coli prepared with various fixatives which were added to the culture medium or to a pellet of organisms. The nuclear apparatus is seen to vary in appearance with each of the fixatives used. Structural elements seen within the nuclei are similar to the nuclear cores described by others. Cytoplasmic components were also influenced as a result of the various fixatives.View full abstractDownload PDF (3882K) -
Aaron K. Warren, Catherine Gardella Palmer1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 396-399
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe S913 leukemia, a transplantable X-ray induced tumor maintained in C57B1/10 mice, is a hypertriploid tumor with a wide range in chromosome numbers (40-80) and readily recognizable marker chromosomes.View full abstractDownload PDF (738K) -
II. Callithrix, Leontocebus and CallimicoMichael A. Bender, Lawrence E. Mettler1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 400-404
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChromosome numbers were determined for the platyrrhine genera Callithrix (2n=46), Leontocebus (2n=46), and Callimico (2n=48). The karyotypes of the two marmoset genera are virtually identical. It is suggested that the marmosets are specialized for their mode of existence, rather than truly primitive.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
R. Tanaka, H. Kamemoto1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 405-418
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMeiosis in diploid and polyploid Vanda hybrids was studied. Diploid hybrids examined were between strap-leaved species (SS), between tereteleaved species (TT), and between strap- and terete-leaved species (ST). Triploids observed were SSS, TTT, and SST; tetraploids were SSSS, TTTT, and SSTT: and pentaploid was SSSTT.
Both SS and TT diploid hybrids showed good pairing and close homology of chromosomes, whereas ST hybrids showed poor homology and high irregularity of meiosis. The number of bivalents in PMCs of ST hybrids ranged from 1 to 10, a few of which were pseudobivalents. The products of meiosis ranged from tetrads, dyads, and monads with or without microcytes, which explains the low fertility of semi-terete Vanda hybrids.
The TTT and SSS hybrids showed numerous trivalent associations. SST hybrids, on the other hand, formed in most cases 19 bivalents and 19 univalents. Distribution of chromosomes was unequal and consequently both types of triploids are low in fertility.
The autotetraploids, SSSS and TTTT, showed 1 to 4 tetravalents, while the allotetraploid, SSTT, produced predominantly 38 bivalents. Both types are fertile.
The pentaploid with SSSTT genomic constitution produced PMCs with 11 to 18 trivalents and 19 to 27 bivalents. The trivalents were chromosomes of the S genomes, while 19 bivalents belonged to the T genome. The microspores generally contained 47 or 48 chromosomes. These pentaploids have been found to be partially fertile.View full abstractDownload PDF (2677K) -
Tadashi Kishimoto1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 419-425
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Cells exposed to ultrasound, even though no immediate histological changes is discernible microscopically, are found to be damaged through the observation of pattern of plasmolysis.
2. When the cells are exposed to ultrasound in hypertonic solution the time required for plasmolysis is extremely shotened the relationship between the time required and the intensity of irradiation was investigated.
3. The destruction of plasmolyzed cells was also found to be accelerated by ultrasound; the intensity-effect relationship involved was also examined quantitatively.
4. The cause of the above-described changes induced by the ultrasound is discussed.
The present author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Prof. A. Takamiya, Prof. O. Nomoto and Prof. M. Sugita for their advise and criticism. His hearty thanks are also due to Dr. M. Marutake and Dr. E. Fukada for their interest and suggestions.View full abstractDownload PDF (949K) -
Nirad K. Sen, R. V. Vidyabhushan1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 426-436
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Tetraploidy was induced in a vegetable and a fodder type of cluster bean by treating presoaked seeds as well as apical buds with colchicine solution.
2. In the tetraploids, the height was significantly increased during the later stages; the stem was thicker, and the number of branches was similar to the diploids in Pun. 3 and increased in the unbranched Sadabahar.
3. Tetraploidy has brought a variety of changes in the foliar characters such as size, thickness, surface, margin, colour, etc.
4. Flowering was delayed in tetraploids during monsoon season but not in summer crop. The flowers were larger and more number of them opened per inflorescence prolonging the blooming period. Pollen fertility was low and the stainable grains were variable in size.
5. Fruit setting was reduced in Pun. 3, but increased significantly in Sadabahar. Pods were, however, smaller but seeds larger.
6. Quadrivalents occur frequently at synapsis and anaphase separation was irregular.
7. Aneuploids having 29 chromosomes were detected in the progeny of Sadabahar tetraploids which were less fertile and differed in some respects from tetraploids.
8. A triploid plant was obtained in Pun. 3 which had luxuriant vegetative growth but was totally sterile. Trivalents predominated among the different meiotic configurations.View full abstractDownload PDF (1390K) -
IV. Chromosome morphology and intragenome pairing in haploid plants of Oryza glaberrima Steud., as compared with those in O. sativa L.Chao-Hwa Hu1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 437-449
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHaploid plants were obtained from a twin seedling of a strain of O. glaberrima. The karyotype of the plants was investigated first using root tip cells. Nine types of chromosomes could be distinguished by their size, position of constriction, and presence or absence of satellite and secondary constriction. The karyotype of O. glaberrima was thus found to be identical with that of O. sativa, formerly observed by the writer.
Secondly, meiosis in PMCs was investigated with regard to intra-genome pairings of chromosomes. Seemingly true pairings to form bivalents and trivalents, and assemblies of two or three univalents which appeared to be due to secondary assoociation, could be distinguished. The frequency distribution of cells with different numbers of pairings was similar to that found in haploid plants of O. sativa, and the maximum pairing found was five groups of chromosomes.
These observations lead to the conclusion that O. glaberrima might have structurally the same chromosomes as those of O. sativa, and these two species might have arisen from a common ancestral plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (2616K) -
V. Nuclear division in Oedogonium sp.Katsumi Ueda1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 450-455
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mitotic cycle in Oedogonium was observed with special attention to the behaviour of the nucleolus.
