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Article type: Cover
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
Cover1-
Published: July 20, 1953
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Article type: Cover
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
App1-
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Kiyoshi OZAKI, Masaaki MORIYAMA, Shingo MITSUI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
237-240
Published: July 20, 1953
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Rice plants were cultured with nutrient solution until their panicles begin to grow, then supplied the isotopically labelled (N^<15>H_4)_2SO_4 (7.92 atom per cent N^<15> excess). Plants were harvested after 12 hrs., 24hrs., 48 hrs., and at the begining of the heading and at full maturity. Various nitrogenous fractions in water soluble non-protein and in protein were then analyzed for their concentration of N^<15>. Rapid absorption, translocation, and utilization of N^<15> were found to have occured after 12,24 and 48 hrs. The high concentrations of N^<15> of various nitrogenous fractions in water soluble non-protein indicated their synthetic activities, especially those of ami des and dicarboxylic amino acids were predominant. Of the compounds isolated from protein hydrolyrates, the concentrations of N^<15> of amides and dicarboxylic amino acids were high and the lowest were basic amino acids. Those tendencies were nearly always the same even the plants had been cultured under different nitrogen levels. The differences of N^<15> concentrations among the various organs or various nitrogenous fractions decreased gradually with the development of the plant growth.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
240-
Published: July 20, 1953
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Shuichi ISHIZAWA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
241-244
Published: July 20, 1953
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In this part the experimental results on the changes in litmus milk, gelatine liquefaction, and nitrate reduction are described. Litmus milk : According to serum zone and change in reaction, the nodule bacteria are divided into three groups : Reaction alkaline and serum zone positive. …Strains form pea-, clover-, bean-, and cowpea-group, Sesbania, Astragalus, Sophora, Amorpha, Caragana, Robina, Vicia (nipponica). Reaction alkaline and serum zone negative. …Strains form alfalfa-, lupine-, soybean-, and cowpea-group, Styphnolobium, Indigofera. Reaction acid and serum zone positive. …Strains form alfalfa-, soybean-, and cowpea-group, Mimosa, Leucoena, Dalea, Lotus (?) And it will be seen in the above grouping that the rhyzobial strains in one inoculation group or even from one plant are not always found in the same group. Gelatine liquefaction : The yeast water mannital gelatine as will as nutrient gelatine were used as test media, because many strains of rhyzobia were unable to grow on the latter. Few strains liquefy gelatine, although the majority does not. Most strains of alfalfa bacteria and some of pea-, soybean-, and cowpea-bacteria are included in the former. Nitrate reduction : Not all strains of rhizobia are able to reduce nitrate in the nitrate yeast water mannitol medium. Few strains of bean- and cowpea-group, and strains from Astragalus and Amorpha seem to be unable to reduce nitrate. Nitrite accumulation varies, depending upon the strains of rhizobia. Many strains of alfalfa, two of clover, and and one of cowpea group, and strains from Mimosa, Leucoena, and Sophora accumulate appreciable amounts of nitrite, whereas some strains of soybean-, and cowpea-group and strains from Sesbania form no nitrite, although they are all strong nitrate reducers.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
244-
Published: July 20, 1953
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Kenji TAKEYAMA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
245-246
Published: July 20, 1953
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The tobacco seedlings were cultured in nutrient solution which have the concentration of 40 p.p.m. N, 10 p.p.m. P and 40 p.p.m. K. The capacity of one tray for water culture was about 15 l. 62 seedlings were cultured in the tray and the aeration was continued for three hours a day by the 1/4 horse Power aircompresser. As the plant thus grown is comparable to those raised in the nursery bed in Okayama Tobacco Station, it is concluded that the apparatus and procedure here reported are adequate for growing tobacco seedlings.
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Yutaka KAMOSHITA, Yasushi IWASA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
247-248
Published: July 20, 1953
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In connection of the previous report (1), the titled effects were ascertained with some soils from genetic horizons of various soil types or world soil groups (see Table 1). With an increase of heating temperature the absorption of dye stuff changed in two ways 1) increased and 2) decreased. Of soil types, brown forest soil and also mountain soil, inclined to be reddish brown soil, were of change 1), while red soil as well as reddish brown soil were of change 2). (see Table 3 & 4; Plate 2.)
