Studies in English Literature

[title in Japanese]

Article type: Cover
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages Cover1-
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_Cover1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Index
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages Toc1-
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_Toc1

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THE SENSE OF CORRESPONDENCE IN CONFESSIO AMANTIS

Masayoshi Ito

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 149-166
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_149

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The medieval mind had an inclination for ransacking resemblances, equivalences and correspondences among things, which was a way of proving the order of the universe established by God. John Gower, a representative medieval man, seems to have possessed a strong sense of correspondence. All through his three major works he held a consistent idea that man is a little world, and on this principle of correspondence between macrocosm and microcosm he founded his social criticism, his earnest preaching on the individual responsibility for the chaos and degradation of the contemporary world. The author of Confessio Amantis was, however, not a mere social critic. In this work we perceive all aspects-religious, moral, scientific and poetic-of Gower unrolled, and in each of them his sense of correspondence is more or less discernible. Firstly, Gower was an advocate of such medieval sciences as alchemy and astronomy, which were both based on the principle of correspondence. In his ethics Gower insists on the theory of retribution, telling horrible examples of coincidence between sin and punishment. Gower's attitude toward mysterious phenomena, such as dream, omen and metamorphosis was more medieval than Chaucer whose dream psychology, for example, was astonishingly modern. Gower emphasizes the miraculous coincidences, resemblances and correspondences in those phenomena, showing how exactly God's plan works. Turning our attention to the structure of Confessio Amantis, two of the leading principls can also be stated in terms of correspondence. One is the correspondence between religion and love, that is, the application of the sermon of the Seven Deadly Sins to the matter of love, and the other is the correspondence between a moral and its exemplum. Now either of these principles carries with it some inevitable discrepancies or contradictions, but Gower's strong sense of correspondence yoked different or opposite things together. Lastly, and it is most interesting to us, the sense of correspondence finds expression in Gower's poetical or rhetorical devices. With the exception of a number of pregnant images, the imagery of Confessio Amantis is generally more logical than poetical. In many instances an image is nothing but a means of the author's analogical thinking, or often a cluster of images forms what is equivalent to an exemplum or a fable to be used for a didactic purpose. The frequent use of antithesis or parallelism is likewise noteworthy. It might be understood in connection with the metrical scheme of this work which is written in couplets of four-foot line, but probably it ultimately comes from his sense of correspondence. Although the sense of correspondence was a product of the age in which Gower lived, yet in Confessio Amantis the moral poet modified and developed it in his own way, making it a hidden unifying factor of this heterogeneous and voluminous work.

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CLARISSA HARLOWE'S PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS

FUTOSHI ENOMOTO

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 167-184
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_167

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HARDY'S POEMS OF MEMORY AND HIS INTEGRITY

Hideo Kano

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 185-198
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_185

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Thomas Hardy has written some poems in which he gives us some images of memory. Generally speaking, it was in the later part of his life that he had written his poems and published them; and his poems should naturally draw the old man who looks back his own experiences in the past, which might illustrate that Hardy is one of 'the scathed and memoried men'. 'After a Journey', 'Afterwards' and 'The Oxen' would be considered as the typical pieces of such composition. But Hardy, writing those memory-poems, seems to have found some particular meanings and purposes in the use of memory-images. After the death of Emma Hardy, for instance, he visited St. Juliot, as if attracted by the illusory image of his wife in her flowering age. And there, he, looking back his married life with her, could find himself just the same as when he was young and joyful. Or, when he was more than seventy years old, he could expect a new life after his death, remembering his past life which was spent, with the villagers, admiring beauty of nature as well as birds and animals. In 1915, he composed 'The Oxen', where he tried to recover the religious vision on Christmas Eve through the childish innocence. Among these memory-images, Hardy always seeks after his own integrity with success, which should deliver himself from his critical, rather tragical, life experiences and lead him into a new kind of religious serenity. This poetic process illustrated in Hardy's memory-poems will lead us to call him a successful modern poet.

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TWO UTOPIAN TYPES OF AMERICAN LITERATURE : Typee and The Crater

Masajiro Hamada

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 199-214a
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_199

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The 1840's in the United States experienced various kinds of Utopian events and movements one after another, as shown in the appended chart prepared by me for this thesis. Among them the Brook Farm experiment was typical, but it failed in 1847, and in the following year the "gold rush" movement to the Far West began. It is at this juncture that Melville's Typee (1846) and J. F. Cooper's The Crater (1847) appeared. Cooper went to sea as a common sailor in 1806 and later was for a while in the navy. Melville too shipped on the whaling ship for the Pacific in 1841, and deserted in the year, next in the Morquesas Islands and lived for some time among the cannibals. In their books mentioned above they both dreamed the blessed isles in the Southern Pacific, talking more or less from their own nautical experiences, but Melville with wild, primitive fantasy, and Cooper with a social critic's irony. Tom in Typee escapes from his ship to the "Happy Valley" of innocent barbarians and is treated as a favorable prisoner, while Mark in The Crater concentrates the power of his family and friends to build up an ideal colony in a faraway island. Tom may be called a kind of guest who enjoys and views the life of tropical utopia from outside or sometimes from below, but Mark is a founder and governor of the new community and surveys the beautiful land made by himself from above. This difference is due to the character and career of these two authors-a maltreated, downtrodden, and poverty-stricken sea wanderer versus an aristocratic, boss-minded, somewhat domineering rich planter of "Cooperstown." The type of "the utopias of escape" as that of Typee is very common in the annals of the cultural history of Asia and Europe. We can cite many examples. But the type of "the utopias of reconstruction" as that of The Crater is rather rare except in the United States, which had long been regarded as a Promised Land for Europeans, and in which many a Utopian venture is done in the 1840's and thereabout. The spirit of the age is embodied in Cooper's writing; The Crater is at bottom religious and full of frontier mind. Therefore this work, though an unnoticed minor novel, is, it seems to me, more conspicuous as the manifestation of Americanism than Typee.

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J. D. SALINGER'S QUEST OF "THE VALLEY OF THE SICK"

SABURO YAMAYA

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 215-243
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_215

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W. L. Renwick, English Literature 1789-1815, Oxford History of English Literature, Oxford, 1963, viii+293 pp.

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 245-248
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_245

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Marie Borroff, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A Stylistic and Metrical Study, Yale Studies in English, vol. 152, 1962, pp. 295

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 248-251
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_248

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Henry Nash Smith, Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962, ix+212 pp.

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 252-255
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_252

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 256-258
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_256

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 258-259
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_258

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 260-261
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_260

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 261-263
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_261

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 263-265
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_263

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 266-269
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_266

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Bibliography
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 269-
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_269

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages 270-280
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_270

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages App1-
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_App1

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages App2-
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_App2

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[title in Japanese]

Article type: Appendix
1964 Volume 40 Issue 2 Pages App3-
Published: March 31, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: April 10, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20759/elsjp.40.2_App3

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