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Volume 15, Issue 6
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[in Japanese]1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 437-439
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (267K) -
(VIII) COMPARISON OF SOME PROPERTIES OF FILAMENTS MADE FROM SEVERAL KINDS OF POLYETHYLENESMasao Takahashi1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 440-446
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The various polyethylene filaments were made by using several kinds of low pressurs polyethylenes and the mechanical properties of these fiilaments were compared. The following results are obtained.:
(1) The tensile property of the “Marlex 50” filaments is superior to that of the filaments made from the “Ziegler” process polyethylenes.
(2) The shrinkage in boiling water is generally small and have values less than 10% even when these filaments are not treated by heat.
(3) There is correlation between bending abrasion resistance and crystallinity. The bending abrasion resistance of filaments made from “Merlex 50” and “Hifax” low pressure polyethylene is very large, while that of the filaments made from high pressur epolyethylene is quite small.
(4) The filaments made from Marlex type low pressure polyethylene have excellent light-stability.
2. The effect of blending of high pressure polyethylene on the mechanical properties of low pressure polyethylene filaments were investigated. The main effects are as follows.:
(1) The tensile strength, elongation and maxmium draw ratio of undrawn filaments become smaller by blending.
(2) The tensile strength and elongation of drawn filaments also become smaller, while the shrinkage in hot water increases.
It is therefore conclused that the flow property of molten polymer is improved by blending but the properties of filaments obtained by blending become worse as the blending contents of high pressure polyethylene increase.
3. The effect of blending of a small amount of pigment paste upon the properties of filaments was also investigated. The drawn filaments decrease in both tensile strength and elongation as the contents of pigment paste increase.View full abstractDownload PDF (473K) -
(V) ON THE X-RAY ANALYSIS OF CELLULOSE TRIACETATE I AND IIIichiro Kido, Kimihiro Suzuki1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 447-454
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRamie, linter and linter tissue paper were acetylated in acetic ahhydride vapour at various temperatures by catalysts of ZnCl2, H2SO4, and HClO4, and X ray photographs of the cellulose-triacetate prepared were taken and X-ray diffraction curves measured in the forms of fiber, film and paper. The results obtained are
1) In either case of catalyst, triacetate I is obtained by acetylation below 75°_??_80°C and triacetate II obtained above 80°_??_85°C. The transformation between I and II is continuous in the temperature range of 70°_??_80°C.
2) Triacetate II is formed from mercerised cellulose i. e. cellulose II.
3) The films made from a methylene chloride solution of fibrous triacetate and directly coagulated in methanol from a homogeneous acetylation bath by a catalyst of H2SO4 or ZnCl2, are the type II. When the former film is elongated 2.2-fold in CH2Cl2-CH3OH, it shows a photograph of typical fiber structure of II.View full abstractDownload PDF (1726K) -
PART II. MEASUREMENTS OF WITHDRAWAL FORCE OF SINGLE FIBRE FROM COMPRESSED VISCOSE RAYON SLIVERShigetake Kinoshita, Toshiharu Takizawa1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 455-460
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCarring out the measurements of the withdrawal force F of a single fibre from the compressed viscose rayon sliver under applied pressure P, following results were obtained:
(1) When appiled pressure P is constant, the withdrawal force F is proportional to the lengh l of a single fiber which lies in the sliver. (see Fig. 2_??_1.)
(2) Dependencies of withdrawal force Fs per unit length of fibre on pressure P are given by the linear equation.-
where b is diameter of fibre, ε is the porosity of sliver, and μ0 is frictional force gradient to load of crossing fibres. (see Fig. 2.6_??_8)
(3) When P and l are constant, F-P relations are variable upon the following factors; time interval after loading on sliver, position of withdrawal fibre in corossection of sliver, relative hummidity, and drawing speed of fibre. (see Table 3_??_4)
(4) When P and l are constant, repeated by observed F values distributed in the range of C. V. 5_??_10%. (see Fig. 2. 9).View full abstractDownload PDF (517K) -
(1) AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ORAFTING FORCE AND ITS GENERAL PROPERTIES AT SMALL DRAFTSShoichi Ishikawa, Jiro Shimizu1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 461-465
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The measurement of the force generated during drafting the slivers or rovings would be a valuable imformation for drafting conditions (drafting ratio, roller setting etc.) and sliver constructions (twist and fibre arrangement in a sliver). For this purpose we developed an instrument for measuring drafting force (Fig. 1).
In figure 2 the main part for measuring is shown. The front rollers A1A2 are mounted in the cradle which is suspended from a framework by a shaft B. The torsion due to drafting force is only picked up by the magenetic strain meter M which is clamped along two edges: along one edge to the cradle H1 and along the other edge to external frame H2 (Fig. 3).
