A lack of tool in understanding the dynamic relation between rural transport intervention and development level has contributed to the ignorance of policy makers to develop a pro-poor investment. A dynamic model for an interaction between rural transportation, i.e. accessibility and mobility, and development was proposed with a simultaneous equation block using regression analysis and a Gauss-Seidel iteration procedure. Data were obtained from three districts in Southeast Sulawesi (Tinanggea, Poleang Timur, and Watubangga Districts), using 360 HH and 984 respondents. The equation sets were tested against 5 provinces in Indonesia to acquire nation-wide data on the link between rural transport and development. The result shows that rural transport has a significant impact on rural development indicators with a diminishing return principle. The role of rural transport intervention disappears as the mobility increase. This conclusion of the research can be use as a base for future investment prioritization and budget allocation.

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Today's competitive business environment has resulted in increasing cooperation among individual companies as members of a supply chain. Accordingly, third party logistics service providers (3PLs) are playing an increasing role especially in transportation and warehousing operations. In addition, increasing opportunities for cost savings or customer satisfaction from returned products prompts 3PLs to get involved in reverse logistics operations. Consequently, these 3PLs must operate supply chains for a number of different clients who want to improve their logistics operations for both forward and reverse flows. However, in the past, the design of distribution networks has been independently conducted with respect to either forward or backward flows. Thus, this paper proposes a mixed integer-programming model for the design of an integrated distribution network and then illustrates the impact of forward and reverse flows for 3PLs.

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In Taiwan, the e-commerce with the logistics system of convenience stores has a new retail delivery model: “On-line shopping in an electronic store and pick-up goods in a convenience store”. The major purpose of this study is to examine what kind of improved services strategies can capture more market share and customer loyalty for the convenience stores. The results indicate that the short-term promotion strategies do significantly affect the consumers' choice behavior on the pick-up point, however this is weak in the long term because of customer loyalty. Finally, a catastrophe model of customers, is used to analyze the linkages between customer satisfaction and transaction cost on pick-up point services loyalty.

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The multi-temperature refrigerated container is a bran-new technique, which can be setup on different temperatures, and preserve goods from losing temperature within almost 24 hours. Consequently, carriers can utilize such a container to hold and deliver different temperature goods to customers in general trucks. This paper formulates the above situation to the Multi-temperature Refrigerated Container Vehicle Routing Problem (MRCVRP), and proposes a two-stage heuristic which consists of modified savings algorithms to construct the initial solution and improve it by sequentially executing four interchange heuristics. To compare the performance of the MRCVRP with that of the classical VRP, a bank of 60 instances, modified from the Solomon's VRPTW benchmark instances, is adopted. Computational results reveal that MRCVRP generates significantly lower routing distance than VRP. Such a finding identifies that the MRCVRP could offer an effective and efficient alternative to improve the performance of multi-temperate fresh-keeping delivery service and cold logistics.

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This paper develops optimal inventory models for a firm with multiple items and multiple branches by taking into account the price discount of sizable procurement and the scale economies of centralized warehousing and consolidated transportation. Four inventory strategies are proposed: independent ordering and decentralized warehousing, independent ordering and centralized warehousing, joint ordering and decentralized warehousing, and joint ordering and centralized warehousing. The performances of pure policy (all items subject to adopting only one of the four strategies) and mixed policy (different items allowed to adopting different strategies) are compared. The mixed policy employs genetic stepwise clustering and statistical agglomerative clustering methods to classify items into appropriate clusters and then to determine the best strategy for each cluster. A firm of four branches with fifty heterogeneous items is analyzed. It is found that, in terms of total cost minimization (including ordering, warehousing, transportation and procurement costs), the mixed policy with clustering is superior to pure policy without clustering. For mixed policy, genetic stepwise clustering performs better than statistical agglomerative clustering.

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The Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) is an important problem occurring in many logistics systems. The objective of VRPTW is to serve a set of customers within their predefined time windows at minimum cost. Ant Colony System algorithm (ACS) that is capable of searching multiple search areas simultaneously in the solution space is good in diversification. On the other hand, Simulated Annealing algorithm (SA) is a local search technique that has been successfully applied to many NP-hard problems. A hybrid algorithm (IACS-SA) that combines an improved ACS with SA is proposed in this paper. The algorithm has been tested on 56 Solomon benchmark problems. The results show that our IACS-SA is competitive with other meta-heuristic approaches in the literature. The results also indicate that such a hybrid algorithm outperforms the individual heuristic alone.

