This study was conducted to explore the effect of providing messages concerning environment protection on stair use. This 4-weeks experiment study invited 55 college students to record their daily traveling activities. Three interventions of environment protection promotion strategies were applied in this experimental study, including (1) sending the messages regarding the emergency of earth protection to all the participants by e-mail(2) putting up promotion posters to encourage the participants to use stairs instead of elevators(3) counting the amount of daily carbon reduction contributed by participants stair use by e-mail after reporting their stair and elevator use every day during the experiment period. The study results showed that the participants increased their stair use after receiving e-mail messages about environmental protection and providing daily carbon emission reduction contributed by stair use could enhance and last the promotion effect longer.

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This study applies a multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model to analyze tourist's time use behavior involving multiple activities. The MDCEV model is applied because it has several advantages over other existing time use models, including the joint representation of participation in multiple activities and the allocated time, diminishing marginal utilities (satiation effects), and different baseline utilities. Application analysis is carried out using a data collected from tourists in Japan. Influential factors related to time use in 7 activity categories are explored. Concretely speaking, individual attributes including age, employment status, residential area, travel experience, and trip-related attributes including travel mode, travel party, travel season are found to be important influential factors. It is also observed that the level of satiation is high for shopping activities and low for sport and hot spring activities.

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Place branding is considered as a high measure in order to expand a market in corporate management. In recent years, the measure of place branding is attracted in Japan. This research applies the viewpoints of the brand recognition of the consumers currently thought as important in the marketing field. The main purpose of this research is to identify the place brand standard which consumers consider. The weighted generalized mean formula is applied to estimate individual model for place brand recognition. It became possible to express the difference in evaluation preference of individual using model parameters. It is useful information for management bodies that there is difference of individual evaluation structure and in the rate of brand recognition to the area.

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From the viewpoint of increasing the number of foreign visitor, the attractiveness and the accommodating or supporting services of the destinations should be equipped fundamentally. This study focuses on the tourist attraction as a leading factor of visitor satisfaction. Ten possible attraction factors (i.e. natural scenic, traditional culture and hospitality as such) were extracted throughout the literatures and tourism related discussions of Japanese government. Factors influencing visitor satisfaction analyzed based on the quantification method. The analysis result showed that natural scenic and food resulted to be the most significant factors for visitor satisfaction. Moreover, visitors were dissatisfied with a quality of food and accommodation for the regional destinations compared with the city.

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Australia's office employment is centralized in its major cities. Government decentralization policies in Perth and Brisbane seek to move 20 per cent of each city's state public servants out of their central business districts within ten years. A modeling framework is developed to appraise the likely transit system impacts in Brisbane. Two idealized, hypothetical scenarios are advanced to compare city futures in 2031. One scenario mostly moves workers to middle suburbia on Brisbane's busways. The other mostly moves jobs to outer-suburban commuter rail nodes. These scenarios are both compared to a base case of continued employment centralization. The results suggest both decentralized models provide contraflow benefits, improved fare box recovery, and reduced on board congestion. The implications for planning include the need for strong land use policy to direct decentralization strictly to activity centers to achieve benefits for transit systems.

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In consequence of non-compliance emissions vehicle maintenance is essential. There are two alternatives either to repair the engine`s components or replace them. The economic aspect and emission level considerations come into making the optimal choice. This study attempt to compare the impact of several repairs versus replacements alternatives during the maintenance process and its impact on the probability to pass the emission test and its cost. We examine alternatives which mostly applied to four major components of vehicle engine in the first stage of maintenance process. The bivariate probit model was applied to examine the impact of chosen alternatives on the probability to pass the Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide emission. Estimation results shows that the probability to pass the emission test of Hydrocarbon is differs significantly when some engine components was repaired than when all new one were installed. The number of repair parts, replace parts and pollutants level also affects significantly on the actual cost. The reduction of pollutants level also influence on the fruitfulness of maintenance process and actual cost. This actual cost might further develop as the basis to calculate minimum vehicle emission charging as the other alternative for non-compliance vehicles.

