This paper presented the VRPTW-D (Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problems with Time Windows-Dynamic) model with real time information on travel times. After applying the model to a test road network, results indicated that the VRPTW-D model presented more efficient routing and scheduling in reducing the delivery costs than those of the VRPTW-F (Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problems with Time Windows-Forecasted) model. This reduction of delivery costs was mainly attributed to the reduction of delay penalty. If the depot costs of construction and maintenance were taken into account, the case with two depots was chosen as the optimal solution with traffic impediments even in urban areas where the land price was very high. It can be noted that efficient vehicle routing and scheduling using the VRPTW-D model can also provide environmentally friendly systems in terms of reducing CO2, NOx and SPM emissions

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Firstly, a simple description of the concept of the reverse logistics as well as the differences between it and forward logistics are given in this paper. Secondly, based on the analysis on the driving factors of reverse logistics, four basic developing stages are summarized for the first time. Thirdly, a detailed discussion on the necessity of the integration of supply chain and reverse logistics is carried out. Fourthly, the idea of reverse logistics chain is put forward for the first time both at home and abroad in this paper, in the meantime, on the basis of the analysis on the structure of reverse logistics chain and principal characteristics, some critical factors affecting the operation of reverse logistics chain are listed. At last, conclusions are presented.

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This article presents the study of the cost in transporting and transferring the Eucalyptus bars used in construction industry. The analysis of the suitable transportation pattern for Eucalyptus businesses in Bangkok is also performed. A Geographic Information System (GIS) program is used for secondary data collection and analysis. The modes of transportation include roads and trains. The results show that the Eucalyptus bars for construction are 1-3 inches in diameter and 3 meters long. The specific gravity of Eucalyptus is 0.7-0.8. The weight of Eucalyptus will lose by 20%-30% in the ordinary atmosphere. The average transportation costs of the ten wheeled truck and trains are 0.045 and 0.019 U.S.$/ton/kilometer respectively. The labor efficiency of transferring is 4.7 kilograms/minute/person, which is equivalent to the transfer cost of 2.533 U.S.$/ton. Finally, the ten wheeled trucks will cost less than trains as the transportation distance is shorter than 190 kilometers.

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There is a good foundation in logistics cooperation among China, Japan and South Korea. It is necessary to explore the static and dynamic effect of the logistics cooperation to confirm the economic rationality of three countries, at the same time to establish a model of the trade quantity to predict potential of the logistics cooperation. Empirical study indicates that there is huge potential in logistics cooperation among the three countries and it can achieve a win-win situation.

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This paper discusses the matter of how to manage supply chain risks in the international logistics environment. It is divided into four parts: first, classification of supply chain risks in the international logistics environment is given, including external risks and internal risks; second, a new method of risk assessment based on fuzzy entropy is put forward, which is validated by a following case study; then some measures about how to manage the supply chain risk in the international environment are summarized; in the end, main conclusions are summed up and several directions of future research are provided.

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A long-term strategic planning tool called RECATS is introduced. It explores the link between urban form and susceptibility to fuel shortages in order to quantify a risk factor at a queried year in the future for a given urban form and travel demand configuration. RECATS includes interactive models for global peak in oil production, development scenarios for alternative or bio-fuels, and fuel rationing or supply management. On the transport side, RECATS allows the user to specify the distance, mode, and frequency matrix which has been determined for a given urban form using standard transport modelling. RECATS was applied to a case study in which four different urban development forms for Christchurch, New Zealand were simulated. Results show that all urban forms would lose and/or change trips according to the land use-transport system configuration options, but the risk to activities would be very different for different future cities.

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This study aims to analyze the relationships between oil prices and automobile demands in Taiwan. World crude oil price, Taiwan's fuel price, new-car sale and vehicle registrations were used to explore possible leading relation between oil price and automobile demand. Cointegration analysis and Granger causality tests were made for demand models. It reveals that there is evidence for cointegration and Granger-causality from the world crude oil price to new-car sale; and statistically, there is no leading relationship from oil prices to the demand of car-ownership.

