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Volume 20, Issue 7
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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(2) EFFECTS OF DRAWING TEMPERATURE ON THE MOLECULAR ORIENTATION IN P. E. T. FIBERSIsamu Kuriyama, Kazuo Tomiita, Kan Shirakashi1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 431-437
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of temperature of drawing bath and draw ratio on the contribution of crystalline and non-crystalline birefringence at the hot drawn in water and heated at 170°C under a constant length P. E. T. fibers were investigated by X-ray and optical polarized microscope. Results obtained are as follows:
1) The caluculated maximum values of the birefringence due to c-and a-axis oriented P. E. T. crystals are 0.216 and -0.330 respectively.
2) Coefficient of the crystalline orientation fε on the hot drawn at 70°C and heated fibers are found negative due to the a-axis oriented crystal at lower elongation, strong positive at higher elongation and zero or weak positive at intermediate elongation, respectively. The value of fε on the hot drawn fiber at 60°C is quite similar to fε at 70°C. And the value of fε on the hot drawing at 80°C is negative in all stretching and its value increases slightty with the rising draw ratio.
3) Effects of the draw ratio on the crystalline birefringence Δnc for the hot drawn P. E. T. fibers are shown as a sigmoid curves at drawing temperature of 70°C, that is, Δnc at lower elongation is negative due to the a-axis oriented crystal, and its value at higher elongation is storong positive. Δnc at drawing iemperature of 70°C is almost similar to fε at 70°C. And the value of Δnc at drawing temperature of 80°C may act as more effective oriented contribution due to the crystallization than oriented contribution due to the stretching, and its value decreases with increased draw ratio.
4) Total-birefringence is divied into the contribution of crystalline and non-crystalline birefringence. While the contribution of crystalline birefringence Δnc•X is almost similar to Δnc in all hot drawing fibers, the contribution of amorphous birefringence Δna•(1-X) at the drawing temperature of 70°C becomes lesss at the initial stage of stretching than its value at start of elongation, and successively it increases with increased draw ratio. While Δna•(1-X) at drawing temperature of 60°C increases monotonously with increased draw ratio, its value at the drawing temperature of 80°C approaches to a constant value beyond 2.0 draw ratio.
5) The transformation point of the relation between the draw ratio and amorphous birefringence Δna of non-heated fibers is found in the vicinity of draw ratio 2.0 at 60°C and 2.5 at 70°C, and Δna increases with increased draw ratio. Amorphous birefringence Δna of the drawn at 70°C and heated fibers at the initial stage of drawing decreases as compared with Δna at the start of elongation and successively increases with increased draw ratio.View full abstractDownload PDF (498K) -
(2) VARIATION OF THERMAL STRESS PRODUCED BY ELONGATION OF P. P. FIBREKeiroku Fuchino, Hiromu Nakamichi1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 438-447
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is generally known that the cause of a filament shrinkage by heat-treatment is a partial decline of frozen strain set up during manufacture of the filament. The present paper concers with the thermal stress which works on the filament preventing these shrinkage. The thermal stress shows maximum value (fmax.) at a temperature (Tmax.), which varies according to the cramp length (≤ initial length of the filament). Between these values, we found the following linear relation: fmax.=k(T0-Tmax.), where k, T0 are constants. When the appearance of thermal stress is to release the frozen secondary bonds on the chain molecule in a set form filament fibre, the variation of the thermal stress in drawn P. P. monofilament due to elongation, is discussed. The results obtained are as follows:
1. Two effects differing in principle are dependent upon the difference in the thermal relaxation curves of the elongated P. P. fibres (specially in low elongation), which are normal stress relaxation curve obtained by heating and the thermal stress curve due to the unbroken secondary bonds caused by elongation.
2. Drawing of P. P. fibre below the elastic limit (relaxated for 30 min. after loading), the thermal stress of the fibre does not vary, but above it, the stress decreases.