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Tourism generation is one of the most important aspects in tourism demand forecasting and relevant behavior analysis. This study attempts to analyze individual's decision on whether to go on vacation or not. First, a number of constraints that prohibit tourism participation are explored. Second, individual's choice of tourism participation is studied based on a Scobit model, which includes a skewness parameter to relax the assumption made in binary logit model that the sensitivity of individuals to changes in explanatory variables is highest for those who have indifferent preferences over participation and non-participation. We also introduce the tourism constraint components into the model based on the theoretical consideration in the existing literature. The empirical application is conducted using the data stemmed from a web survey conducted in Japan in 2010. Using this data the impacts of several attributes on participation decisions in tourism are investigated.

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In Japan, tourism is becoming an important industry due to the aging society and the government is implementing policies to promote Japan as a tourism nation. However, few studies on quantitative data analysis have been conducted on nationwide tourism activities. This study examines past trends on domestic tourism in Japan. The authors investigate trends on domestic tourism and examine primary factors influencing number of overnight stays through a time-series analysis on individual level data from tourism statistics. The analysis produces valuable results offering useful insights for tourism policies.

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This study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobility management (MM) measure utilizing Green-community voucher. The voucher collects funds for developing solar-power plants, and provides discount service for customers in local shops. The system is expected to contribute both of revitalization of local stores and reduction of GHG emission. At the same time, a MM measure has been conducted to make customers to change their car-use behavior to local stores. About 130 vouchers were sold in first three-month. As a revitalization effect, one-third participants highly intended to switch daily shopping destination from large shopping complexes to local. On travel behavior impacts, it promoted to switch from private car to bike/walk for shopping. Furthermore, MM combining with Green-community voucher induced a synergistic effect of CO2 emission-reduction. These results show MM measure could realize a well-balanced region between low-carbon and revitalization.

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Eco drive is a driving technique designed to improve fuel economy, reduce carbon dioxide and mitigate the adverse impacts of road transport on its global environment. This paper investigates the effect of ecodrive program among drivers driving behavior and vehicle parameters during eco drive training. Twenty seven candidate drivers and vehicles equipped with on board data logging equipment were considered in the study. Drivers were also administered with questionnaire before and after training. The study has successfully demonstrated the effect of eco drive program with respect to drivers behavior in relation to fuel efficiency and its improvement after the program, improvement during idling stop and improvement during acceleration.

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The problem of firm's location choice behavior is generally formulated based on an equilibrium theory. However, many factors that are essential for the firm's location choice behavior are ignored in the equilibrium theory because of difficulty in calculation, e.g. the effects of growth process of the firm on location choice behavior. This study proposes a dynamic simulation model that expresses realistic firm's location choice behavior. Each firm chooses the location that gives highest utility among all locations. The utility level of each location is characterized by accessibility to CBD, land rent and the number of firms situated within the location. Thus, utility level of a location varies depending on the firm's location choice behavior, and vice versa. Numerical experiments are then carried out to show the characteristics of the model.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of mixed use developments on parking requirements. Along with the renewed interests in mixed use development, shared parking concept has been a focus for traffic engineers, local governments and mixed use developers in recent years. With the help of a case study of Gold Coast city in Australia, this study has identified that shared parking significantly reduces the overall parking requirements of mixed use developments. However, to be shared parking more effective, the type and the size of various land uses within a particular mixed use development should favour the concept. For example, offices and hotels can go side by side as the time-of-day parking requirements and peak parking demand do not conflict each other. A series of time-of-day parking occupancy rates have been developed for typical land use categories to identify such effectiveness.

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This manuscript presents the analysis of tourist demand and preferences regarding sightseeing bus service in the Rattanakosin Island area, an old town of Bangkok. Initially, there was a sightseeing bus service running through attractions in the area; however, it was closed down due to unpopularity and some legal issues. The objectives of this study are to understand tourist demands and attitudes for the service and to seek an appropriate service that could satisfy them. It was done through a survey of 105 Thai and 105 foreign tourists around the area. It was found that both groups are interested in using the service. However, they prefer different service arrangements, i.e., Thai tourists prefer a tram-like vehicle with a shorter travel time and less expensive fare; however, the foreigners like a more comfortable vehicle with longer trip time and higher fare. In conclusion, two distinct types of service would be developed for each tourist group due to their different preferences.

