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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
Cover1-
Published: December 05, 1992
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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
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Hirokazu SUMIDA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
633-638
Published: December 05, 1992
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Under common cultivated conditions, silica contents in rice leaf blades correlated reversely with the nitrogen contents. The relation described a curve line throughout the life stage of rice plant. The relation curve shifted to the higher silica content side with the application of calcium silicate. The silica contents in soil solution in paddy field continued to be high with the application of calcium silicate. The silica contents in rice leaf blades cultivated without nitrogen lay over the relation curve at any life stage, while those in rice leaf blades cultivated with abundant nitrogen lay under the relation curve at panicle initiation stage. That is, when ammonia-formed nitrogen plowing soil remained at more than 4 mg/100g soil at the end of June and nitrogen contents in rice leaf blades at panicle initiation stage were more than 3.5×10^<-2> gg^<-1>, silica contents in rice leaf blades were less than 3×10^<-2> gg^<-1>. At heading and matured stage, dry weight of rice plant increased with its nitrogen uptake, but its silica uptake reached a peak of about 35 g m^<-2> at heading stage or about 60 g m^<-2> at matured stage. These results suggest that the main limiting factor of silica uptake by rice plant under abundant nitrogen cultivation is silica supply ability of paddy field at the later life stage. And at the earlier life stage a great deal of ammonia-formed nitrogen remaining in paddy soil and high nitrogen content of rice plant mainly limit the silica uptake by rice plants.
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Naruo MATSUMOTO, Tomoyuki HAKAMATA, Kazuyoshi SATOH, Eitaroh MIWA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
639-645
Published: December 05, 1992
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We studied ogranic material flow in each of upper (Ooho District and Toyosato District in Tsukuba City), middle (Yatabe District in Tsukuba City) and lower (Ushiku City, Kukizaki Town and Ina Town) reaches of the Ushiku lake basin, Ibaraki, Japan. The rate of human wastes that loaded the environment were highest in the lower reaches which were highly urbanized. Most of animal wastes were recycled to the agricultural land as manure in the middle and lower reaches. Only half of the animal wastes were recycled in the upper reach, where less animal wastes were recycled because a large number of pigs were bred there. About 90% of the crop residual, most of which was rice straw, was recycled to the agricultural land in the middle and lower reaches. Less amount (75%) was recycled in the upper reach, because farmers raised large areas of turf and burn mown lawns. We estimated the amount of nitrogen accumulated in soil organic matter and that of nitrogen mineralized in soil of the agricultural land in each reach of the basin. Amount of accumulated and of mineralized nitrogen were respectively about 1200 kg ha^<-1> in the middle reach, and were about 900 kg ha^<-1> and 50 kg ha^<-1> in the lower reach. In the upper reach, amount of accumulated and of mineralized nitrogen were about 1100 kg ha^<-1> and 80 kg ha^<-1> at 1980, and decreased to about 800 kg ha^<-1> and 50 kg ha^<-1> at 1985. We estimated reasonable and maximum rates of organic nitrogen application on the basis of nitrogen budget in the agricultural land of each reach. The reasonable rates under the actual nitrogen application (70-120 kg ha^<-1>) were 30-70 kg ha^<-1>. The maximum rates which assumed the complete replacement of the inorganic nitrogen by the organic source were 140-160 kg ha^<-1>. The amount of organic nitrogen generated in each reach exceeded the reasonable rates but was within the maximum rates. This fact shows that the organic nitrogen generated in the area can be used as an alternative to fertilizer nitrogen.
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Masahiko SAIGUSA, Nobuhiko MATSUYAMA, Tokuro ABE
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
646-651
Published: December 05, 1992
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Distributions of allophanic Andosols and nonallophanic Andosols in Japan were approximately determined using the data of exchange acidity y_1 which appeared in the soil survey reports on reclaimed land. The soils having more than 15 g P_2O_5 kg^<-1> of phosphate absorption coefficient were separated as Andolols, and soil profiles of 4165 Andosols were divided into two groups by exchange acidity y_1: allophanic Andosols (y_1<6) and nonallophanic Andosols (y_1≧6). Allophanic Andosols occupied 52% of total Andosols and distributed in the regions having Holocene tephra deposits. The regions dominated by allophanic Andosols were also characterized by low rainfall, or basaltic or pumicious parent materials. On the other hand, nonallophanic Andosols occupied 48% of total Andosols and were widespread in the regions showing high rainfall or poor deposition of Holocene tephra. Compared to the ratio of nonallophanic Andosols to total Andosols in Tohoku district determined in this paper with that determined in detail by selective dissolution analysis in a previous paper, we concluded that the results obtained here reflect approximately the distribution of allophanic Andosols and nonallophanic Andosols in Japan.
