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Volume 22, Issue 7
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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(IV) RELATION BETWEEN THE THERMAL SHRINKAGE (IN EQUILIBRIUM) ON A POLYPROPYLENE FILAMENT AND ITS THERMAL STRESSKeiroku Fuchino, Hiromu Nakamichi, Tetsuyuki Sasai, Hajime Hino1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 295-302
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigation was made on the relation between the temperatures (Tmax) at which the maximum thermal stress was observed and the equilibrium thermal shrinkage in free state.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. A fiber contains frozen strains when the polymer molecules take the nonequilibrium configuration in the production process.
The thermal shrinkage of a fiber may be caused by disorienting effect due to breakdown of either crystallites or secondary bonds among the oriented molecular chains in the amorphous region.
According to Boltzmann, the probability that a restrictive energy Ei is released, is proportional to exp {-Ei/(kT)}. So, assuming that the equilibrium thermal shrinkage (%) in free state is owing to breakdown of these secondary bonds and crystallites, the following formula may be obtained; where, lT is the equilibrium thermal shrinkage (%) in free state at T°K.
The first term on the right hand side of the above equation represents the frozen energy released at T<Tmax, and the second term is the frozen energy released at T<Tmax (°K). Assuming that the latter is larger than the former, the following results are obtained.
Thus, plotting In lT vs. 1/T shows two straight lines having one transition temperature point which satisfies the experimental results on P. P. monofilament (draw ratio: 7)
Applying the above relation, the apparent activation energy of these two remperature ranges are calculated as 9 and 18kcal/mol respectively.
2. The equilibrium thermal stress F of a filament (draw ratio: 7) at the constant temperature below Tmax agrees with the stress in cooling from Tmax at the same temperature. Using the relaxation time τ=texp{(F-f/a)}, the apparent activation energy obtained from the slope of a straight line is 7kcal/mol which is about, the same as that obtained from lT (where f: the thermal stress of a filament at time t, a: constant).
3. Linear relationship, fmax=K(T0-Tmax) (K, T0: constants) is retained in the lower range of temperature than that at which the discontinuous point of lnlT_??_1/T curve is observed.View full abstractDownload PDF (495K) -
(V) THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE THERMAL STRESS CURVE OF HYDROPHILIC SYNTHETIC FIBER, 6-NYLON FILAMENTKeiroku Fuchino, Hiromu Nakamichi, Nobuyuki Tanaka1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 302-309
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe thermal stress on a hydrophilic filament consists of the thermal stress caused by the partial decrease of frozen strain and the contractive stress due to the loss of moisture within a filament during heating.
We investigated the variation of the thermal stress on 6-nylon filament, as an example of hydrophilic fiber, due to the relative humidity in the closed vessel covering apparatus.
The results obtained are as follows;
1) Decreasing the initial relative humidity of closed vessel, the thermal stress curve on 6-nylon (hydrophilic) filament approaches to that on P. P. (hydrophobic) mono-filament.
2) Though the thermal stress on 6-nylon mono-filament is superposed by drying stress, there is a linear relation between the maximum stress (Fmax) in high temperature region and its temperature (Tmax) in each relative humidity.
Therefore, it may be considered that the setting conditions on sample are not influenced by the amount of moisture within the sample.
3) Increasing the elongated percentage of samples, the peak (or shoulder) in low temperature region on the thermal stress curve of 6-nylon momofilament which is related to moisture content shiftes to the higher temperature.
4) The secondary yield point on the stress strain curve of 6-nylon mono-filament corresponds to the peak in high temperature on the thermal stress curve, and these points are independent of the moisture content within the sample.
While, the first yield point on stress-strain curve of the sample corresponds to the peak (or shoulder) in low temperature region on the thermal stress curve, and increasing the relative humidity, the peak (or shoulder) in low temperature region increases its height and conversely first yield point decreases.View full abstractDownload PDF (508K) -
(I) CHANGES IN FINE STRUCTURE BY TREATMENT WITH CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONKagenobu Inoshita1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 310-315
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in the fine structure of polynosic fiber (Shin-Teramomen), regular type rayon and modified type high tenacity rayon (Tire yarn), by treating with NaOH solution of various concentrations, are discussed.