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In twenty first century, worldwide researchers realize sustainable development as gate of development, with tree main aspects of social, economic and environment. Concern about environmental quality, social equity, economic vitality and the threat of climate change have converged to produce a growing interest in the concept of sustainable development. Efforts are being made all over the world to increase the sustainability development patterns. In nations such as Mongolia, particular attention is being paid to the critical roles played by transportation. There are lots of problems such as traffic jam, air pollution, road damage, incorrect land use, growth of gas usage facing in Ulaanbaatar. I presented some data of CO, CH and black smoke, which emitted from gas and diesel engine. The data shows amount of CO and CH emission counted higher than Euro 4, and standards, which used in Japan, Korea and USA, but still in national standard average amount. Survey of toxic of vehicle used diesel engine shows same result. Also I introduced some ways to promote EST issues in Mongolian transport sector through this paper.

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Decomposition analysis is a method that analyzes the effects of factors which lead to the growth of energy consumption. This paper introduces the vector variables to the method of decomposition analysis in order to show the change of energy consumption in the transport sector in recent years in Japan. It is found that the travel demand of passengers has increased successfully every year and has crucially and steadily affected the transport energy consumption. GDP is another factor that caused great energy consumption during Japan's high economic growth period while it is also effective to reduce energy intensity and the average travel distance. According to the result, corresponding policy such as encouraging environmental vehicles is proposed.

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That urban rail transit brings large benefit to the adjacent area is well recognized; however, to what extent it has influence over space is still questionable, especially in a city being young in urban railway experience. This paper presents hedonic analysis of residential property value in order to examine the factors that determine the sale price. The case study is an area along a corridor of BTS Sukhumvit line, which is Bangkok's the first urban rail transit having been in service for over 10 years. The area has undergone rapid development, reflecting on the appreciated land value and increased number of tall building. Three hedonic models are presented: ordinary least square regression, spatial autoregressive model, and geographically weighted regression. It is found that the spatial effects present in the study area both spatial dependence and spatial nonstationarity. The results provide insight to improve railway services such as station access or feeder service.

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In recent years, negative effects and aftermaths that cause our environment and human health strongly observed because of the increase of car number and population centralization in the capital city. Therefore the negative influences on the environment, especially by the exhaust emissions of the internal combustion engines/ICE, are becoming the more important issue to resolve. In this paper, affects of utilization factors such as cetane amount/number in fuel, automobile utilization time, and cylinder pressure on the engine exhaust PM emission is considered as a system by the system analysis based on the results of the study on automobiles used in Mongolia .

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In this paper, a questionnaire survey for tourists is conducted with the aim of extracting components of historical streets that indicate tourist utilities in the three Koedo cities (Kawagoe, Tochigi, Sawara) in Japan. Based on the survey results, items and elements which explain the value of historical streets are defined, and a comprehensive evaluation index which is calculated with the weighted average of elements and a decision method of the weights among elements through try and error estimation of the model that uses score of the index as one of explanatory variables are proposed. As results of simulation for redevelopment of historical streets in Tochigi by the tourist destination choice model, it is suggested that it is possible to increase the index score and improve the choice probability for tourist destinations by a combination of automobile traffic reduction and an increase in the rate of stone paving on walkways.

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As transportation is one of the main factors that serving human being to achieve their activities and businesses, people has become more concern on the effectiveness of transportation policy, especially in developing countries where the economic rapidly grows, and data and fund are limited. Considering this situation, a simple and reliable transportation sketch-planning tool is needed to provide the solution. This paper examines the application of CODINA, a sketch planning tool using continuous/discrete network model, to the transportation policy of Bangkok Metropolitan Area. Three modes were considered in the model: drive alone, public buses and rail transit. Various alternative policies were applied in the model to analyze the possible effects in the transportation system to help decision makers in making appropriate and prompt decision.