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Tomoji EGAWA, Akio SATO, Kozo SEKIYA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
249-252
Published: July 20, 1953
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The kinetic exchange of phosphate ions between soil and solution phases was investigated by means of radioactive phosphorus P^<32>. The results obtained coincide with those of L. WIKLANDER'S investigation. The exchange reaction seems to be composed of two separate reactions, the primary rapid ion exchange between solution phosphate and exchageable micellar phosphate, and the secondary slow exchange between micellar phosphate and fixed phosphate. The effects of drying and temperature on the distribution of the phosphate between exchangeable and fixed conditions were also investigated.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
252-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
252-
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Hideaki SAEKI, Masao OKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
253-256
Published: July 20, 1953
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1. Concentrated in varying way, the interaction between two solutions, FeCl_3 and H_3PO_4,took place rapidly and reached equilibrium within a day (Table 1), froming iron-phosphate. In the range of pH, lower than is oelectric point of iron-hydrooxide, the formation of phosphate showed obviously lack of adsorption phenomena and could be regarded as chemical reaction. 2. According to the varying ratio, P/Fe, fixed phosphate changed its amount; the lower the ratio the higher the amount was fixed linearly (Fig. 1). 3. Phosphate fixation was remarkably governed by pH of the solution. In all cases of varying P/Fe ratio, the fixation took place hardly in pH, less than about the range between 2.5 and 35. With increasing of pH value, the fixation was enhanced until the value attained to 6. By an increase of hydroxyl ion, at higher value of pH, iron phosphate was seemed to be hydrolyzed. the pH range of maximum fixation of phosphate varied with P/Fe ratio in the system, that is, the more the ratio was reduced the more the range of pH enlarged, pH being shifted to higher value (Tab. 2). 4. Tte retention curve of iron at evry pH value was essentially simillar in its shape to that of phosphorus. (Fig 3). The pH limt of maximum retention, contrast to that of phosphorus, was shifted to lower with the increase of ratio (Tab. 2). Another point worthy of note as a special behavior in the iron retention is that, in a neighborhood of neutral point some portion of retained iron began to be released gradually and the release was developed to the maximum at slightly alkaline reaction, after which iron settled out again as a precipitate until all of them was retaind in higher pH. This depends on both the decomposition of iron-phosphate and the formation of hydroxide of iron, by the predominance of hydroxyl ion concentration in the system. This temporary release of iron at slightly alkaline side was developed to large extent with the increase of P/Fe ratio.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
256-
Published: July 20, 1953
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Takeshi HAYASHI, Yasuo TAKIJIMA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
257-260
Published: July 20, 1953
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Among various methods of extracting organic phosphorus from soil, the digestion procedure with 1〜2% NaOH solution has been found to be most effective (see table 1). Of NaOH method, many factors were investigated for the object of getting more yield than ever (see table 2〜5,fig. 1〜2). Depending on the results of investigation, a new quantitative method was proposed by authors as follows : 1 gram of soil, air-dried and ground to pass through 50 mesh siebe, was leached on a filter paper with 1% HCL solution until no more exchangeable Ca is detected. The leachate was filled up to 100 c.c. Leached soil was transfered to a centrifuger tube (50 cc in volume) with 10 cc of 1% NaOH solution, and digesed for 1 hour at 60° in the water bath. After the digestion, the tube was brought to be centrifuged, and the supernatant solution was obtained as a first extract. Second extract was then obtained by digesting the soil in the tube with 10 cc of 2% NaOH solution for 2 hours at 90° and centrifuging. The two extracts were combined, filling up to 100〜250 cc. Of the above extract, added with 1% HCl leachate, phosphorus in both forms, total and inorganic, was determined respectively. And organic phosphorus was got by substracting the amount of inorganic phosphorus from that of total phosphorus. After the results of comparison to the other methods, the above method, proposed by authors, seems to extract oaganic phosphorus from soils in the highest amount (see table 6), and to be manipulated fifth times more speedy than the method of PEARSON.
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Hiroyasu KASHIWAGI, Hajime YOKOI
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
261-263
Published: July 20, 1953
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This paper dealts with the mechanism on the existence of stable minimum point in electrophoretic velocity. The point was due to exchangeable calcium absorbed by soil colloid. Of subsoils, mixed with organic matter and incubated for two years, the pH-u curve were somewhat shifted.
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Katura TUZIMURA, Takehiko YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
264-266
Published: July 20, 1953
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By paper-chromatography 8 amino acids and 2 amides were detected in free state in root nodules. These were ordinary amino acids and amides found in plant tissues. There was no specificity of the nodules as compared with the roots and the leves. But their contents were higher in the nodules than in other parts of the plants. Considerable ammount of ammonia was found in the nodules. The ratio of glutamine to asparagine was larger in the nodules and smaller in the roots and the leaves. These facts suggest that the metablism of soluble nitrogen in the nodules is the similar assimilation process as the host plant tissue, and the nitrogen compounds transfering to the host from the nodules may be chiefly amino acids and amides; probably glutamic and aspartic acids their amides and alanine.