3. The constant relation is found between fmax. and its yield point.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
(IX) THE MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE COURSE OF FIBER FORMATIONEiichi Murakami1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 448-453
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our previous studies, it has been considered that, due to the colloidal semi-permeable membrane formed as the cuticle layer at the first step of viscose spinning, the alkali-acid mutual diffusion is controlled and the dehydration based on the osmotic effect is accelerated, resulting in the lowering of gel swelling, and the retardation of neutralization rate of spinning filaments are brought about.
In the present paper, the formation of the colloidal cuticle layer is confirmed by the microscopic observations of the cross sections of filaments at the course of spinning in the baths containing respectively ferrous, nickel and zinc ions.View full abstractDownload PDF (2669K) -
(XIII) GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE TO VISCOSE RAYONS IMBIBING CATALYSTSIchiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi, Yasui Sakai1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 454-458
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFabric from viscose rayon filament and crimped viscose rayon staple fibers imbibing aqueous solutions of K2S2O8, (NH4)2S208 and H202 or methanol solutions of α, α′-azo-bisisobutyronitrile were heated in sealed tubes with pure styrene or with styrene emulsions containing various emulsifiers such as polyethylene glycol oleate and laurate, lauryl pyridinium chloride, cetyl pyridinium bromide, laurly trimethyl ammonium chloride and sodium lauryl sulphate. The effects of various factors such as compositions of imbibing solutions and temperature, time and atmosphere of polymerization on the grafting were examined, and the results were compared with those for cotton. Proportionality was found between the degrees of grafting of cotton and those of rayons, and the degree of grafting of rayon was higher than that of cotton.
Dry rayons imbibing K2S2O8 were also heated with styrene-methanol mixtures. The grafting to rayons proceeded more smoothly than to cotton under conditions studied here.View full abstractDownload PDF (357K) -
(XIV) GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE TO CELLULOSE FIBERS IMIBING CATALYSTSIchiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi, Yasui Sakai1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 458-463,454
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCotton fabric, fabric from viscose rayon filament and crimped viscose rayon staple fibers imbibing aqueous solutions of K2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8 and H2O2 or methanol solutions of α, α'-azo-bisisobutyronitrile and benzoyl peroxide were heated with vinyl acetate in sealed tubes. The effects of various factors such as compositions of imbibing solutions, quantities of vinyl acetate, temperature, time and atmosphere of heating on the grafting were examined. K2S2O8 and (NH4)2S2O8 are more effective than the other catalysts. The higher the concentration of catalysts and the temperature of heating, the higher the rate and the efficiency of the grafting. Such behaviors differ considerably from those of grafting of styrene. Grafting to rayons were easier than to cotton. The degree of grafting of about 140% was obtained under suitable conditions.
Dry cellulose fibers imbibing, catalysts were also heated with vinyl acetate-organic solvent mixtures. Methanol, acetic acid, petroleum benzine and ligroin were used as solvents, but no desirable results were obtained. The secondary grafting of vinyl acetate to dry vinyl acetate grafted cellulose fiberes imbibing K2S2O8 was also examined, but the grafting proceeded slightly in the absence of water. Vinyl acetate markedly differs from styrene in these points.View full abstractDownload PDF (586K) -
(XV) GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE EMULSIONS TO CELLULOSE FIBERS IMBIBING CATALYSTSIchiro Sakurada, Yasuyoshi Sakaguchi1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 463-466,455
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCotton fabric and fabric from viscose rayon filament imbibing K2S2O8 and H2O2 were heated with vinyl acetate emulsions containing various emulsifiers in sealed tubes. The effects of various factors such as kinds and concentration of catalysts and emulsifiers, temperature, time and atmosphere of heating on the grafting were examined.