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More and more factories operate on a just-in-time basis. In order to shorten planning cycles and minimize inventory levels in the value chain, transportation plays a critical role in the supply chain process. Collaborative Transportation Management (CTM) is based on the interaction and collaboration between trading partners and carriers on the supply chain, in order to avoid the inefficiency of physical distribution and accomplish the objective of improving the efficiency of supply chain management. This paper proposes a concept of CTM and a system framework for evaluating the benefits of CTM. Based on the beer game, we develop a beer game model of supply chain with CTM, and present the different simulation scenarios: (1) Constrained transportation capacity in beer game with CTM; (2) Constrained transportation capacity in beer game without CTM; and (3) Unconstrained transportation capacity in beer game without CTM. The manufacturers, distributors and carriers in the supply chain are considered as the partners of CTM. Results of the simulation reveal that CTM can significantly reduce the total supply chain costs, including inventory costs and backlog costs, and improve transportation capacity utilization.

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Due to the development of global industries, many corporations view global market place as a single market. For the purpose of centralizing goods, many international manufacturers have warehoused large amounts of basic semi-products in a few strategic logistical locations. Thus, the problem of location competition has resulted. For the differences of international transportation, industry, and economic environment among airports, the logistical development of airports have various stages and modes, involving various location factors. Therefore, airports should be equipped with suitable (competitive) logistics location. Thus, according to the suitable development type to strengthen the competitive conditions is an important issue for strengthening competitive advantages. From the perspective of national resources, proposing fuzzy quality function deployment (FQFD) to construct relational matrix of competitive indices and national resources factors, based on Porter's Diamond Theory. Finally, analyze priority ranking of national resources and contribution ranking of the overall national resource to each competitive index.

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This study examines the shipping demand of firms in Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park in Taiwan for using air cargo logistics services and explores what are the important factors for decision-making on selecting the logistics company. Firm's perceptions toward different services are investigated by designing and conducting a questionnaire survey. The study then evaluates the differences in services among different industries utilizing Distribution-Free Statistics and analyzes the correlation between services using Correlation Analysis. A logit model is further formulated to determine firms' choices between different types of logistics companies. The results show that the most important service attribute is safety, followed by confidentiality, total shipping time, accurate delivery time, and accurate delivery place. Firms in the well-developed industries emphasize more on the size of the logistics company while place less weight on value-added services as compared with those in low-developed industries. The results of calibrated utility function also show that high-tech firms with high-value products place less weight on charges, while more weights on total shipping time and door-to-door service.

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The Japanese Government has established a subsidy system in 2002 to assist enterprises that are planning modal shift from truck to rail or ship. Projects were chosen by auction procedure in order to maximize the impact of the subsidy. A questionnaire survey conducted by the government determines the reasons why enterprises initiated modal shift and their views or policies concerning the problem of CO₂ emission and green gas. Most of the enterprises had planned modal shift from truck to rail instead of ship transport because of the higher CO₂ emission rate per unit ton-km of railway as compared with ship. The annual budget for modal shift, however, is limited to 300 million yen which corresponds to only 1/12 of CO₂ reduction volume expected in the grand plan through modal split.

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This paper copes with freight transport network design, particularly in the selection of the most feasible set of infrastructure projects. The problem involves investment planning, which can be transformed to a combinatorial optimisation problem of identifying and selecting the best set of feasible actions from a number of possible actions. A mathematical model is developed within the framework of bi-level programming problem, where a multimodal multi-user assignment technique is incorporated within the lower level problem and the combination of actions for capacity expansion is optimised using genetic algorithm-based procedures in the upper level problem. Model application to the actual freight transport network in Indonesia reveals that the model can adequately select the best combination of actions for designing the optimal multimodal freight network.

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Jasmine rice ‘Hom Mali’ in Thai is one of the major commodities in Thailand. Farmers in Northeast region, who are main producers, have to face with several problems causing lost from their crop. One of causes is lacking of accessibility to market offering satisfactory price of Hom Mali leading to be poor logistics system in the area. In this study, therefore, facility location model will be developed in term of profitability optimisation using Genetic Algorithm technique. Tradeoffs between farmer revenues and transport costs are used in order to finding optimal logistics network configuration. The algorithm will be used a given existing conditions to estimate the optimal configuration of facility in study area. Number, location, and capacity of facilities are suggested to provide levels of optimal logistics system in the study area.