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Masao DEGUCHI, Goro KOJIMA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
267-272
Published: July 20, 1953
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As a part of the studies of Mg metabolism of crops, we have researched the changes of the pH of living plants suffering from chlorosis due to Mg deficiency. It was recognised from the results of the determination of pH of living cauliflower and barley plants growing in water culture by the colorimetric methode carried out by means of vital staining, using the microscope-colorimeter which was newly devised, the surface and back epidermal cells of chlorotic leaves were inclined to be lower in pH and more acidic in reaction than the non-chlorotic, but on the contary, the pH of the root cells were the same in both chlorotic and non-chlonotic plants, and always approximately neutral.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
272-
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Mitsuru HARADA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
273-278
Published: July 20, 1953
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(1) The profiles of TSUYAMA tertiary shale soils studied consist of dark reddish-brown or yellowish-brown A horizons, reddish-brown or dark yellow B horizons, and yellow or grey C horizons. (2) The clay minerals dominantly present in TSUYAMA soil are halloysite and montmorillonite. Both the soils derived from the shale containing CaCO_3 and those derived from acid shale contain these clay minerals. (3) In TSUYAMA soils the complex A_2 has the SiO_2/R_2O_3 ratios of 1.7〜2.5 and the complex B has the SiO_2/R_2O_3 ratios of 2.7〜4.0. With the progress of weathering the complex A_2 (halloysite) increases continually, whereas the complex B (montmorillonite) increases in B horizons, but it decreases in A horizons as compared with B horizons. A part of the montmorillonite occuring in the soils may have been inherited from the shale. The proportions of complex A_2 to complex B increase from lower horizon upwards. (4) The amounts of free iron oxide in TSUYAMA soils correspond to 36〜90% of the irom oxide soluble in hydrochloric acid. (5) TSUYAMA soils are poor in exchangeable bases and are strongly acid (pH 4.2〜5.4) except C horizons derived from the shale containing CaCO_3. (6) TSUYAMA basin is partly covered with the soils derived from diluvial volcanic ashes. These volcanogenous soil contain halloysite, kaolinite, a small amount of complex A_1 (allophanoid), and of free alumina soluble in 10% Na_3CO_2 solution, and the surface soil are rich in humus. (7) Halloysite-kaolinite soils, halloysite-montmorillonite soils, and allitic halloysite-kaolinite soils occur in TSUYAMA basin and it indicates that under the same climatic conditions, the parent materials can strikingly affect the formation of secondary minerals in soils. It is considered that under the soil conditions alternating dryness and wetness, montmorillonite is unstable but halloysite and kaolinite are stable.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
278-
Published: July 20, 1953
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JIRO KOSAKA, CHIKABUMI HONDA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
279-284
Published: July 20, 1953
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Hypoiodite method, proposed by Norman and modified by Moodie, was observed to be a suitable procedure to trace the process of soil humification. But as the hypoiodite method seemed to be considerably governed by the change of room temperature, experiments, here reported, were devised to be accomplished at 30℃. (See Fig. 1) Of each genetic soil horizon, activity index after Moodie, denoted by miligram equivalent of I_2 utilized by one gram of carbon from soil organic matter, was ascertained as follows : Of upland soil the activity index was, in general, high in A. The index was minimum in A_2 and became higher in B, when podzolized. But, on the contrary, the index became lower toward subsoil, when non-podzolized. (See Table 1 and Fig. 2) The causes of above inclinations may be explained by an increase of acid soluble humus of higher index toward subsoil and also much humus of lower index (humin) in A_2 for the former, and by each fraction of humus having lower index toward subsoil for the latter. (See Table 2) Of lowland soils the activity index increased with depth in peat and muck soils. But, the index of subsoils, in these soils, had an inclination to decrease with the progress of drainage. In lowland soil types, gray and brown, the activity index decreased, on the contrary, toward subsoil. (See Table 3 and Fig. 3) We used the activity index of humic acid extracted from soils, for it showed more clearly the characteristics of soils than the activity index of original soils. Of each humic acid from soils, the activity index had following inclinations. 1) Of upland soils, the activity index of humic acid was always low in those of having comparatively a higher amount of A-type humic acid soluble in Na-oxalate, consequently, the index was highest in the soils from NIHONDAIRA, humic acid of which was B-type alone, became lower with the decrease of B-type humic acid in the soil and attained minimum in KATAJI soils of Onji type (See Table 4 and 5) 2) Of lowland soils, the activity index was highest in peat, and became lower with the progress of drainage. Humification seemed not to be promoted in lowland than in upland. (See Table 6 and 7) In general, the activity index is considered to decrease with the progress of humification and, thus, humus seems to get a stable feature.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
284-
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Haruo OKAMOTO, Michio MAENO
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
285-290
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
290-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
290-
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Tsukuda KATAYAMA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
291-292
Published: July 20, 1953
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Root systems in cereals should be separated each other according to the locus of their branching nodes, if a shortened underground internode can be elongated artficially. The method deviced by the author to induce the artificial elongation of underground internodes, and the results obtained are as follows. Seedlings of sixth-leaf age were lie down on the seed-bed, and heaped of the earth over them from the roots to the top of the leaf-sheath of the fifth. About twenty days after the treatment mentioned above, seedlings were pulled out from the field, then observations were made. The internode of from the sixth to the ninth, as shown in the figure, has been elongated already about one to three cm. in length. Consequently, the roots of the sixth, seventh and eighth node have also been sprang out, if not yet crowdy. From these results, at the author's laboratory, experiments are now carried on to trace the translocation of radioactive P^<32>, which has been absorbed from the nodal roots under questions in the main stem or tillers.