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Advanced Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) have been used in large cities in developing countries to ease traffic congestion problems. Congestion causing poor traffic performance has negative impacts on economic productivity, environmental quality and safety. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of ATCS on fuel consumptions and pollution emissions in a large city in a developing country with specific geometric and traffic behaviour. A large road network area in Bandung, Indonesia was used as a case study. Fuel consumptions and pollution emissions (CO, NOx, HC) data was obtained from combustion and emissions laboratory. The results found that the impact of ATCS on reducing fuel consumption and pollution emission is not good especially during peak periods that usually have more traffic congestion. In conclusion, the application of ATCS in the large city in a developing country is not effective to reduce traffic congestion and enhancing environmental quality.

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In order to manage the transportation demand through land use planning, we developed a model to optimize the distribution of shopping centers in a China's city. In the model the location behavior of shopping centers and the destination selection behavior of the shoppers are considered. It is a p-median style model, in which we considered the modal split model. Models respectively based on road network and super transportation network are structured. The objective of both of them is to decrease the distance of shopping trip. With survey data of Dalian city we calibrated the two models and verified their validity. After that in order to solve this nonlinear programming problem, genetic algorithm with dynamic parameters is designed and numerical test is done with the data of Dalian city in China

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Greenhouse gas emission (GHGs) is a very important issue in today's international agenda. Among GHGs, CO2 emission related to energy use results from fossil fuel conbustion; and CO2 emissions due to transport play a major role in the worrying problem of the greenhouse effect. Thus transportation sector (especially in highway system) could play a critical role to help Taiwan meet the requirements of Kyoto Protocol. The objective of this study is to investigate CO2 emission ststus, reduction policy and management strategy of Taiwan's transportation sector.It is concluded that the lower price of fuel is important reason that contributed to fuel inefficiency and CO2 reduction effect. The government must restrain the use and possession of private vehicle effectively to reduce fossil fuel consumption. Finally, levy of fuel tax method must be reviewed and reformed to improve CO2emission.

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Earlier research had identified association between telecommuting and commute travel. Telecommuting is considered as a travel demand management measures in mitigating travel especially work trip to the central business district. However, whether it acts as an effective travel demand management measure is still remain to be seen. This paper analyses travel substitution of telecommuting as a result of practicing telecommuting based on stated preference of the employees in the selected business organizations by questionnaire survey. The survey was administered in two major cities namely Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru in Malaysia. Work trip components include commute trip and vehicle-km. Telecommuting frequency between 1 and 3 days per week was considered for this study. The analysis revealed that the commute trip reduction from stated preferred telecommuters was not more than 10% of the total commute trips.

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Despite the popular and important role of shopping as a major tourist activity, feature of destination attraction, motive for travel, and the subject of an individual shopping involvement in relation with his/her travel behavior has not been fully researched, especially in Taiwan.This study examines the nature of the relationship between a Taiwanese individual's tourist shopping involvement and his/her travel behavior with travel motivations, information searches, destination perceptions, and travel intentions. To research on the idea, a set of hypotheses are developed. A questionnaire survey along with multivariate analysis is employed to verify the conceptual model and to calibrate the relative importance for those interrelated factors. This research finds that there are significant relationships between an individual tourist shopping involvement and travel motivations, information searches, destination perceptions, and travel intentions.

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Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing global industries. Brand image of a tourist destination is important to attract tourists. Sudden calamities highly affect the brand image of tourist destinations; recently several destinations were found with declined brand images following massive calamities. Maintaining a positive brand image is challenging due to external fluctuations and because decision making depends on individual motives. Travelers' destination decisions are attained after trading-off personal and destination attributes. It is complex and could be unreliable depending on available information sources. A Tourist Destination Branding Index (TDBI) which incorporates a weighted combination of destination attributes is therefore worthwhile. This paper explains TDBI, based on the Total Utility Value (TUV) of a destination. A visual representation of brand image fluctuation with disasters is meaningful for tourists as well as tourism planners for decision making and destination management.

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Disorderly urban sprawl in developed countries was aggravated by the progress of motorization. City planners in developing countries can avoid similar mistakes to be repeated. Since personal income level and car ownership seems to have a positive relationship, the objective of this study is to clarify the influence of rising income level on traffic behavior in developing countries. It was found that the car usage rate will rise with increasing income levels for cities with income levels above a certain value. One of the reasons is the relocation of high income people to the peripheral area of a city and this has been proven. Solutions to this imminent problem include development of a pleasant living environment in the city center so as to attract more people from high income level groups to reside in the city center area, and the compound use of city land in order to reduce trip length.

