Concerning the epidermal cells of cotton seed, the auther has chosen, in this paper, several problems in order to make clear the time of the development of fiber cells. The growing process of lint was pursued, the periods of the growth of elongation and wall thickness of lint were daily measured. The cotton variety used for this reserch was “Rikuchimen Kanno No.1”. a sort of upland cotton. The results obtained may be sumarized as follows:
1. Observations on the fiber cell formation in seed wall showed that the protuberances of epidermal cells occured twice after flowering. The first one ensued for only two days from the date of flowering. The second one, on the contrary, continued for comparatively long interval, that is, from 4th to 12th day, after flowering. Hair cell differentiation of the lint type chiefly occured in first protuberance, and that of the fuzz hair type in second protuberance. Therefore, fuzz hair differentiation follows lint hair differentiation.
2. The elongation growth of lint begins immidiately after flowering, the length of lint increases linearly, and completes 24th day after flowering. The growth of wall thickness begins from the 20th day after fllowering, and wall thickness increases also linearly. The deposit percentage of cellulose on the cell wall parallels with the growth process of wall thickness. (Cotton boll opens at 59th day after flowering.)
3. The moisture contents of lint and cotton seed in fresh weight basis, the fresh diameter of lint in the cotton boll, the dry diameter of lint, were measured and those results are discussed.

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Cyanoethylation of cellulose fiber under intensely swollen state has been studied with the object of reducing the crystallinity of native cellulose. The decrystallizing effect was estimated by measuring the percentage of acid hydrolysis residue.
By 90min. cyanoethylation at 10°C after preswelling in 8% NaOH aq. solution containing 2.4% acrylonitrile at -5°C for 30min., the crystallinity of purified cotton cellulose was reduced to 41.1% from 90.7% of the original value, the degree of substitution being elevated only to 0.319.
With such a decrystallized fiber water boiling brought about only slight recovery in crystallinity.
Effects of decrystallization on serveral properties of fiber were investigated, results being as follows:
1. Capacity of moisture and dye absorption, and swelling in water increase.
2. Breaking elongation also increases, whereas breaking strength slightly drops.

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Different methods were proposed for the volumetric determination of hemi-cellulose solution with potassium dichromate, and the results obtained from them are not completely coincident.
The optimum conditions which produce the highest value of hemi-cellulose, were studied. It is confirmed that the method not only yields nearly theoretical value, but also is universally applicable, for its conditions are common regardless of the concentration of hemi-cellulose. Therefore the method is suitable for controlling analysis in factory. At the same time, the effects of each factor on results were investigated and the reason for the diversity of previous methods is discussed.

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We found that wet strength of paper is increased by the heat treatment. In the present paper the influence of hemi-cellulose on the heat treatment of paper is examined.
Paper was coated with raw xylan obtained from beech sawdust or with the mannan-rich hemicellulose extracted from unbleached spruce kraft pulp. When these coated papers are subjected to the heat treatment, no increase of wet strength was observed in comparison to the uncoated paper. On the other hand, when the papers made from the bleached kraft pulp which was preextracted by sodium hydroxide solution of different concentrations, are heated, the more the hemicellulose content in them, the more wet strength developed. Especially, the maximum values of the wet strength obtained by the heat treatments of comparatively low temperature, ca. 130°C, were found to be proportional to the hemicellulose content of the papers. From these facts it may be assumed that a part of the increase of wet strength by heat treatment, which is especially more sensitive to heat than the remaining part, owes to the hemicellulose contained in the original fiber. This assumption is also supported by the results of the treatment in the boiling water, buffered to the neutral pH. As a conclusion, the hemicellulose contained in the original fiber is effective, but it is quite ineffective when once it is extracted by alkali. The explanation may be given as follows: The hemicellulose contained in the fiber is in strong restriction in the fine structure of the cellulose fiber. This restriction is relaxed by heating, and the dipole-dipole bonding is developed between the cellulose and the hemicellulose chain. Thus, the hydrogen bond is formed at last between fiber and fiber. Between cellulose fiber and hemicellulose once it is extracted by alkali no such strong bindings will be formed.

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Changes in fibre structure of cellulosic materials such as degree of crystallinity and lateral order and system of cavities during cold-extraction with caustic solutions of various concentrations and during subsequent drying under various conditions have been investigated experimentally.
It has been found that if cellulosic materials are treated with caustic soda solutions of over certain concentrations, the amount of amorphous region increases at the expense of highly ordered region. These limiting concentrations at 20°C., are 10-12% for cotton linter, and 8-10% for wood pulp. The increased amorphous region, if dried under below 80% RH, becomes “horny” and losses capability of reaction that is completely recovered by wetting with water.
Lateral order distribution was estimated from the solubility of the residue in caustic soda solutions of various concentrations after the leveling-off degree of polymerization has been attained by acid hydrolysis.
Relative pore sizes of fibre texture were determined by measuring the dye-uptake from unswollen medium.

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Two methods for prevention of the autoxidation of silk are discussed in the present study. Firstly, the blocking of phenolic hydroxyl groups of tyrosine, secondly, the fixing of autoxidising agent in silk fibre.
As to the latter, this paper deals with the results of silk treated with thio-semicarbazone formed from thio-semicarbazide and formaldehyde, and the results are compared with that treated by semicarbazone. It is conclusive that thio-semicarbazide is remarkably effective to prevent the autoxidation of silk, but semicarbazide is ineffective.

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The absorption isotherms of Congo Red (C. I. No.370) and Benzopurpurine 4BKX conc. (C. I. No.448) at 90°C from baths containing 0.05×10^-3, 1.0×10^-3 and 1.0×10^-3 mol dye with varying salt concentration of 0.05_??_3.0 mol NaCl per kg dyeing liquor were determined using the photoelectric colorimeter and the relations between the chemical constitution of dyes, the aggregating properties of dye andions and the affinity for cotton were studied.
The presence of CH₃ group in the dye molecule increases the affinity of dye for cotton, but that of SO₃Na group decreases the affinity. The aggregating tendency of the dye in solution increases with increasing affinity of the dye. The effects of salting out by the electrolyte upon the dyeing properties are found to be seriously great.

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For the purpose of the scientific control of the processes in the hat industry the mechanical behaviour of the Angora rabbit hair for the cyclic stretching and recovery was studied. As is well known, if a wool fibre is stretched by 30% in water and released at once it recovers the original length, and the work of the second stretching after 24hrs' relaxation is equal to the first one, while according to a preliminary test, it is not true for the Angora rabbit hairs. So the mechanical behaviour of the latter in the cyclic stretching and recovery in the air and the distilled water was investigated in detail.

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The properties of the used yarns and the tension during preparation and weaving were previously reported. The current paper treats the defects appeared on our grey clothes. The defects are observed by naked eyes and S. U. M. P. method. Sectional views of the fabrics are also observed. The results are summerized as follows.
(1) The length of the distance between the healds and the lease rods do not affect the charactor of our grey clothes so far as our expeirments are concerned.
(2) The differences of the warp sizing tension appear sensitively as white warp wise stripes.
(3) Tension difference in winding and warping do not appear as a defect on our grey clothes.
(4) A weak warp tension in weaving is apt to make “Chika” defects, which do not disappear by a stronger weft tension.
(5) Weft wise stripes due to the difference between the weft tensions are more apparent by stronger warp tension than by a weaker one.
(6) The weft tension difference between the tip and the root of the cop can not be recognized as a defect, except when the weft tension is very strong.
(7) Extremely strong and weak weft tension both make defects. The defects caused by the strong tension are tight picks, while the weak tension is apt to make very short weft piles on the fabrics.

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