The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of mayonnaise consumption upon the serum cholesterol level of the patients affected with hypertension and/or arteriosclerosis. Twenty female outpatients, their age ranging from 41-71 years volunteered in this study which lasted for 5 weeks, including a 1-week habitual diet period (Period I), a 2-week basal diet period (period II), and a 2-week mayonnaise period (Period III) during which the patients were encouraged to take as much mayonnaise as possible, besides the basal diet. During these periods the patients were asked to record their food intake in detail; 12 of whom designated as Group A accomplished this job. Other records were unsatisfactory and poor in reliability and were grouped as B. At the end of each period their serum cholesterol level were determined by the Watson procedure.
In Periods I, II and III, the average calorie intake expressed as Kcal of Group A was 1395, 1571 and 1841, the protein intake (as gm) was 53.3, 62.6, and 61.0, and the fat intake (as gm) 30.8, 42.7, 69.1, respectively. The mayonnaise consumption of Group A was 47.9±24.2gm/day.
The serum cholesterol level as mg/100ml in Group A declined from 284.1 in Period I to 264.2 in Period II, and further lowered to 230.6 in Period III. The fall of the serum cholesterol level of 7 patients with hypercholesteremia (above 250mg/100ml) from Period II to Period III and from Period I to Period III were both significant at the 1% level. The amount of mayonnaise consumed in Period III was highly correlated with the size of reduction in the cholesterol level from Period II to Period III. The serum cholesterol levels (mg/100ml) of Group B in Periods I, II and III were 249.7, 238.3 and 243.4 without showing as much variation from period to period as seen in Group A.

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This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a combination of physical exercise and caloric restriction on weight loss, endurance capacity, and certain metabolic and biochemical parameters in middle-aged overweight subjects, two males and one female, during and also after a 30-day reduction period. The reducing diet provided 1600 Calories for the males and 1300 Calories for the female; the diets contained approximately 90 and 80gm protein and 90 and 80gm fat with a high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The exercise program consisted of a 2-hr walking on the treadmill at the speed of 80m/min. and at the inclination of 8.75%, four days a week. The female subject did not participate in the exercise program.
The weight loss in the males was 4.5kg and in the female subject 2.2kg during the 30-day reduction period. The weight loss seen in the males could be divided into two phases. The measurements of body circumferences, skinfold thickness and nitrogen balance presented evidences that a rapid loss in the first 4-days of the experiment was principally caused by water loss and another rapid loss seen in the last week primarily came from loss of body fat, accompanied with a loss of lean body tissues. The weight was restored by 0.5 to 1.5kg for 30 days after realimentation. The daily 2-hr walking exercise which corresponded to 60% of Vo2 max(cc/min.) resulted in an increased Vo2 max(cc/min.)by 20 to 25% but did not prevent the lowering of the basal metabolic rate and development of deficiency anemia under caloric restriction. The activities of fasting serum GOT, GPT and creatine phosphokinase did not alter throughout the entire study. Urinary 17-KS which highly exceeded the normal level before the weight loss seen in three overweight subjects markedly declined during the reduction period. Urinary 17-OHCS rose slightly during the first few days, followed by a decline below the initial values, and urinary vanilmandelic acid remained unchanged during the study. Two male subjects fell into a state of nitrogen deficit but the female subject showed less negative nitrogen balance under caloric restriction. Urinary excretion of creatinine decreased significantly in one of the male subjects who showed a pronounced depression in the basal metabolic rate. The excretion of urinary uric acid was found to be depressed in all subjects on low calorie, high fat diets. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides showed a sharp decline within the first 7-days and thereafter were maintained at low levels throughout the reduction period. Realimentation, however, resulted in a rapid rise of serum lipid levels towards the individual initial values.
It appears that a combination of regular dynamic exercise and caloric restriction act together for to cause a greater weight loss, better control of water retention, a marked increase of endurance capacity and a more pronounced reduction of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels without causing significant damage to both liver and muscle tissues. Regular exercise under caloric restriction, however, can not act in preventing depression of the basal metabolic rate and the development of deficiency anemia.

