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Volume 12, Issue 12
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Ichiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi, Kazuhiro Nagai1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 855-860
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRate of reacetylation, solubility and water absorbency of partially acetylated fibres were measured. The values depend not only on the average degree, but also on the conditions of acetylation. It must be attributed to the reason that the distribution of acetyl groups in the fiber is different according to the conditions of the acetylation.
Saponified fibers seem to retain to a certain degree the inner structure of the fibres before the saponification. Some discussions are given on the mechanism of the fibrous acetylation.View full abstractDownload PDF (447K) -
(1) THE EFFECT OF CATALYSTS IN ACETYLATIONYoshio Iwakura, Michiaki Nakajima, Ichiro Kanda1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 861-864
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSViscose rayon, which was swollen by soaking in water containing catalysts and water content of which was adequately controlled by pressing and drying, was at room temperature brought into contact with ketene generated from the pyrolysis of acetone and fibrously acetylated.
Using as catalysts inorganic acids such as H2SO4, HClO4 and salts and by using suitable combination of salts, for example, the mixture of NH3-H3PO4-H2SO4-NaOH, partially acetylated fine fibers are slightly coloured and not damaged by acetylation, were prepared.
In this reaction, for the purpose of obtaining the uniform high acetylated fibers, it is necessary that fibers should contain adequate water, and in consideration of the consumption of ketene in the process of acetylation, it is desirable that the water quantity should be 40-60% weight of original fiber.
The fibers preswollen with alkali are easily acetylated by ketene as well as by acetic anhydride vapour.View full abstractDownload PDF (314K) -
(2) THE ASPECT OF THE REACTION. (PART 1)Yoshio Iwakura, Masahiko Takikawa, Ichiro Kanda1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 865-867,861
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen viscose rayon was acetylated by ketene, according to the method stated in the previous paper, water contained in fiber reacted predominantly with ketene at the initial stage of reaction, that is, a part of water is turned first into acetic anhydride.
In this case, it is observed that only about 10% of the water contained in fiber is converted into acetic anhydride to stay in fiber, and the rest is evaporated from fiber by the heat of reaction.
After most of the water contained in fiber had been converted into acetic anhydride by the reaction with ketene and by evaporation, the cellulose began to be acetylated by acetic anhydride in fiber and ketene.
It was found that as the degree of acetylation is increased, the rate of reaction is decreased for the reason caused by the microscopic structure of cellulose.View full abstractDownload PDF (293K) -
Masataka Kurokawa, Tetsuo Kawagishi1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 868-871
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring our investigation of swelling and solution of synthetic fibres, such as nylon and vinylon, the following phenomena were observed.
These fibres are placed on glass plate. Few drops of inorganic acid, for example, H2SO4 of arbitrary concentration are dropped on them. On account of surface tension, the acid extends along fibers, but after reaching to some point which seem to depend upon the concentration of acid, temperature of reaction and some other factors, fibres begin to swell and dissolve from the further ends towards the original droplets.
We examined these phenomena and made clear some aspects, but the mechanism involved still remains uncertain.View full abstractDownload PDF (1708K) -
EFFECT OF COPPER NUMBER OF PULPS UPON THE AGING OF ALKALI CELLULOSEHiroshi Sobue, Tokumi Koshizawa1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 872-876
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEight bleached sulfite pulps with about same relative viscosity and α-cellulose content, but with different copper number were prepared from red pine according to the methods as previously reported. (cf. Part V.) Using these pulps the effect of copper number of pulp upon the aging of alkali cellulose prepared from them was investigated and following results were obtained:-
1. The degradation reaction of alkali cellulose in aging may appearently be expressed as the sum of two first-order reactions, namely, initial rapid degradation reaction and subsequent slower reaction.
2. The rate of the initial rapid degradation reaction was found to be a linear function of copper number of original pulp, while that of subsequent slower reaction was about same, irrespectively of copper number of original pulp.
From these results, it could be supposed that initial rapid degradation reaction of alkali cellulose in aging is initiated by the reducing groups such as aldehyde in cellulose molecules, and this is quite coincident with the result obtained by Entwistle and others about the autoxidation of alkali cellulose. (Text. Res. J., 19, 527 (1949)) Therefore it is very important for controlling the average D. P. of aged alkali cellulose, which effects directly upon the viscosity of viscose made from it, to regulate not only the relative viscosity, iron and manganese content, but also copper number of original pulp.View full abstractDownload PDF (349K) -
(PART VI) EXTENSION OF LOOSE SLIVER OF PARALLEL FIBRESShigetake Kinoshita1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 877-886
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents an attempt to derive an expression for the force-extension curve of the sliverlike fibre system. In theoretical treatment, it is assumed that all fibres (mean length of l0, mean diameter of b0, density of p0, Young's modulus of εf, Poisson's ratio of 0 and coefficient of friction of f) are parallel to the long axis of the sliver, and are constructed to somewhat loosely assembled sliver with density of _??_0 and with cross section of A0. Further assumption is that extension of sliver, γ can be simultaneously attributed to deformation of the elementary fiber, e, and mutual slippage between the centres of two neighboring fibers, _??_. By the application of the principle of double elasticity to the deformation of this system in which Young's modulus, E0, Poission's ratio ∑0 are given by the equations of force-extension curves of sliver-like system for various gauge length L0, are derived in the following:
In the experimental procedure, force-extension curves for the sliver of crimped viscose staple fibre were measured using inclined constant-rate of loading tensile testing machine. Numerical data of stress against strain for various gauge length are found to conform reasonably well to thetheoretical relationship. So the values of fibre constants and sliver parameters have been calculated from the data. These calculated values agreed fairly well with values which had been measured independently.View full abstractDownload PDF (647K) -
1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 885a-886
Published: 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 885b-886
Published: 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (141K) -
1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 885c-886
Published: 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (141K) -
(V) ON THE UNTWISTING OF A SPRINGKeiroku Fuchino, Hiromu Nakamichi, Yasuo Sunaga1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 887-891
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe number of twist, and the untwisting moment of a spring, made by nylon fish-line, are measured by the usual twist tester for study of the mechanism of the stretched yarn.
