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Article type: Cover
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Shinjiro Kanazawa, Eiji Tasumi
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
145-155
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We investigated to elucidate the effects of deep tillage and successive application of organic matter on microbial community structure and activities in vegetable field soils. The results obtained in a series of experiment are summarized as follows. 1) Increasing of microbial (bacteria, fungi) number, biomass (C and N) and enzyme activities suggested that manure was used as substrate by soil microorganisms and stimulated their activities. 2) Successive application of organic matter increased Proteobacteria, e.g. Burkholderia and Agrobacterium, that has UQ-8 and -10 as a major quinone species and is often isolated from rhizosphere. 3) Successive application of organic matter increased Firmicutes and Gram-negative bacteria belonging to Cytophaga-Flavobacteriuma cluster having MK-7 and Actinobacteria having MK-8 (H2). It was suggested that increased MK-7 and -8 (H2) respectively originated from manure and soil borne bacterium. 4) Polysaccharides originating from the roots of crops were increased and accumulated by deep tillage, and the fungi that can use them were thought to be enriched. 5) It was suggested that MK-6, -7, -8 (1-12), -7 (H4) and -8 (H4) having bacteria multiply using the compound of polysaccharide-degrading fungi or the metabolites of polysaccharide originated from the roots of crops as a source of nutrient. 6) The amount of MK-6, -7, -8(H2), -7(H4) and -8(H4) showed same tendency as (β-xylosidase, chimotripsin and phosphodiesterase activity. Therefore, it assumed that these enzymes originate from Firmicutes or Gram-negative bgacteria belonging to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster having MK-7 and Actinobacteria having MK-8(H2) as a major quinone species.
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Erika Sato, Koki Toyota
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
157-163
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To develop nematode community structure analysis using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), nematode extraction methods were examined. Nematodes were extracted from four soils using the Baermann method and the double layer centrifugation technique (DLCT). In the latter method, optimum time of sonication was tested as a means of soil dispersion. One minute sonication yielded the highest number of nematodes. In all the soils, significant numbers of nematodes were extracted using DLCT from the soils that had been extracted using the Baermann method, suggesting that a combination of the two methods increased the extraction efficiency of soil nematodes. DNA was extracted from 50-300 nematodes and PCR-amplified targeted for their universal 18S rDNA sequences. The banding patterns were quite similar among the range of nematode numbers, suggesting that the number of nematodes used for DNA extraction was not critical for DGGE analysis. Next, PCR-DGGE analysis was done using 200 nematodes extracted with the Baermann method followed by DLCT and the results showed that nematode community structure was markedly different between the two methods, suggesting that a combination of the two methods may present a more diverse community of soil nematodes. The present study demonstrated that a combination of the Baermann method and double layer centrifugation technique may be a more effective method to obtain a larger number of nematodes and more diverse nematodes as a means to represent the whole soil nematode community.
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Saeko Yada, Akira Kawasaki, Kenji Matsuda, Manabu Mizuhira, Hisao Oda
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
165-170
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A rapid and simple method for determining sub-ppm levels of Cd in rice samples by using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) was developed to improve the efficiency of screening for Cd in rice. A sample tablet with a diameter of 20 mm formed by applying pressure to 3g of rice was used. The use of a 125-μm-thick X-ray tube filter made of Zr increased the detection sensitivity toward Cd. The detection limit was 0.1mg kg^<-1> at a measuring time of 1,800 s. The calibration line for Cd in rice flour showed a good linearity within the range 0.2-2.0mg kg^<-1>. Results for the analysis of reference materials [NIES No.10-b, 10-c] by the XRF technique agreed with their certified values. The values determined by XRF for six samples of rice with Cd concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.6mg kg^<-1> agreed with the values determined by ICP-MS. These results indicate that the XRF method has sufficient accuracy for the analysis of sub-ppm levels of Cd. By a regression analysis of standard samples at a measuring time of 1,800s, rice samples that were analyzed as containing less than 0.26mg kg^<-1> of Cd could be classified as belonging to the group with Cd concentrations below 0.4mg kg^<-1>. When the measuring time was shortened to 600s, it was judged that if the analytical results of the samples were below 0.17mg kg^<-1>, their Cd concentrations did not exceed the 0.4mg kg^<-1> threshold. This result suggested that the screening technique is capable of handling six samples an hour. The same analytical results were obtained for ground and nonground samples, indicating that the grinding procedure can be omitted.
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Ikuko Akahane, Masami Nanzyo, Tadashi Takahashi, Osamu Sekiguchi, Masa ...
