The introduction of self-adhesive filling materials has shown advantage in clinical use due to reduced procedure time. The newly developed self-adhesive Surefil One (SO) was compared to other current self-adhesive materials Vertise Flow (VF) and GC Fuji II LC (FJ). Shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin, flexural strength and water sorption were measured at 24 h and 4 weeks. Fluoride release was measured up to 4 weeks. SO showed intermediate fluoride-release that was higher than VF, but lower than FJ. SO demonstrated lower flexural strength than VF at 24 h but maintained that same strength to 4 weeks. SO had SBS comparable to FJ and VF at 24 h but it decreased at 4 weeks. Caution should be exercised when selecting and using SO, as well as the other two self-adhesive materials. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy for their clinical use in direct restorations.

Low-wear resistance is a considerable problem with titanium. Despite the excellent wear resistance of Ti-Fe alloys, they exhibit brittleness, complicating their bulk usage. We developed a surface modification method for Ti involving the solid-phase diffusion of iron onto its surface. We coated iron onto the titanium surface and applied heat to successfully form a Ti-Fe alloy layer only on the outermost surface of titanium. The alloy layer exhibited a gradient structure characterized by a continuous decrease in iron concentration from the surface inward, without forming a distinct interface with the base material. Under various heat treatment conditions, the outermost alloy phase of the diffusion layer, in the β phase, resulted in surfaces with exceptional wear resistance. The improved wear resistance can be attributed to the potential surface structure of the Ti-Fe alloy, which combines hardness and ductility. This titanium-integrated structure, resulting from the gradient composition, reduces the likelihood of delamination.

This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of various composite resins (CRs) on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, focusing on material composition and ion release. Eight CRs of three sizes were tested: Large (6.5 mm diameter, 1.5 mm thickness), Medium (2.0 mm diameter, 1.5 mm thickness), and Small (1.5 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness). Cytotoxicity was assessed by cell counting on immortalized and primary PDL cell lines. CRs containing Surface pre-reacted glass ionomer filler showed significant size-dependent cytotoxicity, with larger specimens exhibiting higher ion release of BO₃³⁻, Sr²⁺, SiO₃²⁻, and F⁻, which correlated with adverse effects. Smaller specimens with reduced ion release had lower cytotoxicity and sometimes promoted cell proliferation. These results emphasize the role of material composition and ion release in the biocompatibility of CR for subgingival restorations. Optimizing specimen size and controlling ion release could mitigate adverse effects, suggesting further research to balance therapeutic benefits and risks in periodontal tissues.

Light-cured shade-characterizing agents are used for composite materials to mimic natural tooth color. Tooth-brushing abrasion tests were conducted to investigate the durability of the agents. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) composite-resin blocks were used, and the surface was polished with #2000 SiC paper before the agent application. Four different shade agents were applied to the blocks, treated the surface no/with sandblasting. Tooth-brush abrasion tests were carried out for 20,000 cycles at a frequency of 2 Hz with 2.0 N of brushing force. Surface roughness, gloss, contact angle, and color differences were obtained. The number of repetitions was set to ten. It was found that a significant increase in surface roughness and decreases in gloss and water contact angle by tooth brushing tests were clarified. However, the color change by brushing was not significantly large. The color difference before and after applying agents and surface roughness differed in the shade differences in the agents.

This study examined the effects of ultra-long hydroxyapatite nanofibers on bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)/ urethane dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) dental resin. Experimental composites incorporating 2 wt% to 8 wt% ultra-long hydroxyapatite nanofibers were assessed for their mechanical properties, ion release behavior, and cytotoxicity. The results indicated that the addition of 2 wt% or 4 wt% nanofibers significantly enhanced the mechanical attributes of the composite materials, whereas higher concentrations led to a deterioration in performance. Moreover, these materials demonstrated the release of Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions in both artificial saliva and lactic acid solutions, evidencing satisfactory cytocompatibility. The acquired data were subjected to statistical analysis via analysis of variance (ANOVA), with differences deemed statistically significant at p<0.05. Therefore, ultra-long hydroxyapatite nanofiber composites emerge as a promising innovative option for dental restoration.

In this innovative study, the ferrule design for endocrowns was compared with a new preparation design with tetra-corner retention grooves at each corner of the access cavity, and the 3D finite element method was used for analysis. Resin nanoceramic (RNC), lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDS), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) materials were investigated. The new design significantly reduced the stress for LDS and PICN in axial and oblique loadings. On remaining tooth tissues, the tetra-corner retention groove design increased the stress peak for RNC and PEEK compared to the ferrule, while it decreased the stress for LDS and PICN under both forces. It was concluded that the new, modified preparation design could be used as an alternative design to the ferrule.