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Rural areas play important roles in national land planning. However, with rapid changes related to the ever-declining birthrate and graying of society as well as financial reforms due to financial constraints, "village collapse" has become increasingly obvious, and the survival of rural areas is now at risk. In light of this situation, journey-time reliability of road transportation could become an important key in supporting the sustainable development of production and living-related activities in rural, mature communities in the future. In this study, the importance of journey-time reliability of road transportation for the activities of rural residents is examined by referring to the concept of a time-space path and the population movement theory. In addition, the value of journey time reliability is quantified using the stated preference survey.

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To realize environmentally sustainable transport (EST), some barriers have been identified, including institutional, financial, legal and regulatory barriers, acceptability of policy instruments by the public, appraisal, monitoring and evaluation, and robust urban travel data. Most of these barriers are related to the governance, which is carried out by government, firms and civil society. This paper attempts to measure urban governance level of packaging various EST policies, in both developed and developing cities. Millennium Cities Database is used to measure environmental sustainability in transport sector, and Environmental Sustainability Index to measure governance level. A structural equation model with latent variables is used to evaluate the influence of governance level on packaging EST policies. It is found that enhancing governance level of government could contribute to reduce environmental emissions, but improving those of civil society and firms is not the case.

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The different transport stakeholders with diverse demands have different needs for transport infrastructures and services in an urban transportation system. To meet the objectives of sustainable transportation implies the trade-off consideration of benefits among different stakeholders and creates the issues of transport diversity. However, few researches have focused on these issues. The aim of this study was to provide a framework to evaluate the transport diversity in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. The transport diversity is defined as the satisfied level among the needs of stakeholders in this study and measured as the gap between the goal and present values of stakeholders' needs in the form of Shnnon-Weaver Index. The result revealed that the higher diversity means the more equitably stakeholders' needs satisfied. It is hoped that the findings of spatiotemporal analysis would help transport planners to understand what infrastructures or services at where have to be improved.

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This paper presents a study of land use transportation interaction in the developing countries context. Several issues regarding the development of land use model in developing metropolis are discussed with Bangkok Case Study. The empirical study shows that land use interaction is not explicitly considered in the transportation analysis. The case study also shows that interaction of land use and transportation interaction is quite strong and must not be ignored. Among the existing urban models, TRANUS is selected as a pilot system for Bangkok. The design and calibration of Bangkok model are described. Scenario analyses provide insight how land use is incorporated in the comprehensive urban transportation analysis scheme. Lessons learned from the present system gave an idea of to develop an integrated land-use transport and the environment for Bangkok.

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Interaction between regions is commonly focused on regional policies from the viewpoint of local revitalization. An interaction whose main purpose is sightseeing is analyzed in this study. An interaction index is proposed which can evaluate influence on the region of destination quantitatively in consideration of economic consumption. Economic consumption varies along with the sojourn time at the region of destination. An interaction model is formulated by constructing a consumer behavior model which is based on the Utility Maximization Theory. In order to develop a method to measure the degree of influence due to interaction, parameters of this model are estimated. As a result, it is clarified that interaction is influenced by travel cost, attraction of destination region and relationship between regions. In addition, degree of influence on prefectures in Japan by interaction is calculated and revitalization is discussed.

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This paper presents a mixed logit framework to identify residential location choice behavior in households. The model integrates a "direct parametric representation" approach to capture the correlation between spatial units, as well as a comprehensive structure of zonal accessibility to reflect the effects of employment, school, shopping and recreational opportunities. Households are clustered based on demographic and daily trip data to extract their different residential choice characteristics. The model is applied to the central city of Dalian, China. The empirical results reveal that 11675 households are clustered into 5 groups, with distinct characteristics in each group. Results also show the significant differences in sensitivity to female, male and children commuting behavior while households make residential choices, as well as their preferences to zonal accessibility to different activity opportunities.

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Abstract: The text stresses that the waterfront development model does not simply take into account its own growth factors but is usually required to comply with urban development strategy. The waterfront development model then must go with urban development strategy, along with which the model itself is changing as well. Besides, this text further attempts to establish the three-stage-six-type evolutionary model of the waterfront development, illustrates the development function activity content of different types of waterfront development and hopes by this idea to explain how the waterfront development model combines with urban development strategy. In conclusion this text will take Keelung City as an example, and expound how to handle aforesaid concept, making the waterfront development model comply with urban development strategy to construct development layout.