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To find the maximum social welfare, this paper incorporates the external costs of transportation to propose an Intercity Intermodal Logistics strategy where the railroad system is responsible for long-distance line-haul transportation and logistics companies are responsible for regional pickup and distribution of commodities. A multi-objective mathematical model is thus established to determine the financial profits and economic benefits, location of rail logistics terminals, and dispatching freight routes. In addition, an economic evaluation is carried out through a comparison with Intercity Logistics Highway Transportation. Empirical analysis results show that Intercity Intermodal Logistics is economically feasible.

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Here city logistics terminal is defined as the facility consisting of warehouse center, marketing center, freight detaching center, distributing center and the information center. It is a link of freight transport between transport terminal such as port, railway freight station and highway entrance and the retailing facilities. The purpose of this study is to optimize the size and spatial distribution of city logistics terminals with location model and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to minimize the total freight transport cost in the city. Freight transport system in the city is analyzed, and transport cost and construction cost are formulated. Choice behavior of retailing facilities for logistics terminal is modeled. At last a case study is carried out.

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Large truck restrictions directly affect freight carrier operations. To estimate truck travel demands, it is necessary to look into the changes of freight carrier operations after the imposition of any truck restriction policy. An understanding of their operational and travel behaviors will be helpful in estimating latent truck demands that are usually neglected in travel demand forecasting. Using data from interview surveys of freight carrier operators, this paper aims to examine the impacts of the existing large truck restriction on their trucking operations. Interview surveys reveal that freight carriers cope with the large truck restriction policy by mainly changing their delivery routes and or shifting their delivery times. Through random utility discrete choice modeling, the paper tries to determine if freight carriers' reaction depends on specific factors related to company and their operational characteristics.

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The provision and management of loading-unloading spaces for pickup-delivery vehicles are important issues in busy urban areas. In areas without loading-unloading spaces, delivery vehicles often park on the roadway lanes and this generates negative impacts in terms of road capacity and safety. The model described in this paper can be classified as a facility location problem. It determines the optimal location of loading-unloading spaces by minimizing the total cost that is comprised of delay penalty, fixed cost, operation cost, parking fee and waiting cost of both pickup-delivery vehicles as well as passenger cars. Furthermore this model takes into account both the behavior of pickup-delivery vehicles and that of passenger cars. Using a test road network the model was able to determine a configuration of parking spaces that achieved a cost reduction of approximately 16%.

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Infrastructure suppliers and operators, either government utilities or private enterprise, need to be involved in strategic freight processes at the urban scale. This is to ensure that infrastructure investment remains effective in facilitating whole network access and minimizing impacts in often congested and competitive networks. Infrastructure suppliers and operators need to be equipped with a capacity to gauge demand matching and demand steering concerns. In Australia, strategic urban planning, especially the freight task, remains piecemeal. This potentially leads to infrastructure investments that neglect or exacerbate existing system deficiencies. We analyze existing system conditions for the Port-Landside network and arrangements in Sydney. From a review of current freight modeling capacity, we develop a freight modeling taxonomy. This taxonomy is translated into a functional specification for infrastructure suppliers and operators through an analysis of their modeling needs with respect to inter-modalism. We present this as a general freight transportation infrastructure planning procedure.

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Freight movement is a dynamic process involving with complex interaction among many agents by which the commodities are flowed through supply chains. Simulation based model allows such dynamic and complex interaction system to be undertaken. Simulation based multi-agent approach is therefore utilized to model the behaviors of agents and their interactions in supply chains in order that the mechanism of freight movement is better demonstrated. This model simulates day-to-day activities of agents (including, retailers, manufacturers, and suppliers) in product acquisition, production, and distribution. Systematic framework of the proposed model permits wide variety of application. Feedback and learning of freight agents and variation in freight traffic demand can be captured by the proposed model. This paper discusses the on-going research of supply chain simulation and provides the modeling framework, mathematical formulation, and the application of the model to the supply chain of food industry in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

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This study examined the impact of Information and Communication technology (ICT) on urban logistics system in Metro Manila. This was done by conducting a survey to 114 companies with focus on ICT logistics users on their use of ICT by getting the types of ICT use, the application areas, the barriers and future applications from ICT use by the private sectors. One of the major findings of the research is the impact level on ICT use by private firms in Metro Manila which falls into moderate impact and majority of the tested variables showed that no significant differences on the level of impacts on ICT use between firm types and sizes. Government perception and awareness was also considered to know if there are existing policies and initiatives that focus on monitoring the use of ICT in logistics. Case study of innovative ICT transport/logistic user was done to develop insights into how the technology impacts operational relations in the logistics chain and how technology can leverage operations management in a synergistic manner.

