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Volume 59 (1988)
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Volume 59, Issue 6
Displaying 1-32 of 32 articles from this issue
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Cover1-
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Cover2-
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages App1-
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Kazunobu TORIYAMA, Sinichiro SEKIYA, Yasuo MIYAMORIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 531-537
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen paddy soil receives air-dry pretreatment, the amount of nitrogen mineralization after submergence increases drastically. This phenomenon is called "air-drying effect on ammonification" (air-drying effect). In this paper, we studied the relationship between the degree of dehydration before submergence and the soil nitrogen mineralized after submergence in order to develop a method for forecasting soil nitrogen mineralization pattern during the rice growing period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) When the soil was air-dried below certain water potential before submergence, "air-drying effect" occurred and the amount of mineralized nitrogen increased linearly with the decrease of soil water content. 2) We call this critical water potential "K point." Water potential of "K point" was about pF 4 for every paddy soil studied, although the water content of "K point" was 26-33% for fine-textured soil and 16-18% for medium- to coarse-textured soil. 3) The amount of nitrogen mineralized can be regressed with a straight line by soil water content below K point. Slope of the regression line was specific to each soil studied. Slope was affected neither by nitrogen fertilization nor by the straw incorporation. 4) Promotion of mineralization by "air-drying effect" completed until the cumulative temperature above 15℃ reached 150-210 degree・days. This cumulative temperature corresponds to the vegetative stage of rice plants. Thus, it is important to estimate the amount of "air-drying effect" before submergence to determine the amount of basally applied nitrogen fertilizer. 5) Aerobic preincubation at 25℃ for 4 weeks reduced the "air-drying effect" after submergence considerably. However, when the preincubation temperature was set at 10℃, the loss of "air-drying effect" was only 20%, indicating the persistence of "air-drying effect" in the field paddy soil where soil temperature is low before submergence.View full abstractDownload PDF (798K) -
Shigekazu YAMAMUROArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 538-548
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA theoretical approach to the fate of nitrogen in paddy field by using the ^<15>N tracer technique was attempted. 1) Mineralization: A basic model formula on mineralization (M_<jn>) of organic soil nitrogen during a period T_j (composed of successive times t_<j0>, t_<j1> …, t_<ji>, …, t_<jn>) can be written: [numerical formula] When N_<j0> and ^<15>N_<j0> are the amount of NH_4-N (including natural ^<15>N) and a tracer NH_4-^<15>N, respectively, at t_<j0>;N_<jn> and ^<15>N_<jn> are those at t_<jn>;k_0=-(^<15>N_<j0>/^<15>N_<jn>). A general model formula can be written: [numerical formula] Where k_1 is the k_0 in the next period T_<j+1>. A model formula in a fertilizer experiment plot can be written: [numerical formula] Where N_<bj0> and N_<tj0> are the amount of fertilizer NH_4-N of basal dressing and top dressing, respectively, at t_<j0>;(^<15>N_<jn>;/^<15>N_<jo>)_<ad.>. and (^<15>N_<jn>;/^<15>N_<jo>)_<td.>. are the rate of residual of N_<bj0> and N_<tj0>, respectively, at t_jn>. 2)Transfer from NH_4-N to assimilation, denitrification, and absorption by rice plants: The transfer (G_<jn>) of NH_4-N can be calculated easily using the following equation: M_<jn>-G_<jn>=NH_4-N_<jn>-NH_4-N_<j0>. G_<jn> is composed of the transfer from N_<j0> and from nitrogen mineralized. A moder formula on the transfer (G_m) from nitrogen mineralized to assimilation (A_m), denitrification (D_m), and absorption by rice plants (P_m) during a period T_j can be written: [numerical formula] Where G_m is the vector (A_m, D_m, P_m), and g_<j0n> is the vector (a_<j0n>, d_<j0n>, p_<j0n>); a_<j0n>, d_<j0n>, and p_<j0n> are the ratios of distribution of tracer NH_4-^<15>N applied at random into soil by an injection to each of assimilation, denitrification, and absorption by rice plants during a period T_j. 3)Mineralization of organic soil nitrogen and of organic matter applied and re-mineralization of organic nitrogen derived from fertilizer NH_4-N: The amount of mineralization M_<jn> is expressed as M_<jn>(N_<j0>, N_<jn>), a function of N_<j0> and N_<jn>, mineralization M_<sjn> of organic soil nitrogen as M_<jn>(N_<sj0>, N_<sjn>), M_<fjn> of organic nitrogen derived from fertilizer as M_<jn>(N_fj0>, N_<fin>), and M_<cjn> of organic matter applied as M_<jn>(N_<cj0>, N_<cjn>). For example, M_<cjn> can be written: [numerical formula] Where N_<sj0>, N_<fj0>, N_<cj0> and N_<sjn>, N_<fin>, N_<cjn> are the amount of NH_4-N derived from soil, fertilizer, and organic matter, respectively, at the time of t_<j0> and t_<jn>.View full abstractDownload PDF (1188K) -
Shigekazu YAMAMUROArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 549-556