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This study aims to identify the significant attributes that influence the utilization of the park-and-ride scheme in three fringe areas of the Kuala Lumpur conurbation, namely, Shah Alam, Rawang and Seremban. In understanding the characteristics of the users, three main areas of concern are the socioeconomic characteristics, trip characteristics and the parking-related characteristics of the users at the stations. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is applied in order to delineate the catchment area of the respective stations. Information was retrieved by means of personally-administered questionnaire via random sampling and car park utilization survey to determine the hours of parking. By applying standard multiple linear regression, the attributes that were found to significantly influence the duration of the utilization of the facility are total travel time by rail (via the park-and-ride), income, trip purpose, egress mode and types of rail ticket used.

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A case study of metropolitan Sydney is given on the dynamics of polycentric employment location and land-use and transport policies that encourage such a spatial formation of jobs. Spatial plans from 1948 to 2005 are reviewed. Employment decentralisation into major centres has been a consistent objective. Changes in the location of metropolitan employment and journey to work using Census data from 1961 to 2001 and the current metropolitan strategy to 2031 are analysed to help assess whether policy objectives have been met. An historical study of Parramatta, one of the major sub-centres, illustrates the problems of implementation. Current initiatives to create the 'two harbour and three river cities' are described.

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This paper aims to clarify urban development potentiality in terms of the total number of work trips generated, which can be taken as a control indicator for the authorities to plan urban transport and environment development. Under an environment policy on which CO2 emission should not exceed a given cap for a transportation network, namely road transportation environmental capacity. In order to examine the maximum possible increase in the total trips generated in association with urban economic activities subjecting to urban road transportation CO2 emission capacity constrain, a bilevel optimization model is proposed. And the model is verified on a real urban network of Chengdu, China.

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This research aims at developing an integrated dynamic simulation-assignment model, DynaTAIWAN under mixed traffic flow conditions, for Advanced Traffic Management Systems as well as Advanced Traveler Information Systems. The model is composed of two layers, namely simulation-layer and real-time control layer. In this paper, the simulation layer is discussed in detail and numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate functional capabilities of the proposed model. In the simulation process, each vehicle is moved and tracked individually. Four different vehicle types are explicitly considered in DynaTAIWAN. Vehicles are moving along the link through macroscopic flow relationships, speeds of each type of vehicle are adjusted. Numerical experiments are conducted in a test network and Taichung Network.

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This study attempts to develop an analytic framework for evaluating urban integrated transport policies comprehensively, including strategies of investment, pricing, management and regulation. In particular, to deal with the difficulty of too many policy combinations, genetic algorithms will be employed to search for the optimal strategy combination for integrated transport policy. Finally, the relationships between quantified objectives, policy combinations, and assessment performances would be analyzed using the proposed model in this study. The results can also provide a reference to decision makers when drafting urban integrated transport policies.

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This study first re-examined the relationship between urban density and per capita car use which most of previous studies supported. We showed that the relationship was also interpreted as one between total urban area and total car kilometers. Next, with person trip surveys conducted in Asian and American mega-cities, the factors affecting both total urban area and total car kilometers were analyzed. We studied total urban area and total car kilometers, and their relationship with average travel speed and modal split, which were found to significantly affect these elements. Finally, we revealed that increase in average travel speed and car share contributed to the expansion of both total urban area and total car kilometers. Also, to supply efficient public transportation, in terms of travel speed, could have the effect of constraining urban area and car use.

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The Jakarta's 2005 bylaw on air pollution control, stipulates that all private car owners must get their vehicles emission tested twice a year. The vehicle owners will be given a certificate, as a requirement to extend the vehicle's registration. This paper describes an initial analysis of vehicle characteristics which influence to emission testing results. Analysis was done by using on-road emission measurements at nine major roads in Jakarta city and its surrounding cities. We apply bivariate probit model for the likelihood of CO and HC emission violations given a set of vehicles characteristics. The vehicle age, non-sedan, fuel type, carburetor and lambda all play a significant role in the determining the probability of emission test failure. However, we didn't find a significant effect of engine size on HC emission test failure. The results of study can be used as a preliminary review of the implementation of new regulation in Jakarta city.