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This paper presents a meta-heuristic, which is based on the Threshold Accepting combined with modified Nearest Neighbor and Exchange procedures, to solve the Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls and Time Windows (VRPBTW). The VRPBTW assumes that trucks initially start from the depot, deliver goods to the linehaul customers, successively pickup goods from the backhaul consumers, and finally return to depot. Eighty-one instances are generated to identify the performance of the proposed meta-heuristic. Four experiments are designed and related parameters are set. Numerical results imply the following conclusions: (1) modified Nearest Neighbor procedures are superior to the traditional Nearest Neighbor; (2) among three TA frameworks, TA2 experiences better performance than others; and (3) the average fleet size is reduced from 18.54 to 15.18 and the average routing time is diminished from 1770.83 to 1267.09. In sum, the proposed TA meta-heuristic actually provides an efficient and robust tool for VRPBTW applications.

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Consider a congested urban logistics network with one depot and many geographically dispersed retailers facing demands at constant and deterministic rate over a period of planning horizon, but the lead time is variable due to traffic congestion. All stock enters the logistics network through the depot and from where it is distributed to the retailers by a fleet of vehicles. In this paper, we propose a new class of strategies for giving the optimal inventory replenishments for each retailer while the efficient delivery design is taken into account such that the minimization of total inventory cost and transportation cost is achieved. A mathematical program is formulated for this combined problem and a new class of iterative solution strategies is developed. Numerical computations are conducted and the proposed strategies obtain better results in comparison with other alternative with reasonable computational efforts.

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This paper presents the performance of the Probabilistic Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW-P) model which takes into account the uncertainty of travel times through case studies. Probe vehicle data of travel times were obtained from actual operation of pickup-delivery truck in South-Osaka area. VICS (Vehicle Information Communication System) also provides travel times for some links in the same area. With these travel time information, the optimal solution of VRPTW-P resulted in considerably reducing total costs, travel times and CO₂, NO_X and SPM emissions compared with expected average case based on the real operation. This is attributed to better routing of VRPTW-P to choose more reliable roads. Therefore, VRPTW-P can contribute to establish efficient and environmentally friendly delivery systems in urban area. In particular delay penalty was considerably reduced.

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In this paper, we examined a methodology for evaluating city logistics measures while considering the behavior of several stakeholders associated with urban freight transport. We considered five stakeholders of administrators, residents, shippers, freight carriers and urban expressway operators. We assumed that they behaved on the basis of their own criteria for evaluating the effects of city logistics measures, and organized the interaction among these stakeholders. We performed simulation on test road network and implemented truck ban and tolling of urban expressway as city logistics measures. Results indicated that implementation of these measures did not improve the conditions of all stakeholders exactly but it was favorable for them approximately. Also, we could point out that truck ban had an effect to disperse the zones that residents make a complaint and provide an equal environment for residents.

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This study aims to optimize road traffic flow and forecast the maximum car ownership accommodated in a city to satisfy environmental requirement and quantify road traffic capacity. A bi-level optimization model is established, where upper level is a maximum car ownership model, whose objective function is the total zonal car ownerships and the constraint is that traffic environment load on a link should not exceed the transportation environmental capacity, while lower level is a fixed demand user equilibrium assignment model, which simulates travelers' path choice behavior. To realize the feedback between the two levels and solve the optimization problems simultaneously, an optimal algorithm based on sensitivity analysis was developed, namely acquire derivative function of link volume and traffic demand with respect to zonal car ownership, and feedback the function into upper level program. Finally, we verify the bi-level model and the algorithm with a case study.

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Most of studies on Mitigation Banking System (MBS) which is the mechanism to compensate the environment destroyed by development in the U.S. mainly focus on its advantages, limitations and administrative viewpoints, although its remarkable futures is the application of market mechanism. Few studies discuss the economic impacts on each stakeholder in the market mechanism. This paper aims to investigate such impacts on five agents in a road project: government, mitigation banker, landowner, resident, and private firm. With five developed individual economic models and the benefit incidence table, it was found the cost to conserve environment was shared by whole society because the road organization allocated the tax revenues from each agent to the budget of compensatory mitigation. The perception on the MBS benefit and cost flows through a marketing mechanism is useful not only for Japan, but also for any places planning to implement MBS for protecting their environments.