The grafting to rayon proceeded smoothly when emulsions contain non-ionic emulsifiers, namely polyethylene glycol oleate and laurate, but no desirable results were obtained when emulsions contain cationic or anionic emulsifiers. In contrast to the grafting with pure vinyl acetate, H2O2 is more effective than K2S2O8. The grafting to cotton is generally difficult; vinyl acetate differs. considerably from styrene in this point. A similar relationship to the grafting of styrene emulsions was found between the degree of grafting to rayon and the rate of homopolymerization of vinyl acetate emulsions. The results may be interpreted from the view points of the homopolymerization rate, penetration of monomers into fibers and chain transfer of catalysts.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
(I) ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGE IN THE SORPTION (II) THE SORPTION VALUE OF SALIGENIN TAKEN ACCOUNT OF SORPTION OF SOLVENTJunichi Sato1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 467-481
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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(VI) ON THE DISPLACEMENTS OF ORANGE II ANIONS ON SILK BY INORGANIC ANIONSMasaru Mitsuishi, Gensaku Aida1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 482-484
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe displacements of Orange II anion on silk by Cl-, Br-, and SCN- are investigated.
In this experiment, Orange II dyed silk is allowed to come to an equilibrium with 1.0×10-2mol/l HCl solutions containing inorganic electrolytes, NaX, such as NaCl, NaBr and NaSCN. The amounts of Orange II displaced from dyed silk in HCl solution containing NaCl, NaBr or NaSCN are the most in the solution NaCl containmg, and the least in the solution containing NaSCN at any temperature. Assuming that Orange II anion on the silk is only displaced by X- and Cl-, and at a given temperature the dye concentration displaced from the dyed silk by Cl- in solution containing other electrolyte is the same as the concentration displaced from the dyed silk in 1.0×10-2mol/l HCl solution in which no other electrolyte is contained, and the total basic sites for anion on the fiber do not vary at any temperature, the relative affinities on Orange II for silk are calculated.
The relative affinity of Orange II for silk in the solution containing NaCl is larger in kcal/mol of 0.6-1.0 and 2.2-2.5 than in the solution containing NaBr and NaSCN respectively. These mean that the order of affinities of inorganic anion for silk is as follow: SCN->Br->Cl-. The affinities of SCN- for silk is larger in kcal/mol of 1.3-1.7 and 2.2-2.5 than in Br- and Cl- respectively. The order of affinities of inorganic anions for silk in so far as these three anions are concerned is contrary to the Hofmeister series.View full abstractDownload PDF (248K) -
Haruo Sanuki1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages 485-491
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs to the second fundamental analysis with 14 kinds of solvent and greasy wool, the author has examined by the steeping method--static and single operation. The weight of sample greasy wool which was used for one measurement was 5.0g in absolute dry weight. This greasy wool was stuffed uniformly into the cylindrical vessel of stainless steel wire net of a desired capacity. The degree of porosity of sample greasy wool assembly was 90%. The quantity of solvent which was used for one measurement was 100cc, and the temperature was 25±2°C. The steeping time were of four levels of 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 9.0 min. The number of repetition of measurement was four times for each combination of various solvents and treating times, therefore the total number of measurement was 224 times. The solvent ratio αs, quantity of solid yolk removed Ys (g), residual suint value sRs (%), residual grease value gRs (%) and residual yolk value yRs (%) for each solvent were measured.
Judging from the results obtained, the solvents arranged in order from most suitable to unsuitable for degreasing process of raw wool by the steeping method is perchloroethylene>methylene chloride>kerosene_??_trichloroethylene_??_carbon tetrachloride>mineral turpentine>toluene_??_methyl ethyl ketone_??_chlorothene>propylene dichloride>benzol_??_ethyl ether>anon>acetone.View full abstractDownload PDF (491K) -
[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S73-S78
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S79-S85
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S86-S92
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S93-S100
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S101-S107
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S108-S111
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S112-S118
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S119-S124
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
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[in Japanese]1964 Volume 20 Issue 7 Pages S125-S130
Published: July 10, 1964
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (370K)
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