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Seiichi SASAKI, Yoshiaki ISHIZUKA
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
293-296
Published: July 20, 1953
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The authors collected four samples from two regions which were estimated to show the grey-brown podzolic soil and brown forest soil respectively. The results of genetic investigation of these soils reported in a preceding paper are summarized in the following table.[table]In the present investigation the authors determined the base exchange capacity, exchangeable hydrogen, aluminium and iron of the same sample. Judging the data obtained, one may observe the following facts. In spite of the fact that soils/Nos. 24 and 42 were collected from the same climatic region, exchageable bases of the soil derived from Hornblende Andesite (soil No.42) consist mainly of Ca and Mg, while in the case of soil No. 24 derived from Tertiary Mudstone, the exchangeable cations consist mainly of H, Al and Fe, showing the type of distribution of grey-brown podzolic soil along the profile. Similarly soil No. 53 derived from Olivine Basalt and soil No. 49 derived from Cretaceous Hard-sandstone collected from the same climatic region, show the same tendency as soils/Nos. 42 and 24 respectively. The above facts indicate that, though the sample were subjected to the same climatic conditions, if they are not severe, the kind and amount of exchangeable bases are influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the minerals which make up the parent materials. Then, the velocity of weathering of minerals, in other words, the velocity of separation of bases as exchangeable bases from the lattice of crystalline minerals, is influenced by the kind of bases of which they are comprised, and this phenomena will be explained by the hydrated ionic radii of the included cations.
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Michihiko YATAZAWA, Shozo HIGASHINO
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
297-301
Published: July 20, 1953
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In this paper the phosphorus turnover in plant leaves are described. I EXPERIMENT I., several leaves oftomato plant were applied with M/10 KH_2PO_4 containing radiophosphorus in the strength of 0.8 micro curie/ml. and glucose in 5%. Five days after, upper leaves and stalk which had not been applied were sampled, and each 5 g of them was fractionated by the methods described in Fig. 1. Radioactivity of each fraction was measured by GEIGER-MULLER counter. The results are shown in Table 1 and 2. In Exp. II., 5 g of tomato leaves was vacuum infiltrated with 0.2 M KH_2PO_4 containing P^<32>, settled in room at ca 20℃. After 2 hours, the tissue was dealt with the same way as Exp. I. The radioactivity of each fraction is shown in Table 3. Reliability or adequacy of the methods employed in the fractionation of phosphorus compounds were examined as shown in Table 4 and 5. Conclusions obtained are as follow : 1) From inorganic phosphate absorbed through leaf-surface, considerable amount of sugar-phosphates and nucleic acids are synthesized by 5 days In the same period of time lipoid and acid soluble-barium unsoluble-acid labile phosphate are confirmed to be fairly synthesized in plant. 2) In case when excised leaves are infiltrated with inorganic phosphates, ca. 10% of the absorbed phosphate is transferred to organic combinations in 2 hours, and the larger parts of it consist of acid-soluble barium-soluble fraction. In this case, the formation of lipoid cannot be approved.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
301-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
301-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
303-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
303-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
303-304
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
304-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
304-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
304-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
304-305
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
305-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
305-306
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
306-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
306-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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Article type: Article
1953 Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages
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