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Studies and government programs are reviewed to develop environmental strategies. BAU scenarios for 2005, 2010 and 2015, implementation of motor vehicle inspection system (MVIS), transportation demand management, replacement of 2-stroke tricycles with 4-stroke tricycles, construction of bike lanes, expansion of railway network, installation of diesel particulate traps (DPTs) for public transport vehicles, use of alternative fuels in public transport and policy combinations are assessed in terms of total PM emissions based on the emission model and aggregate travel demand forecasting models and database of the 1996 Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study. Measures such as the MVIS and introduction of 4-stroke tricycles are the single policies that effected higher reduction in emissions from 11-16 tons/day in 2010 to around 12-16 tons/day in 2015. These are followed by the railway network expansion with reduction of 11 tons/day in 2015 and by the installation of DPTs in public transport vehicles.

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In recent years, Japan has recognized a need to actively take measures to reduce CO₂ emissions that will bring about the green house effects. Thus, the Japanese central and local governments are rapidly promoting prevalence of low-pollution private cars. This study clarifies awareness of people toward purchase of a low-pollution car to propose measures to improve introduction of low-pollution cars. We made surveys in Tokyo and Sapporo to identify the status of people's willingness to buy a low-pollution car. Citizens of Sapporo are concerned about the environment; however, it does not actually lead to purchase of low-pollution cars. Next, we evaluated low-pollution car prices by applying Kishi's Logit PSM (KLP). KLP that is developed from Price Sensitivity Measurement (PSM) enables the analysis to clarify affordable low-pollution car prices for purchasers. The analysis results have found that there are few hybrid cars that people think their prices are reasonable.

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Freight transport in urban areas has few opportunities for modal shift away from road. What policy options might there be to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from road freight vehicles? A combined travel demand, traffic network and emissions model was established to test the impacts of the generic policy initiatives ‘best practice’ truck fleet fuel efficiency, general reductions in peak period traffic congestion, improved traffic management, provision of real-time traffic information, infrastructure improvements, changes to industrial land use distribution, and improved vehicle load factors. Sydney was used as a case study. Whilst most policy options showed some potential for improved emissions outcomes, the best option was to reduce vehicle load factors. Policies aimed at changing the distribution of industrial land use provided mixed results, suggesting the need for complementary measures. The model is also able to analyse emissions from private vehicles.

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The absence of a comprehensive policy to address the problems faced by the local three-wheelers (tricycles) became obvious when the Clean Air Act was implemented in January 2003, requiring all motor vehicles to comply with the exhaust emission standards equivalent to Euro 1. The National Center for Transportation Studies was commissioned to develop standards and baseline references for motorcycles and tricycles to facilitate compliance. The objectives are to a) establish baseline information on tricycle drivers and passengers; b) develop standard configuration in the design for the conversion of motorcycle into tricycles; c) develop emission test protocol applicable to local tricycles; and, d) determine the effects of various fuel-oil mixtures for 2-stroke and 4-stroke motorcycles. A comprehensive study of tricycles and its users across Metro Manila was produced including sidecar designs and prototype, real-road test and chassis dynamometer simulation data.

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Globalization has allowed goods and services to become increasingly available anywhere in the world. International transport is an essential part of globalization. This paper focuses on the evaluation of air emissions accompanying international transport of goods. The main method in performing the assessment of emissions is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, the case study will only deal with the transport of the product from the manufacturer to the intermediate user as the dealer. Results show that carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides are the leading pollutants, which affect air quality. The truck is shown to be a heavy polluter in terms of its emission factors and it does not differ much between a European and an Asian country. Alternative fuels from the sensitivity analyses show that it can significantly lower the emissions. Acidification potential is the major environmental impact from the transport of the product.

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The increasing number of Filipinos involved in road accidents each year is a serious concern. Each accident entails economic cost, not to mention the social cost of pain, grief, and suffering of families of the victims. It also has an adverse impact on the resources of the government. Using the Human Capital Approach that focuses on the Gross Output of road accident victims, costs are classified into three main components, namely: Victim Related Cost; Property Damage; and Administration Cost. The monetary value of each of these components is estimated in this study in accordance with four types of accident severity, namely fatal, serious injury, minor injury, and property damage only. This study estimated that PhP 3.5 Million is lost per fatal road accident showing a clear picture of their economic effects. In addition, social cost or pain, grief, and suffering are valued at PhP 506,450 per fatal accident.