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This paper aimed to assess the actual situation of environmental conservation projects for protecting roadside's natural environment and the ecosystem all over the Japan. Creating habitat for specific creatures and biotope for various species is being carried-out as the part of environmental conservation projects for restoring the affected environment of past developments. Recently, these projects have been actively implemented. However, the actual state of how these projects were conducted has never been fully reviewed. Therefore, field surveys and consultations to the developers who were in-charge of environmental conservation projects were conducted for analyzing the actual situation and clarifying the problems. As a result, it was concluded that it is necessary to establish the manual for developing habitat and biotope because most of these projects have not established any conservation goals and few have made plans not considering the harmony with the environment.

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This paper suggests a method in forecasting international tourism demand. The forecasting model has two stages of estimation. First stage is the "International Trip Generation". We explained this by using a logistic curve. Second, we proceed to find out the travel destination by using the aggregate logit model. Results for the forecast of tourists coming to Japan led to two main conclusions. 1) The number of tourists from every Asian country shows a growing tendency until 2030. 2) Moreover, the rate of tourist visiting Japan will decrease gradually compared to other regions such as North America where the rate is steadily increasing.

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Distribution of employment and its impacts on commuting and residential location choices are examined for Tokyo metropolitan area. Tokyo central area has preserved its primary role, besides jobs have evidently clustered nearby major rail stations. Therefore, Tokyo constitutes good example amongst poly-centric North America cities (with huge literature) for its extensive railway network. Analysis on employment distribution by clustering zones into four tiers reveals that Tokyo has accommodated half of its employment stock in central area. During 1960s and 1970s, degree of decentralization was higher than since second half of 1980s. Decentralization process of employment and associated commuting patterns have been well characterized by railways. Despite decentralization, residential location choices and railway improvements have not witnessed unsustainable results. Trip times have rather remained stable and public transport mode share has been uniform over metropolitan area.

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The paper describes the methodology that underpins an EASTS International Collaborative Research Activity (ICRA) on the dynamics of poly-centric employment formation and associated land-use and transport policies. The selection of metropolitan case studies is explained. The general forces that have lead to the decentralization employment from predominantly mono-centric city structures to poly-centric nodal structures or to dispersed employment patterns are outlined. Planning represents a market intervention and the methodology of the comparison of urban policy is presented. Indicative results are presented for 10 cities from Asia and Australia. A critical commentary is made on the barriers to implementing major employment centres embedded in spatial plans. The conclusions deal with first evaluation and discuss further research into policy analysis on this EASTS IRCA.

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Modeling for the transport disadvantaged (TD) is relatively new subject since the 2000. The study aimed to discuss the simulation results of what the required transportation needs would be when also presumed suppressed demand of the TD are added. The underlying assumption is that the travel conditions of those TD groups must be equated to the normal demand, called full release. Based on the modeling approach for the TD, this task of equity could be realized elaborating special case of the elderly and disabled groups with some interesting results such as slightly increased costs, traffic and congestion, knowing also their locations.

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Factors influencing poly-centric employment formation in metropolitan regions are identified and explained. Less is known about the dynamics of change in cities of the developing world so a comparative study was proposed that was successfully funded by EASTS International Collaborative Research Activity (ICRA). A common analytical framework is outlined. This paper presents preliminary empirical findings for rank-size distributions of employment and for employment specific preference functions for the journey from work to home. Comparative findings are presented and interpreted for Bangkok, Canberra, Dalian, Delhi, Istanbul, Sapporo, Sydney, and Tokyo. Directions for on-going research are outlined.

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Korea opened express rail in 2004. It calls KTX(Korea Train Express). Ever since the average speed of train has been improved and bridges occupied in roadbed thereby have been increased. As the number of railroad bridge increases, the undeveloped space under railway increases. However, a standard regarding to developing the space under railway is not prepared yet in Korea. This paper investigates current used or undeveloped space under railway in Korea. The utilizing methods are classified into 2; structural types of bridges and location types. It suggests some cases to develop the space under railway properly.

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Population aging and population decline, coupled with a saturation of the Japanese economy and declining fiscal revenue to maintain the existing infrastructure, pose particular problems in suburban areas. A new planning philosophy based on planned-retreat and planned re-concentration is described. To evaluate and identify suitable areas, a tool for planning decision is provided. In this paper, the previously proposed framework (Kachi et al, 2005) is applied in order to identify the planned retreat and re-concentration areas with the index for social cost effectiveness of Quality of Life (QOL) derived from the given maximization problem. The case study of a rural small-sized city in Japan shows that the clustered urban spatial configuration is appropriate in terms of social cost effectiveness of QOL, although QOL in the suburban areas is higher than that of in the city center.

