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原稿種別: 表紙
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
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原稿種別: 付録等
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
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羽生 友治
原稿種別: 本文
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
107-115
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We have examined size, hardness, pulverization ratio, bulk density and hygroscopicity of 63 samples among 15 species of raw materials which were used for BBFs manufacture. The values of the pulverization ratio were dramatically increased when the granule hardness rated less than 1.0 N. The granular Muriate of Potash(MOP)were pulverized, not relating its hardness bacause of its rugged shape. Furthermore, most of these materials reduced their cohesion and, therefore, the hardness of granules decreased. We have examined using two types of spreaders in segregation extents of BBFs during application processes. The first spreader, which attached to the rice transplanter, have been performed under ordinary field conditions using the BBFs, a mixture of ammonium sulfate(AS), diammonium phosphate and MOP, all of which have a different average granule size. The results indicated that the degree of segregation is much larger in a square hopper than in rectangular hopper. It was speculated that, in a square hopper, different size of granule pile conically up when BBF was poured in, and this could lead severe coning phenomena. With the second spreader, the granule blow applicator used for top dressing to paddy field was applied for the study on the segregation of AS and urea. Urea spread less uniformly on the ground than did AS, since urea received resistance of air owing to their low apparent density and scattered a short distance. Taken together, the following criteria should be considered to maintain the quality of BBFs. The average granule size should be distributed between 2mm and 3mm. Care must be taken during manufacturing to avoid granules less than 1mm in diameter. It is preferable to have the granule size of each raw material be the same to avoid segregation. Hardness of granule and pulverization ratio are recommended to be more than 1.5 N and less than 10%, respectively. We also must be very careful to avoid long storage and high humidity to prevent melting and caking of the ingredients.
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羽生 友治, 久保 省三, 秋山 堯
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
116-125
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Generally speaking, caking of granules is mainly caused by cross-linking of crystals grown from the surface of each chemical. This drawback is an important factor to be considered for maintaining the quality of BBFs. To delineate this, we have examined the caking process of the phosphate material, DAP. In the first sample, basic BBFs formula #1 which are mixed DAP, AS and muriate of potash, few new crystals were derived from materials by chemical reaction and a low degree of caking was found. The reaction products by X-ray diffraction were ammonium chloride and sulfate of potash. The traits of formula #2(basic BBFs formula #1 with urea)was urea ammonium chloride double salt other than the compounds found in formula #1. The hardness of caking and amount of powder crystals in formula #3(basic BBF formula #1 with triple super phosphate(TSP))were larger than those of formula #1 and #2. The compound newly formed in this sample was MAP and colloidal apatite. The hardness of caking of formula #4(formula #3 with urea)was lower than that of formula #3. Apatite and MAP were found mainly in the crystals, but double salt of CO(NH_2)_2・Ca(HPO_4)_2, which was often found in the reaction of urea with TSP, could not be detected. The effect of decreasing the temperature for caking was to make it harder than at a constant temperature condition for most of the formulas because new crystals were produced which linked tightly between particles decreasing the sluvility of the chemicals. To sum up, DAP in BBFs have little effect on caking and reaction in BBFs, except for the combinations of DAP and TSP, and TSP and urea. We speculate that the caking tendency of BBFs was influenced not in terms of the magnitude of reactions but the change of temperature.
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松永 俊朗, 渡辺 久男
原稿種別: 本文
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
126-132
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Size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SE-HPLC/ICP-MS) was employed for the speciation of cadmium-(γ-glutamylcysteinyl peptide)(CP-γEC peptide)complexes from hydroponically grown komatsuna, a kind of Chinese mustard(Brassica campestris L. ), and rice(Oryza sativa L. cv koshihikari)plants exposed to Cd. In the SE-HPLC/ICP-MS chromatogram, the Cd-γEC peptide complexes from komatsuna and rice exposed to 50 μM CdCl_2 gave broad peaks compared with that of horse kidney metallothionein, especially in the rice plant, which indicated that the size of the Cd-γEC peptide complexes was heterogeneous. From the retention time in the SE-HPLC/ICP-MS chromatogram, molecular weights of the Cd-γEC peptide complexes were estimated to distribute centering on 10000 and 6000 for komatsuna and rice, respectivelty. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis revealed that the structure of the γEC peptide was different between komatsuna and rice. In komatsuna, elevation of Cd stress intensity(0.1〜10μM)resulted in an increase in the Cd-γEC peptide complex content in the plant, and the molecular weight distribution in low stress(0.1μM)was not identical with that in high stress (1 and 10μM).