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Social infrastructures such as roads, railways, and water supply are built to enhance public welfare and to develop national and regional economies. However, such infrastructure developments usually impact the living and natural environment. Therefore, if such developments cause damage to the living and natural environment, the citizens' concern about regional sustainability might increase and the sustainability of the region would be discouraged. In this study, the influence of the infrastructure and commercial development on the citizens' concerns about regional sustainability was examined. Concretely, a project concerning the development of a smart-IC (smart interchange) in a region where a large-scale shopping complex was built was focused on.

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Surabaya City and the 6 surrounding regencies have developed into big Metropolitan Area, with total population is 9.1 million people and turned into regional and national economic activity center. As the second biggest metropolitan area of national scale, Surabaya Metropolitan Area has to challenge the very complicated problem of high degree of traffic density

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Health effects due to vehicle exhaust pollutant become a concern in Indonesia where many residential building located near the major roads in urban area. Previous researches that conducted in urban area in Bandung, Indonesia, found the average indoor to outdoor ratio (I/O) value of NO2 pollutant of 0.90 indicated that indoor air quality in residential adjacent to road might be strongly influenced by outdoor air pollution. In order to measure the heath impact, it is necessary therefore to know the level of pollutant concentration inside the house. This study aims to develop model for predicting indoor air quality using outdoor air quality data. The measured NO2 concentrations were mapped with appropriate spatial interpolation technique and analyzed by statistical method. The model resulted in this study is indoor=0.857*outdoor+0.126,with uncertainty of 33.3%.

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Accurate and reliable information about the magnitude and spatial pattern in a micro-scale is necessary in order to determine priority areas and choice of transport management for the implementation of CDM or emission reduction in a city. The available emission factors affect the type of activity data collected. NAEI and IPCC provide emission factors for calculating emission load. IPCC only needs basic activity data, but the emission estimate is rough and does not provide spatial information needed. Conversely, NAEI method needs more detailed activity data, making traffic data collection an expensive operation. Thus a more suitable method is needed. This research provide a simpler approach that modified fuel consumption data by using fuel economy, however, results in a relatively comparable estimates to the more detailed NAEI's methodology.

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CDM implementation in transport sector requires information in local scale, e.g. operation of Bus Rapid Transit in certain routes. Our study calculated CO2 emissions from transport sector and presented it in high resolution map of 150 m x 150 m grid. Bandung City, Indonesia is taken as a case study. This study has advantage that the emission loads were calculated based on road segment. The maximum estimate of CO2 emission loading was found in Jl. Soekarno-Hatta in the Southern area. The gridded map showed that within this one road, small-scale spatial variation of emission exists, likely due to variations in vehicle composition, volume and speed along this long road. The results provide emission estimates in local scale that are suitable as baseline emission information for development and assessment of transport management strategy and climate change mitigation including CDM.

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In this study, we represent different kinds of transport and transportation problem occur in the developing country Bangladesh and its main city Dhaka. The transportation authority of Bangladesh is working very hard to increases their services to present a safety and a comfortable journey. Further, the transportation authority and the policy maker reduced the transportation problems a lot but the mitigation of traffic congestion and traffic accident are not remarkable. On the other hand, traffic jam causes air pollution which affects the respiratory tract, causes irritation, headache, fatigue, asthma, high blood pressure, heart diseases and cancer. This article try to highlight the vital problem related to traffic congestion and traffic accident in the capital city Dhaka as well as Bangladesh. Finally, recommendations are included to alleviate the traffic congestion and traffic accident, and to present safety and enjoyable journey for the passengers.

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This study was conducted to assess the effects of tall buildings in urban traffic management. It is also intended to determine what particular type of tall buildings within the CBD generates extensive activities contributing to traffic congestion. The existing traffic conditions and schemes were also considered in the assessment to see whether the existing traffic management system is effective to meet the demands generated from tall buildings. The study made use of gathered descriptive survey research data and information from past and current studies as reference.