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This paper aims to evaluate environmental efficiency of transportation systems by integrating a multiple-output stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model with a structural equation model (SEM) to flexibly incorporate cause-effect relationships among various factors influencing traffic emissions. The SEM is firstly specified to illustrate such complex interrelations and the calculated latent variables are taken as the inputs to SFA model. A SFA model, named the distance function approach which can accommodate multiple inputs and multiple outputs, is adopted to calculate efficiency scores in transport sectors at different cities. To examine the model performance, an empirical study is carried out considering three types of emissions, i.e., CO, VHC and NOx, based on the Millennium Cities Database. The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed. Efficiencies in transport sectors are compared and it is found that cities in developed countries do not consistently show higher efficiency than other developing cities.

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This study attempts to develop a macro-level car ownership model using a bi-level optimization modeling approach. The upper level of the bi-level model deals with a maximum problem of zonal car ownership. Objective function is the total zonal car ownership and the constraints are the legalized standard of air quality and the frontier emissions estimated using a stochastic frontier analysis approach. The lower level is a user equilibrium assignment model. Pollutant concentrations are estimated using an artificial neural network model. The interdependencies of car ownership, traffic flow, and the emissions and pollutant concentrations are logically represented based on an iterated optimization process. The final optimized car ownership can be used as a benchmark of realizing environmental sustainable transportation systems. Based on the data collected in Dalian, China and the Millennium Cities Database, the effectiveness of the proposed car ownership model was empirically confirmed.

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Redevelopment of the port city waterfront has created high-profile cases around the world. Authorities are facing challenges of linking port and urban functions, maximizing utilities of available port city resources, and creating a built environment best for all relevant stakeholders. It is argued that for all parties to truly benefit from the redevelopment, the government should approach the planning systematically in a top-down and comprehensive manner. By dividing into functional developmental parcels on the waterfront, the development is held responsible by various participants. This paper investigates waterfront redevelopment from the perspective of socioeconomic trend. From the concept of Alvin Toffler's waves, three value-added stages and their six sub-categories of waterfront development are identified. Comparing waterfronts in various economic regions, incentives and contents of the redevelopment are discussed.

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A city has a very complex transportation network. It is very hard for city planners to evaluate it in both micro scale and macro scale and so far most of these works have been done empirically. In this study a new method named Distributive Continuous Fractal Analysis will be introduced to evaluate the transportation networks. Previous researches treat a city as a whole and did fractal analyses between cities. This study tries to treat a city as distributive continuous space and deploys the fractal analysis on every piece of space. With the power of high end computer and GIS platform this analysis can be done in few hours and shows the results to the planners visually. Comparing with the other subsystems will make the policy maker or planner see the detailed situations of a city more clearly and intuitively and they can easily make some decisions or predictions.

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In order to study the dynamics of employment distribution over NCT Delhi and to assess the policies outlined for Delhi, certain specific metrics are employed. These include the rank-size distribution and the employment specific preference functions. Results indicate towards the formation of employment centers within Delhi, other than the CBD. Accessibility is an important component of Quality of Life (QoL), which may influence the choice of residential areas. Accessibility indices for different types of land-use activities, i.e. work, education, health and commercial centers are estimated. Accessibility to work has been perceived as the most important by the respondents in Delhi, underpinning the need to investigate job agglomerations in a city where city limits are expanding to accommodate more job opportunities. Transport policies aim to integrate the NCT and the NCR with special focus on the satellite cities, which show high concentration of work centers.

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Public involvement (PI) has recently been adopted in planning process of transportation infrastructure development in Japan. However, PI communication still remains one-way and is limited. This study defines such PI as conventional PI, and proposes more effective PI, defined as substantive PI. It points out that conventional PI has problems of procedural justice and creates causes of disputes due to concerns about plans' potential adverse impact. It also discusses importance of process-control to improve procedural justice and effectiveness of creative problem-solving methods through interest-based communication in negotiation theory. It further analyzes policies to alleviate the impact in welfare economic perspective, and indicates possibility of mitigation policies to relieve external cost and increase social surplus. Finally, it proposes requirements for substantive PI, which effectively prevents public disputes based on prior analyses.