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Since the environmental assessment technique has never been established in Japan, an impact of the environmental restoration project cannot be justified objectively. Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP), which is one of the most applicable methods in evaluating the environments in the U.S.A, has been recently introduced to Japan together with the investigation of its applicability. This paper aims to examine whether the environment condition and its compensatory mitigation projects can be evaluated by using HEP or not. As a case study, the environmental conditions of the spawning ponds for the Tokyo salamander, which disappeared by constructing the Chiba-Togane road, and the substitutive ponds for spawning created by the Japan Highway Public Corporation (JH) as the compensatory measure for disappeared habitat area were evaluated by using HEP. Moreover, the study also assessed how this compensatory measure can contribute to the conservation of environments around the road through the comparison of the results evaluated for these ponds.

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Most of the existing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) research in the field of transport is ex-post evaluation. This paper proposes an LCA method in the planning phase for evaluating life cycle carbon dioxide (LC-CO₂) emission from the provision of modal railway systems. As a case study, the Superconducting MAGnetically LEVitated (MAGLEV) transport system is examined. The LC-CO₂ emission factors with standard infrastructure are introduced in the inventory analysis for the LC-CO₂ emission. The change in LC-CO₂ emission by shifting from the existing inter-regional transport mode (ordinary railways, airplanes and motor vehicles) to the MAGLEV are analyzed by the Extended Life Cycle Environmental Load (ELCEL) concept. An environmental efficiency index considering speed and capacity is also defined and the alternative transport system evaluations are conducted.

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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the three mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol that aims to stabilize Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. As transport sector is a main source of GHG and other air pollutants emissions, it is imperative to apply the CDM in transport sector. However, there are some obstacles to adopt the CDM in transport sector. These include technical problems of project boundary certification, baseline setting and monitoring as well the uncertainty of economical viability of projects based on the return of Certified Emission Reduction (CER). Knowing that the GHG mitigation policies for transport sector have generated ancillary benefits other than climate change, this paper intends to take ancillary benefits into account on transport sector CDM project's economical analysis that never be done before. In order to enhance CDM projects in the term of economical viability, two case studies CDM projects in Bangkok, Thailand were conducted.

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An increase in environmental load from the transport sector is of particular concern in Asian mega-cities due to the anticipated increase of automobile traffic. This paper aims to propose a framework for an inter-city comparison of Asian mega-cities in order to evaluate their states of urban spatial structure, transport and environmental situation. Motorization, as the dominant factor of increases in environmental load from the transport sector, has the characteristics of irreversibility and synergism with urban sprawl. To deal with such issues, five topics are introduced: 1) induced vehicle traffic due to road improvement, 2) the relationship between vehicle-related taxation and road budget, 3) the relationship between public transport improvement and motorization, 4) the impact of urban planning and land use management, and 5) public consensus for enforcing policy measures for Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST). Finally, the paper describes the necessity of benchmarking based on the given five topics for inter-city comparison and relative evaluation.

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In this paper, the elasticities of fuel price and income for household gasoline consumption and their change from 1980's to 1990's are estimated for Japanese cities using data from Japan's Family Income and Expenditure Survey, consciously taking into consideration local characteristics. Income elasticity decreases from the 1980's to the 1990's in both major and the non-major cities, and price elasticity decreases in major cities. A decline in these elasticities of household car ownership ratio plays a major role. Simultaneously, population density elasticity increases. This suggests that economic tools work at the early stage, but in the later stage, land use control to increase population density plays a relatively important role.

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Road vehicles account for a significant share of air emissions in today's major urban centers. There are efforts by Philippine government to increase the usage of alternative fuels as substitutes for diesel oil. The most promising fuels include compressed natural gas (CNG) and biodiesel derived from coconut oil. The potential environmental benefits of these alternative fuels can be measured using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. This paper presents the application of fuzzy multiple attribute decision making (FMADM) in an LCA model for comparing alternative transportation fuels. The methodology allows quantitative information on the transportation systems' material and energy flows to be integrated with qualitative information reflecting such aspects as the social acceptability of different types of environmental damage. Fuzzy numbers are used to represent uncertainties in the data so that the model can predict both the magnitude of the environmental impacts of the alternative fuels and the corresponding confidence levels of these estimates. Results of a case study show biodiesel to be superior to both CNG and diesel in terms of overall environmental impact.