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMineralization of soil nitrogen and transfer from mineralized soil nitrogen to assimilation denitrification in a paddy field and in the incubated soil, and a rapid of the rate of absorption by rice plant by using the ^<15>N tracer technique were examined. 1) Mineralization: The rates of mineralization in anaerobic incubation, aerobic incubation, and a paddy field of no application were nearly the same. For this reason, a rapid estimate of the rate of mineralization in paddy field was possible by applying the tracer NH_4-^<15>N to the incubated soil. The amount of mineralization for a week was 1.0-1.4 mg in the week June 20-27 of the planting time, and then increased by 1.7-2.1 mg in the week July 4-11, 2.2-2.3 mg/10^<-3>・m^2 in the week July 25-Aug. 1. Then it lowered rapidly by 1.3-1.6 mg in the week Aug. 22-29, 0.9-1.1 mg/10^<-3>・m^2 in the week Sep. 12-19. 2) Transfer from mineralized soil nitrogen to assimilation and denitrification: The field experiment of no application yielded the greatest amount of transferred nitrogen, followed by the aerobic incubation, and by the anaerobic incubation. The amount of assimilation in the anaerobic incubation was larger than that in the aerobic one. The field experiment produced the greatest amount of denitrification, followed by the aerobic incubation. Denitrification in anaerobic incubation was observed to be slight immediately after starting. 3) A model formula on a rapid estimate of absorption by rice plant in paddy fields of no application: The estimate of absorption, P^^^_<jn>, for a given period, T_j, (composed of successive time t_<j10>, t_<j1>, …, t_<ji>, …, t_<jn>) can be written: P^^^_<jn>αN_<j0>p_<j0n>+M_<jn>(βp_<j+l0n>+γp_<j0n>). Where α=0.5 (from planting to young panicle initiation), 1 (from panicle initiation to flowering), 0 (after flowering); β=0.24, γ=0.40 (all stages except active tillering-flowering), β=0.32, γ=0.45 (active tillering-flowering). N_<j0>: the amount of NH_4-N existing at the time of t_<j0>, p_<j0n>: the ratio of distribution of the tracer NH_4-^<15>N applied at random into soil by an injection at t_<j0> to absorption by rice plants. M_<jn>: mineralization during a period T_j. P^^^_<jn> calculated from a few measured values agreed nearly with the measurement of absorption by rice plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (847K) -
Ritsuo SATO, Yasuhiko SEKINE, Hidenori WADAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 557-562
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous paper, we proposed simple and effective methods of incubating samples (soil, sewage, and microorganisms) in vessels for measuring gas metabolism. In this paper, these methods were combined with the acetylene block technique to easily measure denitrification along with other biochemical reactions in various samples. Several factors (amount of water, incubation period, effects of acetylene on various biochemical reactions, effects of amendments) which might affect denitrification in the new combined systems were examined. On the basis of experimental results, simple and reliable methods of measuring denitrification in various samples were proposed.View full abstractDownload PDF (625K) -
Yukio WATANABE, Shinichi SHIWA, Noritsugu SHIMADAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 563-567
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThese experiments were carried out in order to examine the effect of intermittent solution supply on improvement of quality of spinach plants cultivated in solution culture. Intermittent solution supply was practiced at the cycles of 15 min on and 120 min off (15-120 regime), 60 min on and 120 min off (60-120 regime) for 6 days. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Plant growth was little affected by treatment of intermittent solution supply. 2) Ascorbic acid content of spinach increased with the 15-120 regime after 3 days, but after 6 days, this difference when compared to that of continuous supply (control) disappeared. Sugar content of the 15-120 regime increased to 60% of that of control after 6 days. On the other had, nitrate content of the 15-120 regime was reduced to 66% of that of control after 3 days. But soluble oxalate content showed no changes by this treatment. 3) The above results suggests that improvement of the quality of spinach plants can be expected by treatment with intermittent solution supply.View full abstractDownload PDF (526K) -
Shoji MATSUMURAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 568-572
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen cattle urine is applied to upland soil which is in an oxidative condition, there is a great possibility of occurrence of denitrification by adding a large amount of water. There may also be ammonia volatilization. Nitrogen losses due to volatilization were quantitatively studied by examining the different methods of urine application (no application, surface spreading, and injection to soil) and the different incubation temperatures (10, 20, and 30℃). 1) Inorganic nitrogen in soil, ammonium (NH_4-N) and nitrate (NO_3-N) nitrogen had increased just after the application of urine in every method. In the plots of 20 and 30℃, NO_3-N had rapidly decreased to zero after increment, followed by the gentle decrease of NH_4-N and the reaccumulation of NO_3-N. 2) Ammonia volatilization occurred only in the plot of surface application of urine. Temperature also had a great effect, that is, the higher the temperature, the greater the amount and the rate of ammonia volatilization. 3) Nitrous oxide (N_2)) emission was detected to be at a relatively low level in both plots of 10 and 20℃, while a large quantity was recognized in the 30℃ plot. But the nitrogen loss as N_2O was substantially small compared with the amount of nitrogen added. 4) The fluctuations of inorganic nitrogen in soil suggested that about half of inorganic nitrogen that had previously existed in soil and added as urine had been lost as N_2. 5) In conclusion, when cattle urine is applied to upland soil it is very important that soil should be maintained in aerated condition and a large amount of NO_3-N should not be remained in soil to prevent nitrogen losses due to denitrification.View full abstractDownload PDF (559K) -
Nitrogen Flow and Changes in the Amounts of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate Carboxylase in Soybean LeavesNaka TONOUCHI, Amane MAKINO, Tadahiko MAE, Koji OHIRAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 573-578