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The combined effects of the quality of dietary fats, vitamin E (V. E) supplementation and physical exercise on the cholesterol contents and fatty acid composition of both in serum and tissue lipids, and also on urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) excretion were investigated. Male rats at 40 days of age were allocated to either a fat-free diet or diets containing 20% of safflower oil or beef tallow with and without an additional supply of V. E (330mg/kg diet).
Ten rats from each dietary group were housed in cages equipped with a revolving wheel inside and allowed voluntary exercise throughout the entire period. After 2 months on the experimental regimen, a significant drop in the serum cholesterol and a slight increased in liver cholesterol were observed among the animals given safflower oil. V. E supplementation exerted a reverse effect against safflower oil on lowering the serum cholesterol. The rats fed on beef tallow showed the least deposition of cholesterol in liver, followed by those of a fat-free group. Prolonged deprivation of fat from diets was accompanied by a high cholesterol content in the adrenals. Exercise had no appreciable effect on serum cholesterol levels. Dietary fat had a pronounced effect on the fatty acid composition of lipids in serum, liver, adrenal and perirenal fat depot. A marked reduction in linoleate and arachidonate and a compensatory increase in C₂₀-trienes in the liver lipid of rats given a fat-free diet were seen. Both exercise and V. E had no effects on fatty acid composition. Prolonged ingestion of beef tallow resulted in a small depression of urinary 17-KS excretion, but exercise and V. E exerted no further influences on the 17-KS output.

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In order to find how students can exactly measure the weight of food by their eyes, we conducted a survey on the eye-measurement about 22 different kinds of foods which are frequently consumed each day. It was found that we are generally apt to underestimate the actual weight. This suggests that people should be trained to form the habit of measuring the weight of foods and take caution to the relation between actual weight and the weight assumed by the human eye.

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We have investigated the meals of people all aged above 65 years of age who were lying sick at home for over three months in Tokyo. The subjects were 49 men and 82 women and their average ages for the men were 76 years old, 79 years old for the women.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The causes for lying in bed were cerebral vascular accident, cerebromalacia, hypertensive disease, and fracture, etc.
2) They had difficulties in moving their arms or legs, or dental trouble.
3) Persons of almost all ages took delight in taking meals.
4) The favorite foods were Japanese cake, raw fish (sashimi), tempura and deep fried dishes cooked vegetables, and the foods disliked were pork, vegetable salad and milk.
5) Half of them who had smoked or drunk when they were in good health now gave up these habits.
6) The daily nutritional intake of the aged was about 30% less when compared with the daily dietary allowance, and the calcium intake of the women was the lowest among all nutrients taken.

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There are many kinds of the chemical scoring methods to estimate the nutritive value of protein in food and diet. Recently, the new chemical scoring method, which is called “Amino Acid Score”, was proposed by the Joint of FAO and WHO Energy and Protein Requirement Committee in 1973.
Therefore, the amino acid score of protein consumed by the Japanese people was calculated from the data of the National Nutrition Survey conducted in Japan in 1971.
The results are shown as follows:
In comparing the amino acid pattern of the Japanese diet with the FAO's new reference pattern of amino acid, sonly threonine was the limiting amino acid among the eight essential amino acids. Thus the amino acid score of the Japanese diet based on the amounts of all essential amino acids was 98 and the most limiting amino acid was found to be threonine. But the score based on the amounts of three amino acids (lysine, tryptophan and the total of sulfur containing amino acids) calculated was 100.

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Based on a new chemical score of protein proposed by FAO in 1973, the amino acid scores of 152 kinds of Japanese foods were calculated from the table of “The Amino Acid Composition of Foods in Japan (1966)”.
The results are represented in the following tables.

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