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阪田 匡司, 波多野 隆介, 佐久間 敏雄
原稿種別: 本文
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
133-138
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The contribution of the respiration of plant roots and microbes on CO_2 efflux at the surface of soil was determined during a period of wheat growing in a field of brown lowland soils at Ishikari town in Hokkaido. Calculation of CO_2 efflux at the surface soil was based on Fick's law with independent measurement of the soil-gas diffusion coefficients and the CO_2 concentration gradients within the soil. The CO_2 produced by wheat roots and microbes in the topsoil was estimated by using a mass-balance equation. Root respiration was estimated by subtracting microbial respiration, which was determined by the flask incubation method, from the total CO_2 production in the top layer. 1)The rate of CO_2 efflux at the surface of soil ranged from 0.11 to 0.20 mg CO_2 m^<-2>s^<-1>. It increased with an increase of soil water suction of the topsoil. 2)The rate of CO_2 production in the top 0.25 m layer ranged from 0.10 to 0.25 mg CO_2 m^<-2>s^<-1>. It increased from the heading stage to the ripening stage when the water suction in the topsoil increased and the soil temperature increased. 3)The microbial respiration rate in the topsoil was almost constant at 0.6 mg CO_2 m^<-2>s^<-1>. The variation in the CO_2 production rate was therefore ascribed to the variation of the rate of plant root respiration. Regression analysis indicated that the variation of the root respiration rate was explained by the soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m. 4)Total CO_2 evolved from the soil surface for 45 d in the wheat growth period was 0.19 kg Cm^<-2> ; this accounted for 44% of the amount of carbon fixed by wheat within the period. Root respiration accounted for 63% of total CO_2 evolution and microbial respiration was 32%, while only 5% was supplied from subsurface soil. These facts suggest that root respiration strongly affected soil respiration and plant growth.
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建部 雅子, 及川 勉, 松野 宏治, 清水 恵美子, 米山 忠克
原稿種別: 本文
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
139-146
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One of the main factors determining the taste of cooked rice grain is the protein content in the polished grain, usually high-taste grains have a low protein content. In the rice grain, two protein bodies, PBI and PBII are included. Glutelins are in PBII, and prolamins are in PBI which is not digested by pepsin. A recent interest is which proteins have a greater influence on the rice taste. In this study, several varieties of rice were cultivated with different treatments of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 12 gm^<-2> and the effect of these nitrogen treatments on the protein contents in the grain was investigated. The proteins in the polished rice(polishing yield of 90%)were analysed by the extraction method including the pepsin digestion. Prolamin was the residual proteins after pepsin digestion. The contents of albumin(water-soluble protein)+ globulin(salt-soluble protein), glutelin and prolamin were increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer particularly by late application, but the proportions of the individual proteins in the total protein were almost constant at any nitrogen treatment. However, the percentages of prolamin in the total protein changed with varieties and years. They were about 18% in Takanari, an indica variety, and about 10% in Koshihikari and Kinmaze, japonica varieties, in 1994, and those in Koshihikari were 10.0-11.2% in 1991 and 1994, and 6.2-7.3% in 1990, 1992 and 1993. They were lower in unfilled rice(brown rice size below 1.8mm)than in filled rice(more than 1.8 mm)and were lower in the inferior spikelets that the superior spikelets when examined in Koshihikari. Since prolamins accumulate in the later stage of grain filling than gluatelin, it is inferred that the grains which mature late have the low prolamin fraction.