The results obtained are following:
(1) Eary in its untwisting operation, reverse twists appear; the sum of normal and reverse twists are always keep constant until all the normal twists change to reverse twists.
(2) While the normal and reverse twists are existing simulteniously, the untwisting moment shows a constant value.
(3) When the untwisting is just ended, the spring has become a false twisted state, having the same number of right and left twists.
(4) The false twist, in contrast to normal twist, tends to discharge their moment by bending at the joints of right and lef twists.
The mechanism that helanca yarn is bulky and has high elasticity may be explainable from these behaviors.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
(VI) ON THE SET OF TWISTED MONOFILAMENTKeiroku Fuchino, Hiromu Nakamichi, Yasuo Sunaga1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 891-894,887
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe tried the separation of EI and GIp values, necessarily followed by twisting from the sample of 2-folded yarn.
The G value accompanying the untwisting of a yarn set at 190°C, temperature is higher as compared to a yarn set in aqueous phenol solution (concentration; 2%), until the number of untwisting equall to that of previously twisted yarn, and when the untwisting is over, they become equal in value.
The higher the temperature of the phenol solution, both values tend to approach the same over all ranges of untwisting.
Therefore, from the stand-point of G value, there is no fundamental difference between the heat and swelling sets.
The behavior of moment accompanied by the untwisting of a single twisted filament may be explained by the assumption that a single filament consists of multifibril.View full abstractDownload PDF (820K) -
(XIV) RELATION BETWEEN THICKNESS OF ANGORA RABBIT FIBRES AND CARROTTINGSakio Ikeda, Saburo Okajima, Seiji Kato1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 895-898
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanical properties of the untreated and carroted fibres of varying cross-sectional area were tested and the following results were obtained.
1. The 30%-extension work per unit volume increases as the fibre becomes thick in the case of the non-medullated one, whose cross-sectional area is smaller than 200μ2, but it is independent of the thickness of the medullated fibre, whose sectional area is larger than 200μ2. The relation holds similarly for the untreated and the carroted fibres.
2. The recovery work of the carroted fibre shows the same behavior, while that of the untreated one is independent of the sectional area for the range of 100_??_1500μ2.
3. The resilience of the carroted fibre is almost constant, but that of the untreated fibre decresesa as the sectional area increases.
4. The hysteresis of the untreated and carroted fibres increases similarly till the sectional area increases to some 500μ2 and thereafter remains constant.View full abstractDownload PDF (343K) -
1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 898
Published: 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (94K) -
(I) THE EFFECT OF THE ACID DYESSaburo Okajima, Kyoko Kikuchi1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 899-902
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of dyeing on the permanent set of the wool fibers was examined. Acid Anthrathene Red 3 BL and Brilliant Alizarine Milling Blue G on the market were used. After it was confirmed that the data took the normal distribution in the first approximation, these data were treated stochastically, and the following result was observed: the dyeing had little effect on the set-ability of wool fibers, when the fibers were washed throughly after being dyed and set in the water at pH 9.2.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K) -
(V) ON THE DYEING BEHAVIOUR OF THE CRYSTALLINE REGLONS OF CELLULOSE FIBERS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONSKazuo Miyasaka, Michiko Nakamura1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 903-906
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy using selected substantive dyes we have studied the dyeing behaviour of the crystalline regions of natural and regenerated cellulose fibers gained by Maeda's method, and obtained the following results:
(1) The dye accessibility of a crystalline region varies with the change of dyeing conditions. The change is particularly remarkable when the salt content in the dyebath differs. As a rule, the dyeing behaviour of a crystalline region greatly changes according to the concentration of salt in the dyebath.
Such being the case, the dye-accessibility of crystalline region is not always greater than that of a fiber itself. It was observed that, when a dyeing is carried out under a mild condition, which means a low degree of exhaustion, the dye-accessibility of a cristalline region is lower than that of a fiber itself. On the contrary, when a dyeing is carried out under the reverse condition, the dye-accessibility of a crystalline region becomes greater than that of fiber itself.
(2) Addition of salt in the dyebath increases the absorption of direct dye on the crystalline regions from the fiber much more than it does on the fiber itself, and the covering effect on the surface is mainly observed, particularly in the crystalline regions. This effect is all the more evident as a dyeing is carried out at a higher temperature with the addition of more salt into dyebath. These results seem mainly due to the change of the cohesive forces or that of the colloidal dispersed state of each dye molecules.
(3) There is a wide difference in dyeing behaviour between the crystalline regions separated from a fiber and the crystalline regions contained in a fiber. This is presumably due to the nature of the crystalline region in the fibers, which is not fully in contact with dye molecules during dyeing, and the polar groups on the crystalline regions which probably remain inactive, are not accessible to dyemolecules.
It seems hardly possible to ascertain the dyeing machanisms in the micromolecular structure of fibers by these indirect dyeing experiments.View full abstractDownload PDF (353K) -
Toyota Akino1956 Volume 12 Issue 12 Pages 907-910
Published: December 10, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2007K)
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