The nucleolus which degradates during metaphase, is reorganized on the equatorial plate of the spindle in late anaphase. The reorganized nucleolar material becomes smaller after the telophase spindle has decreased in size and finally disappears.
Several nucleoli are newly formed in the daughter nucleus in early telophase, and fuse into a spherical shaped body.
The nuclear membrane or spindle membrane is present until late telophase.
Chromosomal behaviour in the division cycle is similar to that of higher plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1514K) -
II. Reciprocal translocation in Lilium MaximowicziiShozo Noda1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 456-460
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA reciprocal translocation heterozygote was found in L. Maximowiczii (2n=24). In one of the two interstitial segments between the kinetochore and the point of interchange, only one chiasma was formed with a mean frequency 0.183. The pair involving this segment separated equationally at Al with a mean frequency 0.183, that is just the same frequency as the mean chiasma frequency. In the other interstitial segment no cases of chiasma formation were observed, the pair involving this segment being observed to separate always reductionally at Al. These two findings conform very well with the chiasmatype hypothesis for the origin of the cytological configuration of the chiasmata.View full abstractDownload PDF (768K) -
III. Reductional and equational separation in Disporum sessileHiroshi Kayano1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 461-467
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe reciprocal translocation heterozygotes of Disporum sessile (2n=16, 1IV+6II) comprised two pairs of heteromorphic chromosomes. The two pairs, however, were not distinguishable from each other at MI and AL A chiasma was formed in the ‘interstitial’ segment of 29.6 per cent of pairs of heteromorphic chromosomes and the frequency of equational Al separation (analysed at AI and AII) was 30.0 per cent. The result is in accordance with the chiasmatype hypothesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (1878K) -
IV. Crossing-over in Disporum sessileHiroshi Kayano1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 468-475
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In reciprocal translocation heterozygotes of Disporum sessile, both ends of the two pairing chromosomes were distinguished. Relationship was found between chiasma formation and crossing-over by AII crossover chromatid analysis.
2. Since no, one, two, and three chiasmata were observed at MI in the pairing segments with respective frequencies 48.8, 34.6, 14.8, and 1.8 per cent of PMCs, the following values were calculated on the basis of the chiasmatype hypothesis: 43.4 per cent for the frequency of equational separation of the distal heteromorphic ends, and 25.6 per cent for the frequency of crossover chromatids. Actually, 41.6 per cent of the half-tetrads revealed equational AI separation of the heteromorphic ends, and 25.1 per cent of the chromatids were crossovers. Therefore, it is very likely that the chiasmata in the pairing segments of the present heteromorphic chromosomes are closely related to crossing-over.View full abstractDownload PDF (847K) -
V. Heterozygotes for a centric fusion and for a translocation in Acrida lataHiroshi Kayano, Koya Nakamura1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 476-480
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Kinetochores of the 3 heteromorphic chromosomes involved in a fusion heterozygote separate always reductionally at AI.
2. In a translocation heterozygote two interstitial segments, between the kinetochore and the point of interchange, were distinguished, viz., one each of the pairs I and II. Pair I formed one chiasma or two chiasmata with the frequency 94.0 per cent and 6.0 per cent respectively, and pair II no chiasma in 18.0 per cent and one chiasma in 82.0 per cent of the cases.
3. The heteromorphic chromosomes of pair I separated equationally in 93.3 per cent of the cells and those of pair II in 90.0 per cent.
4. The conformity of the chiasma frequency with the frequency of equational Al separation affords good support for the chiasmatype hypothesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (800K) -
IV. Isolation and estimation of nucleic acids from corn root tip by Schmidt and Thannhauser's methodMasahiro Ruè Ishida1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 481-492
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Acid soluble substances, lipids, DNA, PNA and phosphoproteins fractions from apical 3 mm segments of corn root tip meristem were obtained by a modified Schmidt and Thannhauser's method, and phosphorus contents of each fraction were estimated by PVM-method for an estimation of inorganic phosphates after combustion with PCA.
2) Amount of DNA was also estimated by UV-absorption, Dische's and Feulgen's methods after extraction with 0.5 N-PCA from ‘DNA fraction’ obtained by a modified Schmidt and Thannhauser's method. PNA was extracted from ‘PNA fraction’ with N-PCA, and estimated by the UV-absorption and orcinol reaction methods. The isolations of DNA and PNA from both ‘nucleic acid fractions’were carried out according to the Ogur and Rosen's method.
3) Amounts of DNA and PNA per mg of dry weight of corn root tips were 8.29μg and 56.0μg respectively. The values of both acids in corn root tips obtained by Ogur and Rosen (1950) were lower, while the values per fresh weight and 3 mm segment obtained by them were higher than those obtained in this study.
4) Procedures for the estimation of nucleic acids based on their three chemical compositions were discussed in this paper.View full abstractDownload PDF (741K) -
C. N. Sun1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages 493-501
Published: December 25, 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fine structure of plant mitochondria was studied by electron microscopy in the following species: Aloe vera, Elodea canadensis, Glycine max, Yucca glauca, Zingiber officinale, Juniperus communis, Cibotium chamissoi, Psilotum triquetrum, Bryum sp., Funaria hygrometria, Marchantia polymorpha. In all these genera, without exception, the mitochondria were observed to have the same basic structure: a double membrane and a tubular or microvillous structure arising from the folds of the inner membrane. Highly organized lamellated cristae were not present in any of these mitochondria. The diameters of microvilli were measured and ranged from 280Å a to 950Å.View full abstractDownload PDF (2154K) -
1960 Volume 25 Issue 3-4 Pages e1
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (16K)
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