2. The force required to draft ravings of rayon staple is investigated at small drafts. Results obtained are as following:
a) In a certain small draft the maximum drafting force is recognised, which in turn decreases with the increase of the distance between the front and back rollers (Fig. 6).
b) Generally drafting force dependents on the distance of roller setting when drafting ratio is constant (Fig. 7, 8).
c) The relation between drafting ratio, roller setting and drafting force is represented by the 3 dimensional surface (Fig. 9), which is formulated by equation (6).View full abstractDownload PDF (363K) -
(PART 4). CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF MOVING AVERAGE TRANSFORMATIONAkira Aoki1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 466-469
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGain and phase shift for moving average transformation with the following transfenence which was discussed in the previous report (Part 2) may be explanined
Therefore, in low bound of frequency to angular frequency ω0, (δω0=π), Gain is Odb and in raised bound of frequency to ω0, Gain is decreased with ω by the aforecited formulae.
The phase shift θ° at ω0 is about up to/-30° in low bound of frequemcy to ω0 the curve of phase shift forms the asymtotic curves to phase shift 0°, in raised bound of frequency to ω0 is increased up to/-180°.
Speed up of the delivery speed means the increase of angular frequency, therefore to obtain the same effect of moving average transformation, the range of moving average transformation (δ) and Gain constant K (δ) must be reduced with the same ratio to the ratio of speed up.
Actual method of moving average transformation is performed by air-micrometer. In this case, Transfer of this filter may be K/(1+TS), where T is time constant of air-micrometer, K gain constant.View full abstractDownload PDF (293K) -
Kikuo Koeda, Hiroshige Ono, Hiroaki Tonami1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 470-475
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was found that the primary condensation products of melamine with formaldehyde (MF in short) were adsorbed by cellulose. The amounts of MF adsorbed by cellulosic fabris were measured in details and mechanism of the adsorption was discussed. The results are summerized as follows:
1. When the molar ratio of formaldehyde against melamine was varied, the quantities of MF adsorbed in cellulose were increased in orders to M2F>M3F>M4F, but in the case of constant molar ratio, MF of higher clouding point was adsorbed much more than MF of lower clouding point, as a result it is assumed that monomer of MF were not adsorbed by cellulose.
2. Especially in the case of M2F, Lamgmuir's adsorption equation could be applied and its adsorption energy was calculated as 11.5 Kcal. per mole of dimer of M2F.
3. The other reagents, such as the primary condensation products of urea with formaldehyde, methylated methlol melamine and methylol ethylene urea were little adsorded by cellulose.
4. There was a tendency to increase wrinkle recovery of cellulosic fabrics by the adsorption of MF.View full abstractDownload PDF (521K) -
1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 475
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (77K) -
Minoru Sekido, Toshiro Iijima1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 476-477
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dyeing properties of azo acid dyes having the same skeletal structure as p-X-aniline→J-acid (6-amino-l-naphthol-3-sulphonic acid) [alkali coupling and acid coupling], where X is H, SO3H, SO2NH2, COOH, COOC2H5, Cl, CH3, OCH3, NO2, NH2, NHCOCH3, respectively, are examined.
As to the shade on wool dyeings, the alkali coupling dyes are brighter than those of the corresponding acid coupling dyes.
All of these dyes have a considerable affinity for wool in the neutral dyeing bath. The exhaustions (SDC Method)of these dyes are higher than in the corresponding p-X-aniline→γ-acid.
The influence of substituent group to light fastness is the same as in the case of the p-X-aniline→J-acid.View full abstractDownload PDF (141K) -
Akiyoshi Nakai1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 478-482
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in cross-sectional structure of Müller-bath-type fibres such as staining property of cross section, by treatment with aqueous alkali of various concentrations have been investigated.
This type of fibre has a typical skin-core-effect, but, in fact, consists of four layers (α1, β1, α2 and β2) which differ in equilibrium dye absorption (crystallinity), as pointed out previously. The α1 (very thin outermost layer, the cuticle layer) and β1 layer altogether correspond to the skin, and α2 and β2 layer to the core; the highly oriented β1 layer is the main part of the skin (see Table).
By swelling treatment with caustic soda solution (20°C) over 4_??_6%, the skin-core differentiation, which is stained differentially resulting from differences in velocity of dye diffusion, disappeared. The α1-β1-α2-β2 differentiation, however, which is stained differentially resulting from differences in equilibrium dye absorption, was observed even on the alkali-treated fibres which had lost the skin effect, although the sharpness of the boundary between a-type and β-type layers was somewhat less pronounced.
Changes in structural heterogeneity of fibres such as radial distributions in crystallinity and orientation, by alkali treatment were also observed, and discussed in relation to changes in staining property of fibre section. It was suggested that disappearence of the skin-core-effect by alkali treatment results mainly from changes in nature of orientation-decrease in degree of orientation and uniformalizing of its radial distribution.View full abstractDownload PDF (1229K) -
(III) VISCOSITY OF P. V. A. AQUEOUS SOLUTION CONTAINING CONGO REDKiyoshisa Fujino, Fumihide Fujimoto1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 483-484
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe viscosity of P. V. A. aqueous solution increased by adding congo red, and it was studied in detail with concentrations of P. V. A. and dye.
In the dilute solution of P. V. A., polyelectrolytic behavior was evidenced by combining the dye molecule. In the immediate concentration (ab. 0.5_??_1.0%), the viscosity of P. V. A. aq. soln. containing dye molecules scarcely changed in comparison with P. V. A. aq. soln. only. Above the certain concentration of P. V. A. aq. soln. (ab. 1.5%), the viscosity increased sharply when the amount of congo red in the solution was increased.