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This paper proposed a cross assessment model as an analytical tool for vision led and consensus led decision making towards the quality mobility strategy to meet the requirements of both low carbon and aged society. It was applied to the impact analysis of public transport and urban structure strategies in 269 urban areas in Japan at year 2030, and the outcomes including financial balance of public transport operation, user benefits, and CO2 emissions reduction are compared among the strategies and urban areas. As a result, it was found that the three value factors related with efficiency, equity and the environment do not necessarily conflict with each other. In particular, it was shown that the CO2 emissions reduction target can contribute to the improvement of financial balance and user benefits.

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A new express train network, so called great train express abbreviated as GTX, in Seoul metropolitan area has been proposed in this paper. The new rail mass transit is different from the conventional one in that it is super rapid transit, the commercial speed of which amounts up to 100km, and it will be constructed and operated in far deep underground. Three lines were proposed on top of the existing transportation network and demand patronage and economic efficiency of the system were analyzed. With identified economic feasibility of 1.24, the system alternative was included in the national transportation plan and will be implemented in due course. Some multinational comparisons among similar and/or equivalent urban rapid rail systems will be highlighted, together with some local issues to be solved for proper implementation.

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Albedo is the most significant thermophysical property of non-porous pavements which influences pavement surface temperatures. High albedo surfaces reflect more incident solar radiation back to the atmosphere. This allows lesser energy absorption and hence cooler pavements. Benefits expected from high albedo pavements include lower contribution to urban heat island formation, lower risk of thermal-related stress, lower temperature of surface water run-off, improved night time traffic safety, and reduced demand for lighting. This paper reports the measurement of albedo on selected sections of urban roads in several districts of Bangkok Metropolitan Area, comprising 106 samples of asphalt pavements and 43 of concrete pavements currently in use. It was found that the albedo of both asphalt and concrete pavements were quite low, i.e. less than 0.10. This result indicates an opportunity to increase pavement's albedo through various schemes of known as well as innovative surface treatment methods.

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The operation of Beijing-Tianjin HSR line in 2008 indicates the coming of a fast development period of China's HSR. The expensive construction costs, high ticket fares and their impacts to China's passenger transport market and national economy have aroused extensive attention from various circles of the society. The paper try to analyse the mistaken policy of China's HSR with a special concern to its impacts to public interests as well as the long term national economy based on an evaluation to the financial and social effects for China's HSR lines.

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Passenger transport terminal interconnect is a weak structured system which is be composed of many traffic modes, which is also the weak link of the passenger transport terminal operation and management. Firstly, the paper gives the functional orientation of the passenger transport terminal interconnect introducing the concept of layer, Secondly, introduced the concept of brittleness of complex systems, and expound profoundly brittleness of traffic system on passenger transport terminal interconnect, Thirdly, the paper definits the model of cellular automaton of traffic system on passenger transport terminal interconnect, and designs the algorithm process. Finally, taking the beijing station for example and using cellular automaton simulate the brittleness of passenger transport terminal interconnect.

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This paper analyzes the feasibility of introducing a bus rapid transit (BRT) system and the restructuring of the bus route network to improve the performance of the local bus service in Yangon, Myanmar. First, we summarize the characteristics of the current urban bus service in Yangon. Then, we examine the feasibility of two policy options. The first case (Case 1) introduces a new BRT line to the existing bus network; while the second case (Case 2) restructures the bus route network whilst introducing a new BRT line. Five types of BRT fares are considered for each case. To evaluate these policy options, a travel demand forecast system, including the estimation of an origin-destination table and a bus route-choice model, is developed. The results of the evaluation show that Case 1-400, in which a new BRT with a flat fare of 400 Kyats, introduced to the existing bus route network offers the most desirable outcome.