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Sumio ITOH
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
652-657
Published: December 05, 1992
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The root growth and the nitrogen uptake of paddy rice were measured in medium textured grey lowland soil (Fluvisol), and the nitrogen supply and the distribution of nitrogen around the absorbing rice root were estimated using numerical model assuming steady state condition. The results are as follows : Mass-flow seemed to have minor role in nitrogen supply to the root of paddy rice. Dispersion coefficient in paddy field was estimated to be far smaller than diffusion coefficient. BARBER-CUSHMAN's non-steady numerical model was applied also. The results showed the assumption of steady state condition could be regarded to be competent. Nitrogen concentration at root surface was estimated with the model and compared with that of bulk soil solution. For during early growth days, the difference of nitrogen concentration remained to be small compared with the nitrogen concentration of bulk soil solution, and was considered to be negligible. At the days after 60 days after transplanting, the concentration at root surface was estimated to be considerably smaller than that of bulk soil solution. The nitrogen supply by mineralization of soil organic nitrogen, that was not included in the model, was considered to have rate-limiting role at this stage of growth.
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Takashi AKIYAMA, Kazue TSUMITA, Youko WADA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
658-663
Published: December 05, 1992
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A study was made to produce the calcined phosphate of Na_2O-CaO-MgO-P_2O_5-SiO_2 system, by calcining high-silica phosphate ore together with additional sodium, calcium and magnesium carbonates. On calcination of the ore of BPL 67 with sodium carbonate at 1300℃, the carbonate was reacted with apatite and silica nearly stoichiometrically at the Na_2O/P_2O_5 mole ratio of 1.33 to form rhenanite (β-form) and di-calcium silicate, resulting in increase of citric-solubility of P_2O_5 up to 92%. The use of higher-silica ore needed more amount of sodium carbonate to conduct enough the above reaction, and consequently fused partially or mostly the calcined product due to the formation of sodium silicate. On calcination of the ore of BPL about 55 together with additional sodium and calcium carbonates at 1300℃, rhenanite was easily formed even at the Na_2O/P_2O_5 ratio of 1.33 and its amount increased with increase of the mole ratio of CaO/P_2O_5 ; it was formed with a double salt Na_2Ca_5(PO_4)_4 and tri-calcium di-silicate at higher CaO/P_2O_5 ratio than 4.3 to bring no fusion of the calcined product. The amount of the double salt formed reached maximum at the CaO/P_2O_5 ratio about 5, resulting in increase of the citric- and citrate-solubilities of P_2O_5 to about 100% and 80%, respectively. On calcination of the above ore together with additional sodium, calcium and magnesium carbonates, rhenanite was easily formed with akermanite even at 1050℃ and its amount reached maximum at the mole ratios of Na_2O/P_2O_5 of 1.33, (CaO+MgO)/P_2O_5 of 5.75 and MgO/(CaO+MgO) of 0.22, resulting in increase of the solubilities of P_2O_5 to 96% and 92%, respectively. Higher MgO/(CaO+MgO) ratio than 0.22 formed partially enstatite and silicocarnotite, and increased the amount of apatite unreacted to decrease the solubilities.
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Eiji ISHIBASHI, Takamitsu KONNO, Hideaki KIMOTO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
664-668
Published: December 05, 1992
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The nitrogen liquation of coated ureas (LP 140, LP 100, LPS 140, U-L) were estimated by the kinetic method under the condition of paddy soil The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) It was found that the nitrogen liquation patterns of coated urea can be obeyed approximately to the first-order reaction model. And five parameters (liquation rate, apparent activation energy for liquation rate, lag-time, apparent activation energy for a lag-time which is dependent on temperature, nitrogen liquation potential) were obtained on the four kinds of coated urea. N=A{1-exp[k(t-TAU)]}, TAU=TAU_1+TAU_2, where N(%) is amounts of liquated nitrogen, A(%) is nitrogen liquation potential, k(d^<-1>) is liquation rate constant, TAU_1 is a lag-time which is independent to temperature, and TAU_2 is a lag-time which is dependent on temperature. Apparent activation energy (E_a) was determined separately for k(E_<a1>) and TAU_2(E_<a2>). 2) The following values were obtained for the characteristic parameters. Liquation rate constant (k) is 0.0177-0.0326 (25℃, d^<-1>), Apparent activation energy for k(E_<a1>) was 69,900-98,000 (J mol^<-1>), and apparent activation energy for TAU_2(E_<a2>) was 114,300-126,800 (J mol^<-1>). 3) There was a lag-time which is dependent on temperature in two kinds of coated urea (LPS 140 and U-L). By the way, LP 100 and LP 140 had only a lag-time which was independent on temperature.