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建部 雅子, 佐藤 信仁, 石井 かおる, 米山 忠克
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
147-154
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Previously, we reported that the content of total oxalic acid of spinach in the solution culture decreased along with increasing ratios of NH_4-N to NO_3-N in the solution. In the present field study, we attempted to decrease the content of oxalic acid of spinach by growing with slow-releasing fertilizers, since we could expect the absorption of NH_4-N by spinach just after being released from these fertilizers. Three cultivars of spinach were grown in an Ando soil with ammonium sulfate(AS), coated urea(CU)and coated ammonium phosphate(CAP), at 15 g N m^<-2>. The seeds were sown on the top of the row and the fertilizers were applied 6 cm below the seeds with 10 cm width. NH_4-N and NO_3-N in the soil block which contained the fertilizers were extracted with a 100 g L^<-1> KCl solution and measured colorimetrically. The NH_4-N contents 22 d after fertilizing were 1.9mg/100 g dry soil in the AS plot, but they were 10.0 and 16.3 mg/100 g dry soil in the CU and CAP plots, respectively, and a significant content of NH_4-N(16.1 mg/100 g dry soil)was detected only in the CAP at harvest. It was thought that a part of these NH_4-N were absorbed by spinach before nitrification. The contents of oxalic acid in the CU and CAP plots, compared with those in the AS plot, were remarkably decreased in spinach applied with CAP(47-72% of the value found in the AS plot). Nitrate was further decreased and sugar was increased in the both CU and CAP plots in two cultivars, and total ascorbic acid was increased in the CU plot in three cultivars. So application of slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizers induced a desirable effect on the quality of spinach.
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山田 秀和, 臼杵 学, 橋内 和美, 梶山 新, 米林 甲陽
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
155-161
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A selective determination of elemental selenium(Se(0))was developed and was applied to a soil extract to clarify whether Se(0)is one of the soluble forms of soil selenium or not. (1)After transformation of Se(0)contained in a soil extract, into selenocyanate ion(SeCN^-)by reaction with cyanide ion, the SeCN^- was extracted in the form of ion-pair with zinc 1, 10-phenanthroline cation chelate into nitrobenzene-chloroform(1:1)mixture solvent. Then, the SeCN^- in the solvent was back-extracted into an aqueous solution of NaOH. Thus, SeCN^- ion separated from coexisting components contained in a soil extract was determined as selenium derived from Se(0). (2)By this method, Se(0)more than 1-2 μg kg^<-1> extracted from soil was selectively determined and Se(0)formed in the extract by reduction of Se(IV)with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent was completely recovered. No remarkable interferences caused from thiocyanate ion(SCN^-)which has similar chemical properties to SeCN^- were found. (3)The method proposed was applied to the water extract of air-dried and incubated soils. The amount of Se(0)found in the extracts was less than 1-2 μg kg^<-1>. The result indicated that Se(0)was not the dominant form of soluble selenium in soil. (4)The simultaneous determination of SeCN^- and SCN^- was also performed by use of highperformance liquid chromatography. The two ions were separated by reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography and were electrochemically determined with high sensitivity by measuring the oxidation current of the ions on a glassy carbon electrode applied at +1.0V(vs. Ag/AgCl).
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後藤 茂子, 米山 忠克, 山岸 順子, 茅野 充男
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
162-167
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When plants are grown on the soil amended with sewage sludge, they utilize two different N sources, soil N and sewage sludge N. The main objective of this investigation was to determine the source of N utilized by plants grown on the sludge amended soil in pot and field experiments. The values of natural ^<15>N abundance(δ^<15>N)of soils, plants, sludges and chemical fertilizers were compared to know the source of the plant N. 1)Pot experiment The Andosol with the activated sludges prepared artificially was used to grow Brassica rapa L. (komatsuna)in pots. (1)The δ^<15>N values of the activated sludges were far greater than those of the soil. (2)Addition of the sludges to the soil increased the δ^<15>N values of komatsuna plants to the same level as those of the sludge used but did not increase those of the soil. The effect of the zinc concentration in the sludges were insignificant. (3)Decomposition of the sludge in the soil for 100 d before seeding did not affect the availability of the sludge N to the plants. 2)Field experiment Since 1978, sewage sludge composts have been applied to the upland field of Andosol twice a year where barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)and corn(Zea mays L.)have grown every winter and summer. (1)The δ^<15>N values of the composts were far greater than those of the field. Their continuous application over 13 y has not changed the δ^<15>N values of the field. (2)The application of composts to the field increased the δ^<15>N values in the barley plants to the same level as those of the applied composts, suggesting that the plants utilized N derived from the sludges or the composts in preference to soil N. (3)However, in the late growing stage of barley plants, the δ^<15>N values of the plants were decreased compared with the early and middle stages, indicating that N derived from the composts became less available to the plants with the decomposition of the composts in the field for about 6 months.