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Train is a public transportation mode that usually used for intercity travel between large cities in developing countries. Nevertheless, because of specific conditions regarding train operation in developing country, the transportation mode has to compete with other modes of transportation, for example bus, travels on toll road. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of toll road operation to the decrease of number of intercity train passengers. Furthermore, to determine factors that influences the train passengers to be bus passengers. Case study is carried out at Jakarta–Cirebon train route and new operation of Jakarta–Cirebon toll road in Indonesia. Stated preference method is used to estimate probability of train passengers that change to be bus passengers. The result shows that 14.09 percent train passenger change to be bus passenger. Furthermore, factors that influence the change are ticket price, travel time, headway, and ticket service performance of Jakarta–Cirebon train route.

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Korean government recently tries to promote the use of bicycle. In this study, we introduce Bicycle Rapid Transit(BIRT), and we suggest optimal extension of BIRT by comparing it with the Usual Bicycle Road(UBR) using VISSIM. It is simulated difference of travel time taken by BIRT and UBR under different conditions of characteristics. Characteristics we make are as follows; the gap of entry-exit facilities of BIRT, intersection gap of UBR, and travel distance, etc. According to the analysis, travel time is affected by the characteristics. Travel time of BIRT is increased as the gap of entry-exit facilities get widened. Also, the travel time of UBR is increased as intersection gap of UBR gets smaller. As a result, we find that travel time taken by BIRT is shorter than UBR within certain travel length. It implies that travel patterns and road conditions should be taken into consideration in the BIRT planning process.

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Walking, a universally available transport mode, has been important throughout human history. Recently, the emphasis on development of sustainable societies with emphasis on low carbon footprint has regenerated interest in pedestrian facilities and creation of seamless transport systems. Novelty of research work presented here is in its attempt to investigate walking in a framework consistent with the societal influence. For this purpose, general attitudes and preferences toward walking in different urban areas have been investigated to understand similarity and dissimilarity of pedestrian travel culture. This research work is based on field surveys in Japan Taiwan and South Korea. The present study provides a three-way comparison of pedestrian travel culture among the three countries. The paper focuses on the relationship between pedestrian behavioral characteristics, and personal characteristics such as lifestyle and stage of life. The analysis reveals that each country has an own identity in terms of the pedestrian culture.

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In this paper, we investigate several aspects of small-sized converted pickup trucks in Metropolitan Bangkok. As one of the popular yet informal modes of transport, these pickup trucks were formerly registered for private usage, but many of them are running for hire illegally, picking up passengers and competing with other public transports. An extensive data collection was performed covering both operators and passengers in Bangkok area. In terms of supply, we examine the coverage areas, availability of such services, and existing competing modes. On the other hand, the demand is analyzed considering passenger trip characteristics and attitudes towards using the service. A statistical analysis of the supply-side and demand-side characteristics is presented. It is expected that findings could shed some lights into the nature of this unique transport service and could help transport planners and regulators understand important issues and propose a more appropriate regulatory framework for informal transport in order to achieve a more sustainable transport environment.

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In this paper we focused on the utilization of bicycle as transport facility to resolve the social and environmental problem in Ulaanbaatar city Bicycle is recognized as environmentally friendly transportation in many countries but the transportation policy of Ulaanbaatar does not include the utilization of bicycle Whereas Ulaanbaatar has the valuable history of bicycle most of young people dont know that history and perceive bicycle as toy of children or awkward In order to encourage the utilization of bicycle it is important to clarify the history of urban transport and cycling in a contrast with urban development of Ulaanbaatar city

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The purpose of this paper is to show a planning for a public transport in a challenging motorcycle dominated community in Asia as well as several proposed policies encouraging a modal shift from motorcycle to bus. The case study was at Khon Kaen University (KKU), in the North East of Thailand. In the campus, 75% of trips are made by motorcycle. This study developed the mathematic model to forecast the mode choice behavior between two types of vehicles: motorcycle and campus bus, for Home Based Education (HBE) trip purpose. The study was based on the Stated Preference (SP) method. The study proposed integrated demand- and supply-side policies to promote bus system. The campus bus should be free and prioritized; on the other hand, motorcycles should be restricted within the academic zones and be charged for parking.