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Teruo ISHIWATA, Mannosuke SAITO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
669-676
Published: December 05, 1992
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The procedures of upland reclamation with backslope cutting and foreslope filling (BCFF) include 1) removing and storing the A horizon layer, 2) cutting and filling to create wide and gently sloping fields by grading, and 3) replacing the stored top soil evenly to create an Ap horizon. The procedures 1) and 3) are called surface layer treatment (SLT). We investigated soil physical properties of upland which had been reclaimed with BCFF, and compared these with undisturbed soil (UDS) and upland soil which had been reclaimed from original slopes about 20 years ago (FRU). 1) A comparison of the bulk density (BD), the humus contents and the thickness of each layer of the soils showed that the SLT soil layer (SLTS) is assumed to have been mainly derived from the A and B horizons of UDS. 2) The BD of SLTS just after SLT increases, and the coarse pore volume (CPV ; water head : 0-63 cm) and the readily available water holding pore volume (RAPV ; water head : 63-1000 cm) decreases, compared with the A and B horizon of UDS. The basic intake rates (IB) measured by the cylinder method just after SLT are 0 m h^<-1>, and far less than that of UDS and FRU. These suggest that SLTS was compacted and smeared during SLT. 3) Subsoiling just after SLT softened the soil materials near the track of the chisel and the standard of pan-breaker (decrease in BD and increase in CPV). There was no such softening between the passing tracks. Immediately after the subsoiling, IB varied from nearly the value just after SLT to about 1.4 m h^<-1>. 4) Harrowing and ;lowing decreased BD and soil hardness and increased CPV of the upper SLTS to that of the A horizon of UDS, but RAPV was not increased. 5) The soil structural changes caused by smearing and compaction during the reclamation processes with BCFF are consistent with the results of shrinkage tests, and were visualized with the micro morphology of soil thin section samples.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
676-
Published: December 05, 1992
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Naoharu MIZUNO, Koichi MARUOKA, Osamu INAZU
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
677-683
Published: December 05, 1992
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Sulfur and iron concentration were examined in the soils of mud-flow area resulting from the 1926 explosion of Mt. Tokachi. The results are as follows : 1) The new-;lowed soils were made from other soils after the explosion, and the soil layers were from 14 cm to 30 cm in depth. 2) The depths of the mud-flows were from 7 cm to 145 cm under the new-;lowed soils. This indicated almost the same values in the mud-flow depth compared with similar data obtained just after the explosion. 3) The pH ranged from 4.9 to 6.2 in the new-;lowed soils, from 4.1 to 6.2 in the mud-flows. The averages of the pH were 5.65±0.33 in the new-plowed soils, and 5.28±0.70 in the mud-flows. The soil pH was in inverse proportion to total sulfur concentration in the all soil samples. 4) The averages of total sulfur concentration were 6.3±3.3 g kg^<-1> in the new-;lowed soils, 13.6±10.6 g kg^<-1> in the mud-flows and 13.1±14.2 g kg^<-1> in the old-plowed soils. The highest value of the total sulfur concentration was 77 g kg^<-1> in the peat of the old-plowed soil. 5) Electric conductivity increased proportionately with soluble sulfur (SO^<2->_4) concentration in soils, and the coefficient of correlation obtained a high value of 0.947 for all soil samples. 6) The original new-plowed soils had a high value of 0.947 for all soil samples. 6) The original new-plowed soils had a sulfur concentration of less than 0.10 g kg^<-1>. And it was supposed that the old-plowed soils had less than 1.0 g kg^<-1> of sulfur concentration before the explosion. Therefore, high sulfur concentration in the new-plowed soils and in the old-plowed soils was due to high sulfur in the mud-flows during the past 65 years. 7) The total iron concentration (agur regia soluble) showed little change, but the concentration of free-ferric oxide in each of the soil groups differed significantly. The free-ferric oxide level decreased with the increased sulfur level. There was no sample in which free-ferric oxide concentration was more than 7 times the sulfur concentration in the new-plowed soil ( molar rate).
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Yukihiro TAMURA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
684-689
Published: December 05, 1992
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Surveying the number and/or weight of nodules is a simple, but important method for rough assessment of N_2-fixation activity of field-grown soybean plants. Konno et al. observed that the distribution pattern of soybean nodule diameter was in accordance with the Erlan's distribution equation. And they proposed that Erlan's distribution equation is applicable to survey the modulation of soybean. The report is intended to determine the reason why the distribution pattern of soybean nodule size follows the Erlan's distribution. The results are summarized as follows. (1) Development pattern of nodule dry weight can be simulated by the modified logistic equation. In addition, development pattern nodule size can be estimated from the development pattern of nodule dry weight calculated with the modified logistic equation. (2) Increase pattern of nodules number is in accordance with logistic equation. (3) It was confirmed that the distribution of nodule diameter followed Erlan's distribution. It might be due to the relationship of growth rate of nodule size and increase rate of nodule number. (4) It was established that the distribution of nodules weight showed Erlan's distribution in the same way as nodule number.