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in the amounts of nitrogen influxed and effluxed, and in the amounts of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) synthesized and degraded in the 6th leaf of soybean were examined using ^<15>N tracer. RuBPCase protein increased with leaf nitrogen during leaf expansion, and changes in the amounts of RuBPCase synthesized during this period paralleled the changes in the nitrogen influx to the leaf. However, as leaf senescence progressed, the nitrogen influxed and the synthesis of RuBPCase decreased very quickly to a low level. Thus we could recognize the importance of the RuBPCase content in response to the the nitrogen supply during leaf expansion. Efflux of nitrogen and the degradation of RuBPCase started soon after full expansion and the latter was relatively active during the early stage of senescence. When the leaf dried up, it contained little measurable RuBPCase. These suggested that RuBPCase acted as an easily remobilizable nitrogen source in the leaf.View full abstractDownload PDF (711K) -
Isao HASEGAWA, Jinya YAZAKIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 579-585
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis report has proved that treatment of paddy rice seedlings with humic acid promotes the growth of both its shoot and root, and that in particular it increases the physiological activity of the root. We then examined the effect of humic acid treatment of paddy rice throughout the whole growing period. The humic acid treatment of paddy rice over the whole growing period promotes its growth and an increase in the number of roots was especially remarkable. Furthermore, the humic acid treatment increases the roots length and the number of roots. In particular, with the relatively long treatment the development of markedly dichotomous roots was observed. Although the yield components increased in any treatment period except for the treatment made on and after 20 days before earing, the effect was greatest in two periods: the period from transplanting to 60 days before earing, and the period between 40 days and 20 days before earing. It is said that in these two periods the physiological function of the root has the most influence on the growth of the shoot; therefore, we assumed that the observed effect was a reflection of the enhanced physiological function of the root due to the humic acid treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (725K) -
[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 585-
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Isao HASEGAWA, Jinya YAZAKIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 586-592
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe report the results of experiments done in the year following the previous report 5. We examined the effect of humic acid treatment on paddy rice throughout the whole growing period. The results of the experiments are summarized as follows: The variations in the fresh weight and dry weight of the shoot and root during the growing period show that the difference between the control and the humic acid treatment was larger in the root in the growth of early phase and that clearly the root weight was heavier with the humic acid treatment. And with the humic acid treatment the shoot growth increased markedly, resulting in a larger difference in the shoot when compared with the control. The effects of humic acid treatment on yield include an increase in the number of ears in the treatment from the early phase of growth with a resultant yield increase, and an increase in the number of grains per head in the treatment in the metaphase to late phase and a higher percentage of ripened grains with a resultant yield increase. Similarly, the effects of the humic acid treatment of paddy rice through the whole growing period on the physiological activity of the root was examined. As a result, it was proved that the respiratory activity of the root treated with humic acid changed to a higher level than that in the control. In addition, it was observed that respiration of paddy rice root was accelerated at the time of the treatment with humic acid regardless of the growing period. With the humic acid treatment, the oxidative activity of the paddy rice root, too, results in a higher than that in the control. It was shown that the oxidative activity of the root in the control decreased gradually with the growth, but that the humic acid treatment in the middle of growth increased markedly the oxidative activity from that treatment start. Furthermore, the nutrients uptake activity of the root was also enhanced with the humic acid treatment. The humic acid treatment in the early phase of growth increased the nutrients uptake per stub and that per unit weight, while the treatment in the later phase of growth shoed a smaller difference in the uptake per unit weight.View full abstractDownload PDF (779K) -
Hirokazu SUMIDA, Nobuo OHYAMAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 593-600