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川崎 晃, 山田 正幸, 深田 久成, 新井 重光
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
168-173
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In order to use sewage sludge as an agricultural material without any harmful effects, it is necessary to estimate the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil after sludge application. We developed a successive calculation method to predict the heavy metal content in soil using the results of the long-term application experiments of sewage sludge. This method is based on the assumption that the heavy metals carried by the sewage sludge decreased according to their concentration according to the equation, m_n=(m_<n-1>+M_n)e^<-k'> where m_n is the metal content in soil just before the n-th sludge application, M_n is the metal content increment carried by n-th sludge application, and k' is the decrease rate constant. The constant k' was considered to depend upon the soil pH and soil types. The k' of Zn was significantly affected by the soil pH. It was considered that the decrease rate of Zn content increased rapidly in the soil pH region of 5.0 to 5.5 or below. According to this calculation, the loading limit of sewage sludge to keep the Zn content below 120 mg kg^<-1> over 15 y was estimated at 7 to 13 t ha^<-1>.
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三枝 正彦, 松山 信彦
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
174-179
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Active aluminum of cultivated Andosols and some related soil chemical properties in Tohoku district were examined with special reference to soil colloidal composition : allophanic Andosols and non-allophanic Andosols. The major form of active aluminum of allophanic Andosols was derived from the allophane fraction, whereas those of non-allophanic Andosols were derived from Al humus complex with a small amount of exchangeable Al. The Al/Si ratios of the allophane fraction of soil found in Tohoku district were close to 2, suggesting the presence of Al-rich allophane. Pyrophosphate-extractable Al had a close linear correlation with organic carbon contents. Non-allophanic Andosols adsorbed more phosphate per unit oxalate extractable Al than allophanic Andosols, suggesting Al from humus complex are more active than that from allophane in phosphate absorption. Judging from soil pH and soil exchange acidity, liming of plow layer soils was well done in both allophanic and non-allophanic Andosols, but, the subsoil of non-allophanic Andosols still showed high amounts of exchangeable Al, indicating the presence of Al toxicity of crops. Both phosphate fixation and soil acidity were fairly reclaimed in cultivated Andosols compared to non-cultivated Andosols.
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和田 信一郎, 古村 秀磨
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
180-182
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関本 均, 深見 元弘
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
183-185
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加藤 忠司, 小沢 聖, 青木 和彦
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
186-189
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石塚 成宏, 石塚 和裕
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
190-193
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花野 義雄, 石原 暁, 井田 明
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
194-197
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鳥山 和伸
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
198-205
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井上 克弘
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
206-212
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亀井 茂
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
213-220
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米林 甲陽
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
221-224
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柴田 英昭, 佐久間 敏雄
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
225-
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妹尾 啓史, 西山 雅也, 松本 聰
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
225-
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青山 正和
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
225-226
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青山 正和
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
226-
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中原 治
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
226-
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中原 治
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
226-
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池田 順一, 中村 俊樹
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
226-227
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R.N. ISSAKA, 増永 二之, 小崎 隆, 若月 利之
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
227-
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櫻井 克年, 小笹 真一, 湯浅 貴之, B. PURIYAKORN, P. PREECHAPANYA, V. TANPIVAL, K. M ...
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
227-
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櫻井 克年, 小笹 真一, B. PURIYAKORN, P. PREECHAPANYA, V. TANPIVAL, K. MUANGNIL ...
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
227-
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M. AYUSO, J.A. PASCUAL, C. GARCIA, T. HERNANDEZ
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
227-228
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高橋 正, 庄子 貞雄
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
228-
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青山 正和, 黒柳 悟
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
228-
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M.P. CORDOVILLA, A. OCANA, F. LIGERO, C. LLUCH
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
228-
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進藤 晴夫, 大下 徹, 松冨 直利, 臼井 恵次, T.B. GOH
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
228-229
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小畑 仁, 林 篤志, 戸田 務, 梅林 正直
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
229-
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大谷 卓, 阿江 教治
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
229-
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金沢 晋二郎, 國頭 恭
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
229-
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谷 昌幸, 東 照雄, 永塚 鎮男
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
229-230
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原稿種別: 付録等
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
231-
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原稿種別: 付録等
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
232-
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原稿種別: 付録等
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
232-233
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日高 伸
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
234-
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原稿種別: 付録等
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
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1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
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原稿種別: 表紙
1996 年 67 巻 2 号 p.
Cover4-
発行日: 1996/04/05
公開日: 2017/06/28
ジャーナル
フリー