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Recent evidence indicates that the peak in world oil supply may arrive within the design life of present transport systems. The current transportation planning paradigm has no means for managing, building and operating under energy constraints. We present a new paradigm based on control systems theory to incorporate energy constraints into transportation planning. The systems paradigm focuses on integrating transportation, and activity systems dynamically constrained by the total amount of energy available. Our research has shown that this approach is new to the field, and we propose a formal method to design an Energy Constrained Activity-Transportation System (ECATS). A case study in Christchurch, New Zealand resulted in a transportation service using only renewable resources, and designed for maximum activity with reasonable economics. The analysis shows that an energy constrained activity transportation system would be designed and operated very differently compared with the current fossil fuelled system.

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Aircraft noise potentially disturbs (or annoys) the daily activities (such as communication and relaxation) of residents living in the vicinity of airports. This particular type of annoyance undermines quality of life and can be a cause of stress. Evidence is emerging that appears to associate some forms of health risk with this stress. This research aims at developing a better understanding of the impacts of aircraft noise on community health and well-being. This paper presents the results of exploratory data analysis from a pilot survey and a social survey of 704 residents' responses (47% response rate) in Sydney that include people living close to the airport and a matched control group (not affected by aircraft noise). The paper also describes the development of a new noise metric, which has been termed the Noise Gap Index (NGI), to incorporate other background environmental noise and to describe and assess the impacts of aircraft noise on the health and well-being of residents.

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This paper analyzes safety at traffic roundabouts with a comparison between conventional lane marking and Alberta-type marking. A cell-based model is developed where the spatial and temporal dimensions are discretized into cells and time intervals. Based on the assumption of independent vehicular movements, a potential conflict is alleged to evolve when two or more vehicles are projected to collide into the same cell at the same time interval. Such potential conflict counts are subsequently used as a measure for quantitatively assessing the safety level of the roundabout. Our results show no significant difference between the safety level for conventional marking and for Alberta-type marking. However, the conflicts of Alberta-type marking tend to centralize at a few black spots.

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The authors turned their attention to the changes of inner responses (drive burden) of the driver when the external burden of follow-up driving was given to him and conceptualized a method of estimating drive fatigue by synthetically evaluating psychological and physiological responses of the driver during follow-up driving. The authors conducted an experiment on six male and female drivers to simultaneously measure their psychological and physiological responses such as the distance from the car ahead, eye and head movement, heartbeat fluctuation, and subjective fatigue and developed a model expression for quantifying drive fatigue synthetically. It was elucidated by the analysis performed by using the model expression that drive fatigue differed between straight sections and corner ones, between aged drivers and non-aged ones, and between male drivers and female ones.

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This paper presents the development of computerized work zone safety management system that applies the concept of decision support system (DSS) to facilitate the practitioners in designing and selecting safe and appropriate traffic control for work zone. The developed system is intended to eliminate the subjective decision-making process by gathering the pertaining information regarding traffic control selection within a knowledgebased system. The developed system can overcome the limitation of “typical” traffic control system as this developed system can incorporate all special geometry features such as horizontal and vertical sight distances, balancing of lane configuration, etc. The output of this developed package can provide the safer work zone strategies e.g. proper location of taper area/length, proper length of lane closure, suitable placement of warning devices such traffic signs, traffic cones, etc. In addition, the outputs of DSS are presented in a graphical/drawing form to ensure the friendly usage of this package.

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One of the most important meteorological parameters affecting road users and their safety is fog. This study develops the hazardous fog index which quantifies the degree of danger depending on frequency of fog, visibility and its duration. We applied this index to Korea with 3 years weather station data in order to investigate the distribution of the hazardous fog and found that these application results were useful for identifying the dangerous area due to hazardous fog. Also we prove that these application results are more realistic and practical than the existing fog area index. Hazardous Fog Index may be useful tool to provide the nationwide ranks of dangerous fog prone areas to the decision makers and the Index may be applied to the examination of fog-related black spots along all the major roads and expressways in Korea.