The results obtained as follows.
1) Untreated and diluted NaOH solution treated polynosic fiber show less degree of expansion in the cross-section area at wet state than the degree of water absorption, but they show much the same by concentrated NaOH treatment.
2) Polynosic fiber does not increase in crystallinity (by the X-ray method) with NaOH concentration, but increase in crystallinity by iodine absorption and density method. The increase in the density may be caused by the decrease of void in the fiber.
Regular type rayon and tire yarn which have a number of unstable crystals show increase in crystallinity by X-ray, acid-hydrolysis, iodine absorption and density method.
3) Both length and width/thickness of crystal in tire yarn by treatment with NaOH solution increase, but regular type rayon and polynosic fiber show only increase in length.
4) Polynosic fiber has the character in which disorder of plane orientation of (002) and (101) increases in same ratio by the treatment with NaOH solution, but (002) plane of regular type rayon and tire yarn disorient faster than (101) plane, This is due to the difference between random and concentric circular orientations in the planes of crystal formed during the regeneration.View full abstractDownload PDF (799K) -
Nobumasa Hojo, Akira Suzuki, Hirofusa Shirai, Kunio Urushido, Shinji U ...1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 316-319
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of introducing chelate ring into resin structure on thermal stability was studied. Thermal stability is expected to change by the position of chelate ring introduced in polymers. Tyrosin having both phenolic OH group and chelate forming groups (NH2 and COOH) is considered to be copolymerized with phenol to give a condensation products. Thermal analysis was done for the following compounds; Amberlite IRC 50 and its copper salt, tyrosin and tyrosin copper chelate, tyrosin-phenol condensation product and its chelated products which were treated with CuCl2 solution at pH 2. 0, 3. 0, and 3. 6 respectively, tyrosin copper chelate-phenol condensation products of various tyrosin copper chelate content, and phenol resin. Weight loss vs temperature curves of those compounds show that ion exchange resin of COOH type shows nearly the same thermal stability as that of COO Cu/2 type resin. Tyrosin copper chelate has a lower decomposing temperature than tyrosin, but it shows the better thermal stability in the higher temperature range. Among the tyrosin-phenol resins, chelated resins show much better stability than nonchelated, and the more chelate rings are formed, the higher their stabilities. Thermal properties of tyrosin copper chelate-phenol resin change with the content of chelate ring. These stability differences are explained on the bases of the following assumptions. The chelate ring in the part of side chain of repeating units of resin gives additional stability to the non-chelated resin of the same composition. Chelate ring has a rigid structure of a definite bond angle and distance, therefore introducing these rings into resin as one of repeating units will give some effects on the steric structure of the whole resin and strain may occure in it.
The effects of promoting thermal stability by introducing chelate ring is cancelled by increasing the strain in resin.View full abstractDownload PDF (267K) -
Shuichi Uchiyama1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 320-325
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA third component, such as inorganic compounds, organic compounds and high polymer, was added to a concentrated solution of cellulose acetate.
The activation energy for flow of the solution was calculated from temperature dependency of the falling ball viscosity.
The apparent viscosiy was measured with a cone-plate viscometer at various shear rates. The results obtained are as follows:
1) CaCl2 has a tendency to increase the activation energy with its certain contents and coupling is considered to form in solution. But CaCl2 decreases the energy over that content.
2) Organic compounds such as methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane and glyoxal increase the activation energy considerably. But chloroform and CCl4 do not increase it so much.
3) High polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl acetate form some couplings in the solution, but other high polymers do not increase the energy so much.
4) The relationship between η and D is as follows;
η=CDd (C and d are constants.)
where η is the apparent viscosity and D the shear rate.
The solution with larger |d| has larger activation energy for flow.
5) The solution containing a substance to increase the activation energy shows an abnormal viscosity at a certain shear rate.View full abstractDownload PDF (402K) -
Shuichi Uchiyama1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 326-329
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDynami viscosity and dynamic elasticity of the concetrated cellulose acetate solution containing the third components were measured.