When congo red is added to the comparatively concentrated P. V. A. aq. soln., the solution caused gellation. It may be considered that as the network occured in the concentrated aqueous solution of P. V. A., so it does in such concentrated solution by sorbing congo red.View full abstractDownload PDF (160K) -
Kiyohisa Fujino, Fumihide Fujimoto1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 485-489
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFirst the state of direct dye sorbed in cellulosic fibre as well as vinylon was considered from the result of the sorption isotherm. Then the absorption spectrum in the visible region was measured in order to know the state of the sorbed dye molecules in polymer film (cellophane, P. V. A., or P. V. F. -polyvinyl formal) on the basis of the fundamental spectral studies of several dyes.
In the case of congo red (C-R) sorbed in cellophane, the absorption maximum shifted to the longer wave-length (520mμ) than that of C-R aq. solution. But it shifted to the shorter wavelength (510mμ) as the amount of sorbed dye was increased, just as the case of the aggregation of dye molecules or ions was caused by increasing the dye concentration in C-R aq. solution or by adding the salt to that solution.
In the case of P. V. A. and P. V. F. film, the absorption maxima bands appeared at about 535mμ and about 510mμ. At lower dye concentration the extinction coefficient at longer wave-length maximum was larger than that at shorter wave-length. At higher dye concentration this situation reversed. When dyed film was stretched, the extinction coefficient at longer wave-length maximum decreased, whereas that at the shorter wave-length increased.
The above phenomena exhibited the same characteristics as the spectral behavior of rodamine G aq. solution did with the concentration change. The following conclusions are drawn from the above results:
1. The red-shift of absorption maximum of C-R in polymer film resulted from association of the C-R molecule with the polymer molecule. (A change of the wave-length at absorption maximum depends on a refractive index of substitute-solvation effect.)
2. The blue-shift of absorption maximum, or the increasing of the extinction coefficient at lower wave-length maximum resulted from the coagulation of the C-R molecules in the film.View full abstractDownload PDF (326K) -
Kiyohisa Fujino, Fumihide Fujimoto, Kichiji Fujita1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 490-493
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDichroism of dye sorbed in cellulosic fibre, or P. V. A. fibre has already been studied and the physical state of dye molecules pressent in fibre was partialy defined. It was concluded that direct dye molecules sorbed in fibre orient with their long axis parallel to the polymer chains. But the dichroic constant of light coloured fibre was different from that of deep coloured fibre.
The relations between the isotherm and the various properties of dyed specimen have been studied, and from these relations it may be concluded that the dye molecules are not only adsorbed on the polymer chains with monomoleculare state.
If the sorption state in fibre is divided into two parts (Langmiur's type and partition type) as previously described, the relation between the amount of sorbed dye and the dichroic constant is as follows;
where DL is the amount of the dye sorbed in fibre as Langmiur's type and DR as partition type k is the molar extinction coefficient and d the thickness of fibre. PL is the specific dichroic constant as Langmiur's type sorption and PR is that as partition type sorption.
In the case of Vinylon, the above relation agree well with the experimental data. But heattreated P. V. A. fibre and regenerated cellulose fibre do not agree well.View full abstractDownload PDF (236K) -
Koichi Kato1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 494-498
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new technique for staining the skin of viscose rayon cross sections is described, where Procion Black HGS, a sort of dyes marketed by ICI as chemically reactive dyestuff for cellulose fibers. is used combined with urea and soda ash. The technique is found to furnish a staining entirely selective for the skin area without requiring any particular differentiation procedure.
This staining may be of great significance practically as well as theoretically, since it depends upon a chemical reaction between the dye and cellulose, i. e. upon a mechanism quite different from that of other usual dye techniques.
The same staining procedure has been applied to other fibers, not only cellulosic, but also protein as well as synthetic. Interestingly enough, it has been found that wool fibers show a bilateral staining, while Vinylon exhibits a skin-core type differentiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (4049K) -
PART VII. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE DYEING PROPERTIES AND THE CONJUGATED SYSTEM OF DOUBLE BONDKenzo Nishida1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 499-501
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe solubilities in water, the coagulation values and the absorption isotherms of Diamine Black RO (C. I. No.395) and Direct Violet O (C. I. No.393) were determined under the same condition described in part IV, V, VI.
The mean standard affinities of Diamine Black RO and Direct Violet O were 5.5 and 7.1 Kal. respectively. The affinity of Direct Violet O for the cotton is larger. Such difference of standard affinity can be explained on the following grounds. 1) The use of J-acid leads to more substantive dyes than does γ-acid. This view was suggested by Schirm. 2) The decrease of solubility increases the standard affinity for the fibre or increases the precipitation of the dye. Direct Violef O is consistent with the first set of conditions and Diamine Black RO is consistent with the second set of conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (229K) -
[in Japanese]1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 502-508
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (604K) -
[in Japanese]1959 Volume 15 Issue 6 Pages 509-511
Published: June 10, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (209K)
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