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been known that silica content in rice plants correlates with the amount of available silica retained by soils. For the determination of the available silica, the acetate method (IMAIZUMI et al., 1958) has been used widely in Japan, and recently, the analytical methods using the soil solution or the solution obtained by an incubation under submerged condition have been proposed. The latter two methods often produced better correlation with the silica content in plants than the former method, but superiority of the latter two methods still remains uncertain, eg., in terms of oxidation process during analysis. Thus, at first, we examined the experimental conditions including the incubation process to obtain supernatant and pretreatment using cation exchange resin to remove ferrous iron which interferes with the absorptiometry of silica. Subsequently, a newly designed method was compared with the other usual methods, using several soil samples from the paddy field where the various forms of silicate fertilizers were applied. Results are as follows: 1) To obtain the supernatant under submerged condition, incubation process was carried out at the soil: water ratio of 1:4, and kept at 30℃ for 4 weeks. 2) To remove ferrous iron in the supernatant, 20 ml of the solution was subjected to reaction with 1 g of cation exchange resin (Amberlite IR-120) for 30 min with occasional hand shaking. This treatment seemed very effective for silica determination by absorptiometry. 3) The amount of available silica by this method was lower than that by the acetate method which often gives an unusually high value when calcium silicates are applied, and it was higher than that by the other methods when organic matter as a possible source of silicates was applied. Above all, the amount of silica measured by our method is best correlated with the silica content in rice plants, and therefore, it is concluded that this method can estimate the actual amount of available silica in the paddy soils.View full abstractDownload PDF (871K) -
Mizuo SASAKI, Eiji FUJISAWA, Kunihiko OJIMA, Koji OHIRAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 601-606
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAluminum-tolerant (IAS) and Al-sensitive (PIMA) varieties of wheat seedlings were grown for 16 days under the germfree culture conditions without Al supply. Amounts of organic acids, amino acids, and sugars which were excreted from roots into the media were compared between these varieties grown under either the germfree or conventional culture conditions. Large amounts of the root exudates were detected in the media obtained from the germfree culture but not from the conventional conditions. The germfree-grown seedlings showed better growth than the conventional seedlings with both varieties. The amounts of amino acids and sugars excreted from IAS were of similar levels compared to these from PIMA. there were large amounts of malate among the organic acids excreted from IAS; malate excretion from IAS was 2.3-times higher than from PIMA. One of the characteristics of Al tolerance could be related to the potential of malate excretion.View full abstractDownload PDF (643K) -
Katsuyuki ARIHARA, Haruo WATANABEArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 607-613
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo prevent the extension of salt injury and mine pollution, tertiary silty mudstone materials were embanked on the original paddy fields up to a height of 60 cm in Kujukuri marine alluvium plane in Chiba Prefecture. The paddy field was newly constructed on these mudstone materials. changes in soil color, soil bulk density, degree of gleyzation, nutritional fertility, and rice growth were studied at 30 paddy fields 1 to 6 years after land construction. 1) A clear indication of gleyzation was found at the plowed layers of the fields of more than 3 years by the dipyridyl color test. 2) Increase in the soil organic matter content, mineralization of organic nitrogen, and exchangeable Fe^<2+> content were found in the course of ripening of the paddy field. 3) The hardpan formed by heavy machinery at the land construction has become soft with the development of the gleyzation. Depth of the plowed layers became the same as those of common paddy fields in Chiba Prefecture after 3 years of rice cultivation. 4) The growth and yield of rice on the young fields (1 and 2 years after construction) were found inferior to those on the aged fields, due to the shortage of available nitrogen and also to the restriction of root growth by the hardpan. It was concluded that it takes 3 years to obtain the average rice yield in this region after construction of paddy fields on fresh tertiary mudstone material.View full abstractDownload PDF (825K) -
Masatsugu KUBOTA, Teruo ASAMI, Masahiro MATSUKIArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 614-616
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Yasuyuki NAKAJIMA, Kenji KONOMI, Akira FIJITA, Yoshiaki ITO, Masanori ...Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 617-620
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 620-
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Kazuo KONNO, Yoshitaka HIRAI, Shuji HIGASHIDAArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 621-625
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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[in Japanese]Article type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 625-
Published: December 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2017
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Nobuyoshi IWAMOTOArticle type: Article
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 626-628
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages 629-631
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages App2-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Toc1-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Index1-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Index
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Index2-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages App3-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages App4-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Appendix
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages App5-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Cover3-
Published: December 05, 1988
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Article type: Cover
1988 Volume 59 Issue 6 Pages Cover4-
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