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In the Philippines, the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991 defines local development as the main responsibility of local government units and provides for increased local autonomy. However, there is still a great lack of awareness among local governments in pursuing Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) as integral part of the local development process. At the metropolitan level, disjointed policies and uncoordinated mechanisms diminish local efforts in addressing urban issues that have metro-wide impacts, including road traffic congestion and air pollution due to vehicular emission. This paper examines critical sustainable transport and governance issues in Metro Manila and presents possible approaches for effectively pursuing EST in the context of effective metropolitan development.

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The aim of this paper is to open the debate on the future mobility of New Zealanders based on oil depletion and Green House Gas discussions, the environmental and social impacts of private motor vehicles, the latest technological highlights and some of the outstanding policy statements made by the New Zealand (NZ) government. The main part compares the NZ situation with relevant technical improvements in Europe as a consequence of the first oil crisis and how it has developed since. New Zealand has taken a different approach over the last 10-15 years by providing affordable individual accessibility to its population without a strong focus on the environment, something the current government is seeking to fix through energy and emission control measures. This review needs to be seen as an opinion piece that provides information from the past and outlines current developments to provide basic understanding to decision-makers in New Zealand.

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This paper examines the prospect of using interest-based negotiation for public participation in designing traffic safety improvement plans. Through participatory observation of experimental deliberative processes for improving safety at the Kita-Josanjima Intersection in Tokushima, Japan, we examined its effectiveness in satisfying differing interests of its neighbors and users. Even though the experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of using consensus building techniques in such dialogues, it also revealed challenges in identifying and involving appropriate stakeholders, as well as in managing their relationship. It also suggests the need for adaptations in using "imported" planning tools due to cultural and institutional differences.

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Canberra is a planned new town where there have been spatial plans and policies to implement a hierarchy of centres, including major employment nodes in the central area, and the free standing towns of Woden, Belconnen, Tuggeranong, and Queanbeyan (in adjacent New South Wales). The planning aim has been to balance homes and workplaces spatially and thereby contain journey-to-work trip lengths. The outcomes of this policy are examined using journey-to-work data from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and by constructing a mathematical model of both residential-based journey to work preference functions and employment-based journey to home preference functions. Explanations as to why the planned location of employment has not met the transport planning objectives are given.

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Many large cities in the world including Bangkok are now moving toward multi-centric structure in order to tackle with urban problems such as car dependency, traffic congestion, suburbanization, environmental degradation, etc. However, they have achieved at different stage at different pace. Exploring the city structure and its dynamics provides insight on how to go from now. The present paper presents an analysis of urban structure dynamics of Bangkok Metropolitan by considering employment clustering and commuting pattern in the city based on an analytical framework. It is found that Bangkok is in the early stage of polycentric development. However, some locations have high potential to form employment centers, either urban or suburban sub-centers. In addition, classical transportation indicators show that area with good public transport service will be stimulated in forming sub-center by shorter travel time and distance.

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The tourism industry needs much support from related industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, fishery, and transport to keep its role of recreation and attraction and to form a supply chain relationship. A proper and healthy partnership continues the attraction for future enjoyment. This paper discusses the partnerships between ecotourism and other related products or services from a supply chain perspective. A cooperative condition and structure operation model with different parties is properly described. The inbound and outbound logistics of ecotourism through a whole dimension of perspectives to set up a suitable supply chain management model of ecotourism is also investigated with a case study on ecotourism in Chiku lagoon.

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In terms of tourists? attention levels on their travel risk, this research uses the skill of self-organization map(SOM) of artificial neural network to classify tourists and explain their behaviors. Besides discussing the difference of risk items that tourists care when they fell into different attention levels, this study also attempted to explore the relationship between personal characteristics and perceived risk levels. The result revealed that the tourists? perceived risk levels can be recognized with a few of demographic representatives of personal characteristics and showed that the relationship between personal characteristics and perceived risk levels works as a beneficial index of offering customized information service.

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Many of the small islands in Japan have suffered from depopulation and population aging. When elderly people will age more, it will be very difficult for many of them to drive a car. Because of this, the people who can't drive a car will increase and it will be very important to prepare the mobility in the islands for them. In this study, the questionnaire survey was carried out to the elderly people who live in the Osakikamijima Island. Through the analyses of this survey, the elderly people's attitudes toward the facilities and the public services, including the mobility, in this island to support their lives are made clear. It is shown what kind of facilities or services should be connected with the mobility to raise the degree of the quality of the life of the elderly people.

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