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
171-177
Published: April 05, 2006
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Ap horizon soils of Japanese paddy rice fields, in general, are completely mixed by plowing and puddling before transplanting. In these situations, the possible factors to cause heterogeneous distribution of P in the Ap horizon soil are machinery fertilizer application at the time of transplanting rice seedlings, P diffusion to the redox front within the Ap horizon, and so on. High values of modified Bray-2 P and total P were found at the depth of 2-3cm from the soil surface after rice harvest in the Ap horizons of 4 soils with different colloidal properties. Two, Utsunomiya and Kawatabi, have high content of active Al (allophane, imogolite or Al-humus complex) and the others, Furukawa and Maeda soils, crystalline layer silicates and low active Al content. The position of the high P values is close to the depth of the machinery applied fertilizers. The vertical distributions of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg content were rather different from those of P within the Ap horizon. Phosphorus availability to rice increases under flooding and the P sorption capacity of the Furukawa soil somewhat decreased to 2.8g P_2O_5 kg^<-1> when the soil was strongly reduced. However, the amount of P application (1.8g P_2O_5 kg^<-1>) was still less than the P sorption capacity of the soil under the strongly reduced conditions. Thus, P fertilizer did not move from the applied sites in Ap horizon soils. We must be careful in soil sampling for P availability evaluation of the paddy rice field where fertilizer application was done by the rice seedling transplanting machine.
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Satoshi Asaoka, Motomu Aono
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
179-184
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The purpose of this study is to investigate novel utilization of Akadama soil for removal of ions from aqueous solutions, especially seawater. A new mixed adsorbent II prepared from Akadama soil, aluminosilicate adsorbent, activated alumina and magnesium oxide was developed with a mixture ratio of 3:1:1:1. Removal percentages of Na^+, Mg^<2+>, Ca^<2+>, K^+, Cl^-, SO_4^<2-> from 100mL of artificial seawater were 96.5, 96.1, 100, 98.6, 96.2 and 100%, respectively. When a batch test was carried out to evaluate removal performance, the removal percentages of Cu^<2+>, Ni^<2+>, Zn^<2+>, Cd^<2+> and Pb^<2+> from 50 mL of 50 mg L^<-1> solution were more than 99.5%. The adsorption kinetics of Ni^<2+> onto 0.1g of mixed adsorbent II followed the intraparticle diffusion model during the first 20min, but afterward, it was described by the pseudo second order kinetic model.
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Shizuka Mori, Hiroshi Fujii, Ho Ando
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
185-189
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Rock Wool Mat (RWM) is used by farmers as nursery bed (soil) for nurturing of rice seedlings, because the weight of RWM is lighter than that of typical nursery bed soil. The main composition of RWM is calcium silicate, implying that silica content of rice seedlings using RWM is higher than when using typical nursery bed soil. The dissolution of silica from calcium silicate depends on soil pH, however, the pH of RWM in the nursery is obvious. The objective of this study is to observe the effect of RWM on silica content of rice seedlings and pH of RWM during the nursery stage of rice plants. The results obtained are as follows : 1) The silicate content of rice seedlings grown using RWM is 47g kg^<-1>, and this value is 15-20g kg^<-1> higher than that of seeding grown using typical nursery bed soil. 2) The silicate content of rice seedlings, grown with twice topdressed N and with thin cover soil, which has more than 100mg kg^<-1> available silicate, is more than 50g kg^<-1> and can be blast suppressive. (Fifty grams of silicate per 1kg rice plant is the critical lent of content of silicate against blast disease.) 3) The pH value of RWM is maintained at around 4.2 to 4.5 during 2.2 to 2.5 of plant age in leaf number. This fact indicates that the dissolution of silicate from RWM is affected by pH of RWM.
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Masato Araki, Tomizou Yamamoto, Yukie Mizda
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
191-194
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Masaru Akitomo, Toshimasa Honna, Tsugiyuki Masunaga, Hideo Fujiyama
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
195-199
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Shin-ichiro Wada, Koji Odahara, Noriaki Gunjikake, Shiro Takada
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
201-203
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Shin-ichiro Wada, Koji Odahara, Noriaki Gunjikake, Naoya Chishaki
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
205-206
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Ayumi Tsunekawa, Katsuhiko Imai, Hiroko Shibayama, Masahiro Kasuya, Sa ...
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
207-211
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Kentaro Yano, Daisuke Shibata
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
213-218
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Nozomu Sakurai, Hideyuki Suzuki
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
219-230
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Jun Murase
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
231-234
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Keishi Senoo
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
235-237
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Yasufumi Kuroda
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
239-240
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Makoto Inahara
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
241-242
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Jian Feng Ma
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Nobutaka Someya
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2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Katsutoshi Taki
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2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
246-250
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
251-253
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2006 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages
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