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Kazuo ROPPONGI, Tadashi ISHIGAMI, Masato TAKEDA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
690-695
Published: December 05, 1992
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In order to confirm the effect of compost application for the growth and development of vegetables in alluvial upland field over twenty-five years, an experiment was carried out for twelve plots in four nutrient plot applying nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium and lime, non-fertilizer plot, non-nitrogen plot, non-phosphoric acid plot, non-potassium plot and non-lime plot with compost application of 20 Mg ha^<-1> or non-compost application. 1) Each nutrient deficiency plot in non-compost application gradually declined in yield, and non-fertilizer plot and non-nitrogen plot had the smallest yield. 2) Non-fertilizer plot, non-nitrogen plot, non-phosphoric acid plot and non-potassium plot with compost application showed higher yield compared with the same experiment plot on non-compost application. Moreover, the yield of non-potassium plot on compost application was the same as four mineral plot on non-compost application. 3) For non-lime plot, the growth was different for each vegetable variety due to low pH. In regard to resistance to low pH, carrot and lettuce were the weakest, while radish and cauliflower were the strongest. Also, yield of each vegetable rose slightly with compost application. 4) Yield ratio of non-nitrogen plot for four mineral plot was always higher for root vegetable compared with leaf vegetable.
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Kazuo ROPPONGI, Tadashi ISHIGAMI, Masato TAKEDA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
696-702
Published: December 05, 1992
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In alluvial soil, an experiment was carried out for twelve plots in four mineral lot of applying nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium and lime, non-fertilizer plot, non-nitrogen plot, non-phosphoric acid plot, non-potassium plot and non-lime plot with compost application of 20 Mg ha^<-1> or non-compost application over twenty-five years. Nutrient supply ability on soil and recovery rate of fertilizer were calculated from the absorption amount of vegetable. 1) In non-nitrogen plot, non-phosphoric acid plot and non-potassium plot on non-compost application, nutrient absorption amount of vegetables of deficient mineral were on the order of potassium, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. 2) With compost application the nutrient absorption amount in each mineral deficiency plot increased as compared with non-compost application through all cultures ; also, the nutrient effects on compost application were on the order of potassium, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. 3) Fertilizer recovery rate of each vegetable with compost application was low as compared with non-compost application. As a reason for the low fertilizer recovery rate, nutrient absorption in each vegetable with compost application depended on soil nutrients more than fertilizer nutrient as compared with on-compost application. In this experiment, nitrogen fertilizer could be decreased 20%, while potassium fertilizer could be decreased 50% in the condition of compost application.
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Koki TOYOTA, Makoto KIMURA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
703-704
Published: December 05, 1992
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Kazushige NAKABAYASHI, Kunisuke YAMAZAKI, Shigeo SHIMANE
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
705-708
Published: December 05, 1992
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Haruo SHINDO, Takuya MARUMOTO, Koji FUJIMOTO, Toshio HIGASHI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
709-711
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Toshiro MATSUNAGA, Masashi UWASAWA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
712-714
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Tadashi KATO, Hideharu NAKAJIMA, Masanori SAITO
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
715-718
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Masatsugu KUBOTA, Teruo ASAMI, Masahiro MATSUKI, Akira KASHIMURA, Kiwa ...
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
719-722
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Takeo TANIGUCHI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
723-727
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Tetsuo ANZAI
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
728-732
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
733-
Published: December 05, 1992
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
733-
Published: December 05, 1992
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
733-
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H.R. KHAN, K.F. YASMIN, [in Japanese], I. AHMED
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
734-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
734-
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H. SUPRIYO, [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
734-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
734-735
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
735-
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SONG K.-C., Munehide Ishiguro
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
735-
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[in Japanese], T. TULAPHITAK, [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
735-
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[in Japanese], T. TULAPHITAK, [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
735-736
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W. VENTURA, [in Japanese], G.B. MASCARINA
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
736-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
736-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
736-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
736-737
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
737-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
737-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
737-
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T.O. GALAMAY, [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
737-738
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
738-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
738-
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
739-
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Article type: Index
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
Toc1-
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Article type: Appendix
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1992 Volume 63 Issue 6 Pages
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