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This manuscript presents the behaviors and analysis of illegal taxis operating at the Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport. Illegal taxi is a public transportation service operated by drivers who use a vehicle registered as a personal use car to pick up passengers, especially foreign travelers, as a public taxi. It is mainly found at major airports especially in Asia. From several direct and indirect research methods, behaviors and characteristics of illegal taxi and its partners are revealed. To understand factors affecting mode choices of foreign travelers, the analysis of illegal taxi and its competing modes was conducted through a stated preference survey. The results show that illegal taxi exists mostly due to the lack of information by travelers and partly due to their unserved demand. Based on these findings, current enforcement practices from the Airports of Thailand are analyzed to determine their deficiency. Lastly, recommendations are proposed to remedy this problem sustainably.

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With regard to willingness to pay (WTP) and ability to pay (ATP) for using new travel modes e.g. Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and BRT can guide governments to justify suitable fare structure policy. WTP and ATP have been studied in several services to provide suggestion on service charge; for example, in water supply service, health care service, electric service, and education service. In transport sector, there is still not clear on ATP for transport service. On the other hand, there are a number of studies on the values of time and transport service, which can be interpreted as willingness to pay for time saving and service. Thus, a study result from this paper on WTP and ATP for applying on MRT in Bangkok, which may be a guideline for other cities as in developing countries.

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Bus priority treatment in urban areas is seen as an effective measure to improve bus transit services. This paper describes the effects of exclusive bus lanes on passenger ridership and travel time. Exclusive bus lanes along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Jalan TAR) and Jalan Syed Putra (Jalan SP) are used to measure the service characteristics of bus transit. Passenger ridership and travel time survey were conducted during peak and off peak-hours on weekdays and weekend. The differences between mean travel time of buses and motorcars were statistically tested by using T-test. The findings showed that the bus passenger ridership is generally low and the effect of exclusive bus lanes on passenger ridership is insignificant. Travel time for buses along exclusive bus lanes was found significantly higher than other traffic (especially motorcars) along adjacent traffic lanes. Recommendations are drawn to overcome issues confronting exclusive bus lanes in Kuala Lumpur.

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In railway transportation, it happens that passengers need to wait due to schedule delay. The bad waiting experience of passengers may cause negative emotion and lower service evaluation. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of passengers' perceived waiting experience and service guarantee on their satisfaction and repurchase intentions. This study took the Taiwan Railway Administration as an example and the data were collected via a questionnaire from those passengers who had the waiting experience before. After applying structural equation modeling to test the theoretical model, the research results showed that the effects of perceived waiting time and service guarantee on satisfaction and repurchase intentions were significant. This study proposed some managerial implications and suggestions for future research.

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Railways around the world are experiencing substantial constraints on capacity, and a possible strategy to increase their capacity would be to upgrade the signaling system. In this study, we developed a set of analytical capacity models with consideration of advanced singling systems. These models were implemented to the busiest corridor in the TRA system; and the empirical results show that advanced signaling systems generally do have positive capacity impact; however, the benefit of adopting hybrid system is insignificant compared to a conventional 3-aspect signaling system designed with ideal block lengths. Consequently, in terms of capacity improvement, it is better to alter the signal block lengths according to the ideal block lengths before adopting advanced signaling systems. Use of these proposed models can help railway agencies with similar operational environment on capacity management and resource planning.

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This paper investigates different types of bus drivers' salary structures built in the design of contracts between bus operators and bus drivers in urban bus transport markets of developing countries to address their impacts on divergent drivers' behavior that consequently determine bus safety and service level of bus operation. How divergent drivers' behavior evolves from different types of salary systems under urban bus environment and their possible impacts on service level of bus operation are identified. Possible advantages and disadvantages of each salary system from the perspective of bus operators, passengers, and social issues are discussed. Finally, this paper gives basic recommendations to improve the driver efficiency for better safety and quality of services, in particular for Yangon city, former capital of Myanmar.