Elucidate the dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-coated-beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) porous granules osteoinductivity performance in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). β-TCP porous was made by adding the sodium chloride (NaCl) powders with the dry powder of DCPD and CaCO₃ in the concentrations 40:60 (by wt%). Then, DCPD layer will be formed on porous β-TCP granules by immersing the granules in an acidic calcium phosphate solution. ADMSCs cultured was used to examine the biocompability of 300–600 µm and 600–1,000 µm DCPD-coated-porous β-TCP by means of microculture tetrazolium technique (MTT assay) and scratch assay. Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), Osterix, Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osteopontin, Osteonectin expression were investigated. The DCPD-coated porous β-TCP granules were culture together with ADMSCs is biocompatible. BMP-2, Runx2, Osterix, ALP, Osteopontin, Osteonectin expression in ADMSCs after culture together with DCPD-coated-β-TCP significantly enhanced. DCPD-coated-porous-β-TCP granules have good biocompatibility and high osteoconductivity in ADMSCs.

Invisible orthodontics benefits significantly from aligner technology, yet optimizing material properties and thickness for diverse patient needs is a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between key material properties and thickness—and their collective influence on orthodontic treatment outcomes. A three-dimensional model of the tooth, periodontal ligament, and bone complex was constructed, with attachments centered on each tooth crown. Nine aligners, varying in thickness from 0.20 to 1.00 mm with material properties (Young’s modulus (E) from 0.01 to 3.50 GPa and Poisson’s ratio (ν) at 0.30), were analyzed. The study measured force and moment changes due to a 0.15 mm mesial-distal movement of the lateral incisor, validated by other teeth. Results show aligner thickness and E significantly affect force and moment, with increases promoting translational rather than tipping movements. These findings underscore precise aligner design’s role in enhancing orthodontic outcomes.

The encapsulation and the release of ascorbate-2-phosphate (AsAP) and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) in microspheres (MSs) consist of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(ε-caploractone) (PCL) with octacalcium phosphate (OCP) were studied. AsAP-loaded PLGA/PCL (50:50) MSs (AsAP-MSs) were prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion evaporation. β-GP-loaded PLGA/PCL MSs (β-GP-MS) were prepared similarly while β-GP was directly added in oil. The oil phase dichloromethane was evaporated producing pores in MSs. MSs were characterized by physical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The drug encapsulation efficiency (E.E.) was evaluated by spectrophotometer after water-extracting. The drug releases into supernatant were analyzed after incubating in 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-NaCl buffer at 37°C for 36 days. E.E. was 89% for AsAP and 67% for β-GP, and AsAp was released immediately while β-GP was continuously released. OCP was hydrolyzed to hydroxyapatite, affecting β-GP release. PLGA/PCL MSc with OCP may be effective for the release of osteogenic factors.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of biodegradable octacalcium phosphate (OCP) bone substitute on osteoclast formation under the higher inorganic phosphorus concentration in vitro. We developed the gelatin particles releasing inorganic phosphate (Pi) ions as a model to change the local Pi ion concentration around OCP in the OCP/gelatin composite materials. Spectroscopic and chemical analyses indicated that Pi ion released around 2 mmol/L from gelatin particles promoted OCP hydrolysis, although excessive Pi ion release up to around 3 mmol/L suppressed the hydrolysis. The formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells was increased by the OCP hydrolysis promotion via modulately higher Pi release Pi ion release. However, OCP hydrolysis suppression by excessive Pi ion release decreased the formation of TRAP-positive cells. The present study suggests that the chemical environment induced by OCP hydrolysis under a suitable Pi ion concentration could be associated with promoting osteoclast formation.

To know about whether a bone substitute material octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is associated with bone formation by acting on surrounding tissue-derived cells, such as muscle cells, the effect of OCP was investigated on muscle-derived myoblast C2C12 cells in vitro. C2C12 cells were cultured with or without OCP granules. The diameter of the myotube formed from C2C12 cells with OCP was larger than that without OCP. mRNA expressions of myoblast differentiation markers (MyHC, MCK) and myokine (FGF-2) were increased by OCP, while Fndc5 and osteoglycin (myokine) were decreased. The alkaline phosphatase activity of mesenchymal stem cells was increased by adding the extract of media cultured with C2C12 cells and OCP up to 14 days. The chemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that OCP hydrolysis progressed towards Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite in the media. The results suggest that OCP promotes myoblast differentiation and assists osteoblast differentiation through the myokines secretion under the environment induced by OCP hydrolysis.