The third components added were inorganic salts, such as calcium chloride; organic compounds such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methyl alcohol, glyoxal and ethyl acetate; and high polymer such as polymethyl methacrylate.
Apparatus used was a coaxial double cylinder type rheometer and the measurement was done by forced vibration method.
The results obtained are as follows;
1) The addition of these compounds affects dynamic viscosity and elasticity of the solution remarkably.
2) By three-element Maxwell model, the solution containing glyoxal and ethyl acetate have large τ(=η1/G) in comparison with the blank solution. CaCl2 increases τ a little.
Some couplings are thought to form in these solutions. But CCl4 and polymethyl methacrylate do not change τ so much.
3) The solution with large activation energy for flow has large frequency dependency of dynamic viscosity.View full abstractDownload PDF (243K) -
Shuichi Uchiyama1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 330-335
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEvaporation of dimethyl formamide (DMF) from acrylonitrile polymer solution was investigated at various temperatures. The diffusion constants of DMF in the acrylonitrile polymer film were calculated. The evaporation mechanism of DMF from acrylonitrile polymer solution was compared with that of acetone from cellulose acetate solution and their real spinning condition was discussed.
The results of the study are as follows:
1) Existence of solidified film forming period and falling rate period are recognized.
2) There is a linear relationship between the atmosphere temperature and the diffusion constants.
3) The diffusion constant of DMF is smaller than that of acetone.
4) The diffusion constants obtained in this experiment is smaller than the literature values obtained from wet spinning of acrylonitrile polymer solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (323K) -
PART 2 DESIGN OE THE CIRCUIT FOR LOGICAL OPERATION OF PATTERN PRODUCING SIGNALSNoboru Aisaka, Tatsuya Kawakami1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 336-342
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the treatment of the pattern producing signals, two kinds of logical elements are avaliable. One is the logical element which has high speed operation time such as transister elements, and the other that has multi-outputs in response to a single input such as the electro-magnetic relays.
In this paper, the circuit for logical operation of pattern producing signals was designed by suitably combining these two logical elements.
The objective of this study was a double jersey circular rib-knitting machine of 20-inch diameter, having the gauge with 12 needles per inch, and 12 yarn feeders.
The circuit was designed to produce two-colour fabric with a design width of 120 wales, three-colors pattern of 60 wales, or four-colour pattern of 40 wales.
The numbers of logical elements of the designed circuit are as follows:
Flip-Flop circuit 267,
AND circuit 315,
OR circuit 128,
NOR circuit 70,
8 T-relay 7,
4 T-relay 5,
2 T-relay 15,
15 M-relay 35,
8 M-relay 4,
2 M-relay 5.View full abstractDownload PDF (383K) -
(I) MEASUREMENT OF THE THICKNESSSeiichiro Ueno1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages 343-348
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn recent years, the research on non-woven fabrics has greatly been developed, but because they have both properties like the paper and the cloth, there are no unique testing methods on them up to this time.
In considering of this point, the author has established the testing methods which shown the properties of non-woven fabrics comparatively adequately and at the same time considered to serve in development of non-woven fabrics in future.
First, the apparent thickness was finished to be able to be measured. Hitherto, the thickness of non-woven fabrics has been measured by using dial thickness gauge of pressure-gauge type, while now the apparent thickness in the condition just as bulky products bacame to be able to be measured by using the tester of photometric type to measure irregularities of the thickness produced newly by the author.
Then, as a result of that the relation between the thickness measured directly by pressure-gauge type and the apparent thickness measured by photometric type was investigated, it appeared that the proportional relation passed through the origin did not necessarily exist between them. Therefore, it is not proper that various properties of non-woven fabrics are studied in the relation with the thickness measured by pressure-gauge type as this time, and in future it may be more significant that they are studied in the relation with such apparent thickness.View full abstractDownload PDF (383K) -
KENKICHI MURAKAMI1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages S187-S198
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (827K) -
MASASHI NAITO1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages S199-S204
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (4865K) -
MASAMITSU NAGANO1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages S205-S209
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (343K) -
KOJI KIGANE, ISAMU TAKAHASHI1966 Volume 22 Issue 7 Pages S210-S215
Published: July 10, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2631K)
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