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This paper presents an alternative model for evaluating pedestrian level of service at the sidewalk with street vendor activities. Variables in the model include pedestrian perceptions of walking condition based on interview surveys as well as the pedestrian traffic flow and pedestrian behavior as the impact of street vendor activities. The presence of street vendors along the sidewalk is considered important in the proposed model. Data collections, which are conducted in Bangkok and Jakarta, include pedestrian interviews and pedestrian traffic surveys. Factor analysis is used to summarize pedestrian perceptions into several important variables. Then, along with pedestrian traffic data, regression models are estimated to find level of service as a function of the pedestrian perceptions of comfort and problem caused by vendor activities, pedestrian volume, and the number of pedestrian who interact with street vendors.

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This study aims to quantify the benefit of cycling space development in Jakarta.There are very few studies which evaluate benefits of cycling,especially if cyclist's conditions including road facilities are improved.Improvements on health,accidents,air pollution,travel time,saving on parking costs,vehicle cost and security-enjoyments were considered as benefits in this study.As quantifying was done without established data and value available,the Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM) including Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Use with considerations and realistic assumptions were introduced as methodology.The results show that development of cycling space is valuable measures,especially on saving of user cost.This is because the higher interest to cycling among the large number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta.This study is designed to discuss the framework of methodology,therefore the findings could be developed to be more comprehensive quantifying for the further research.

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Road Transport Law was partly amended in 2002. Then, a regulation to adjust supply and demand of bus services was repealed, and subsidization for the local bus industry was modified. This amendment aimed an activation of bus services. This paper aims to analyze deregulated effects of the bus industry. First, a Trans-Log Cost Function is estimated with consideration to a effective period of the deregulation and the competitive pressures in the transportation markets. Second, the relation between regional differences and competitive pressures in the transportation markets is verified by using this Cost Function. Then, effects of the competitive pressures to productive structure of the bus industry are analyzed. Consequently, it is found that the production structure is different between regions and the competitive pressures lead the bus industry to cost inefficiency.

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Train delays in railway system are affected by many factors, and one of the most important factors is the insufficient line capacity. Knock-on delays (delay propagation) caused by the first delays, always interrupt railway operation. This research uses a previously developed simulation model to deal with the related problems, and selects a rail section from Cidu to Shulin of Taiwan regional railway for case study, in order to explore the effects on knock-on delay of different first delay locations and recovery strategies. The main findings are as follows: (1) the closer that the first delay occurred at upstream section, the greater the knock-on delay of all stations and two end-stations are; (2) the effects of timetable recovery strategies are better in recovering to scheduled timetable when the first delay occurred at the upstream section. It is expected that the results can provide more insights about the complex interactions of railway operations.

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This study investigates the commuter's intention toward future urban rail transport in Phnom Penh by presenting an extension of Theory of Planned Behavior model. Some psychological factors, attitudinal aspects, socioeconomic and travel characteristics that can help explaining the likelihood of future sky train usage are measured. 398 motorists who travel along the study line linking the airport to the Central Market in CBD are asked to complete the questionnaire survey. Applying structural equation modeling, it is found that the extension of TPB constructs, i.e. attitudinal aspect, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, moral obligation, awareness of consequences, socioeconomic and travel characteristic significantly influence the behavioral intention towards future sky train usage. The outcome of the study can help understanding commuter's current behavioral intention and be additionally useful for future research and study on urban rail transport in Phnom Penh.

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Since the numbers of bus service patrons have fallen considerably in recent years, operational considerations have forced bus companies to focus on profitability over public utility, increasingly leading to the cancellation of non-profitable routes. A reduced regional bus service, however, not only deprives area residents of a means of transportation but also decreases the utility of the area, leading to decreased land values and large accompanying socioeconomic loss. To analyze the effects of reduced bus service such as route cancellations and lowered service levels, this study uses a hedonic approach to develop a model that takes bus service as a parameter for a land valuation function, and thereby estimates the decrease in real estate tax revenue caused by bus route cancellations.

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