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Motorcyclists contributed almost 60% of the fatal accidents in Malaysia. One of the effective engineering approaches to tackle this problem is by segregating these vulnerable road users from other motorized traffic through the provision of an exclusive motorcycle lane. At present there are no specific standards that are available to assess design criteria of exclusive motorcycle lanes. However, it is important to specify optimum control width for exclusive motorcycle lanes to ensure that the design of exclusive motorcycle lane is safe for all motorcycle riders. The estimation of safe control motorcycle lane width was based on a logistic regression. The dependent variable is status with respect to rider comfortable level in overtaking maneuver. The resulting analysis was used to suggest a safe control width of pavement for a straight section of an exclusive motorcycle lane. Result indicates that the safe control width of exclusive motorcycle lane should be 3.81 meters.

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Integrated circuit (IC) products are small-volume, lightweight, and high-unit-price. The loss could be very high if the cargo had not arrived destination safely. We apply risk management techniques to analyze international transportation risks. The data of claim cases of year 2000 were collected, ex post casualty-loss analysis was used to identify, classify and assess risks. The conclusions of this research include: (1) the primary perils of international transportation are damage, theft and wetting. These perils consisted of 93.43%. (2) 90.57% of total claim cases can be attributed to human negligence directly. The causes of losses include damage, non-delivery, theft and shortage. (3) The claim cases can be classified into two clusters by SOM: high-loss cluster and low-loss cluster. (4) The characteristics of loss between different transportation modes are different. (5) The majority of claim cases can be attributed to human factors, therefore, risk prevention and mitigation is the most economic and effective strategy.

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As Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) was invented to solve the safety problem of tires' lock-up caused by car braking in emergency, its control mechanism might causes the tire-marks produced by ABS car can not be distinguished precisely. This dilemma will distort accident investigation especially on marks and their' identification. To solve this problem, we employ dynamic car-braking test, considering the influential factors on braking under administrable environment, to obtain tire mark observations. The testing results help us to clarify tire marks and develop suitable method to collect investigation data. Furthermore, based on the results, efficient methods on tire marks identification and measurement can be developed and greatly decreases investigation time.

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This study intends to analyze the road crash costs in Thailand. Furthermore, this study also attempts to determine the economic losses of two well-known holidays in Thailand, the New Year Festival and the Songkran Holidays. It was known that the total economic losses due to road crashes in Thailand are estimated to be 140,000 million Baht (about US$3,500 million) or 2.56 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2002. This corresponds to the present value of lifetime costs of 13,290 fatalities, 952,348 non-fatal injuries, and 736,000 property damage only crashes. Each fatality resulted on an average discounted lifetime cost of 3.05 million Baht, while average cost per serious injury as well as slight injury were 0.20 and 0.03 million Baht, respectively. Additionally, the total economic losses on New Year Holidays 2004 and Songkran Holidays 2003 were estimated to be 7,487 and 5,959 million Baht, respectively.

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The traffic safety improvement projects must consider accidents as well as synthetic methods including road and traffic characteristics. But current executing in domestic selects a spot or section chosen by the number of accidents for improvement. For solving this problem, this study analyzes the provincial roads' accidents during 2000∼2002 year, and the characteristics of provincial roads have been investigated and the influencing factors to hazardous road based on previous studies are identified. Factors are regarded the priorities by AHP and awarded points to easily apply in real world situation.

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This study employs Visual dBASE to establish a systematic tire-marks matching database to increase the correctness and efficiency of tire-marks identification executed by investigators at accident scene. The database includes tire manufactures, vehicle type/model, and tire specifications. In addition, it encompasses a tire-marks matching function. It can be more conveniently used to identify the tire pattern and catch tire-treads by inputting the actual widths of light and heavy streaks on the tire-marks. From this systematic system, we can find out the probably involved tire size and vehicle geometric properties and infer from them with the front/rear track and wheelbase to determine the tire-marks' belonging. In its empirical case validation, this system shows that it does increase the operational effectiveness of tire-marks identification and reduce the scope of investigation, especially in hit and run accidents. Furthermore, it does improve the quality of accident investigation and identification.

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The accident reporting computerized system was developed in this study. Prior to develop this accident computer package, this study examines the accident situation in Thailand in two parts with two scales. The accident reporting was analyzed with a macro scale, represents accident situation for a whole country, and an intermediate scale, referred to community scale. By reviewing natures of data, tasks, and related issues, the computerized system was developed as a supplementary tool for assess the accident situation in Thailand. The accident under-reporting, accident reported matching, and accident during holiday festivals can be performed to present more precisely about the accident situation in Thailand.

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