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Volume 33, Issue 10
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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SEISHI YAJIMA1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages P293-P300
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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HIROSHI KIMURA1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages P301-P308
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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NOBUO YASUHIRA1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages P309-P314
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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Hirohisa Yoshida, Yasuji Kobayashi1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T479-T488
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor partially saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer films, the changes of the birefringence and of infrared dichroism of several characteristic bands with drawing were observed, and the orientation factor was estimated by infrared dichroism for the purpose of clarifying the behavior of the main and side chains with drawing.
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, of which vinyl acetate content was 22 mole %, was saponified to different extents in order to change the formation of the hydrogen bonds between side chains. The content of acetyl groups was changed from 0% to 100% by saponification. The birefringence and the orientation factor increased rapidly in an initial stage of drawing, approaching to saturated values at high draw ratios for the samples saponified more than 50%. The shrinkage of main chains occurred at high draw ratios for the samples saponified less than 50%, judging from the relation between the birefringence and the orientation factor. While, the side chains of these samples were hardly oriented with drawing. On the contrary, for samples saponified more than 50%, the shrinkage of main chains hardly occurred, but the side chains were oriented in the same direction with drawing.
These phenomena seemed to be caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between two hydroxyl groups and/or between hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The cohesive forces among polymer chains may be weak, as shown from the occurrence of the shrinkage of main chains with drawing, for samples saponified less than 50%. Saponification prevents the shrinkage of main chain due to the increased hydrogen bonds between side chains.View full abstractDownload PDF (680K) -
Kanako Kaji, Toshio Okada, Ichiro Sakurada1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T488-T494
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRadiation-grafting of acrylamide was carried out onto poly (vinyl chloride) fiber to raise its softening temperature without serious loss of the flame-retardance.
Grafting of acrylamide proceeded when mixture of the monomer, methanol and ethylene dichloride was used as grafting solution. Small amount of iron (II) chloride was added to the mixture to suppress formation of acrylamide homopolymer outside the fiber. The grafting was studied over a very wide dose rate range using γ-rays from a Co-60 source, electron beams from a Van de Graaff, and a transformer type accelerators. The log-log plot of the rate of grafting and the dose rate was expressed by a straight line with a slope of 0.76 over a range 1 to 1×107 rad/sec.
Only very small changes in strength, elongation and Young's modulus of fibers are observed by the grafting of up to 56%. Fibers of about 50% graft exhibited nearly the same moisture regain as that of cotton. Acrylamide-grafted fiber showed a high heat-shrinkage temperature especially when subjected to alkali-hydrolysis and cross-linked with calcium ion by treatment with aqueous solution of calcium acetate. Fiber of about 60% graft was still self-extinguishable.View full abstractDownload PDF (506K) -
Kanako Kaji, Toshio Okada, Ichiro Sakurada1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T494-T498
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrafting of calcium acrylate has been carried out onto poly (vinyl chloride) fiber by irradiation of γ-rays for the purpose of raising softening temperature without serious loss of flame-retardance of the original fiber.
Calcium acrylate was successfully grafted onto poly (vinyl chloride) fiber by two different methods.
In the first method poly (vinyl chloride) fiber was immersed in a mixture of ethylene dichloride and methanol. Then the impregnated fiber was transferred into an aqueous solution of calcium acrylate containing a small amount of metallic salt such as iron (II) chloride and irradiated with γ-rays to induce the grafting.
In the second method, the fiber was directly immersed in a mixture of calcium acrylate, water, methanol and ethylene dichloride containing a small amount of metallic salt and irradiated.
Calcium acrylate-grafted poly (vinyl chloride) fiber showed a higher heat-shrinkage temperature than the original fiber and was dyed to deep color with cationic dyes. The fiber of 30% graft was still self-extinguishable as the original fiber.View full abstractDownload PDF (1137K) -
ASSESSMENT OF CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE ORIENTATIONS OF STRETCHED POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)Nobuhiro Sakaguchi, Takashi Oda, Akemi Nakai, Hiromichi Kawai1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T499-T508
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCrystalline and noncrystalline orientations of poly (ethylene terephthalate) were evaluated by means of simultaneous measurements of X-ray diffraction and birefringence. The test specimens were prepared by uniaxial or orthogonal-biaxial stretching of a quenched film with various %-elongations at 90°C and then annealing of the stretched films with fixed length at 200°C for 2 hr.
For the uniaxially stretched films, some positive orientation of reciprocal lattice vector of the (100) crystal plane, the crystal a*-axis, and slightly negative orientation of the crystal c-axis were found at relatively low %-elongations less than ca. 90%-elongation, and these anomalies turned out to highly positive orientation of the c-axis and equally negative orientations of reciprocal lattice vectors of the paratropic crystal planes, such as the (100), (010) and (110) planes, at relatively high %-elongations.
For the orthogonal-biaxially stretched films, uni-planar orientation of the (100) crystal plane and planar orientation of the crystal c-axis, both parallel to the film surface, were found in an extent depending on the degree of stretching and the mode of biaxial stretching, such as simultaneous, alternate, and strip-biaxial stretching. Assuming the optical anisotropy of PET crystal to be orthogonal-biaxial symmetry with respect to the crystal c-, a*-, and b′-axes having refractive indicies of nc: 1.806, na*: 1.398 and nb′: 1.733, the noncrystalline birefringence was evaluated to draw a conclusion that the noncrystalline chain segments orient in some extent in a manner of uniplanar orientation of their phenyl rings parallel to the film surface.View full abstractDownload PDF (813K) -
Akira Takahashi, Shiro Takahashi1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T508-T514
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGraft polymerization of various vinyl monomers onto dialdehyde cellulose (H-sample) by a photo-induced method was carried out in aqueous systems using qualz and pyrex tube, and the results were compared with those for the photo-induced graft polymerization onto purified cotton linter (C-sample).
The degree of grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto H-sample contained a small amounts of carbonyl group is greater than that onto C-sample. H-sample was easily grafted by the light with the wavelength above 300nm. The chain scission in H-sample occurred with the light of 253nm wavelength. From these results, it is indicated that the graft polymerization proceeds mainly via the photolysis of carbonyl groups in cellulose, and the difference in the wavelength of absorbed light has an effect on the grafting site.
In the graft polymerization of various vinyl monomers onto H-sample, the total conversion and the degree of grafting increased with increasing carbonyl group content in cellulose. The grafting activity decreased in the order of MMA, acrylamide, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile and styrene.
In the graft polymerization of MMA in aqueous organic solvent systems, the degree of grafting decreased with increase of the organic solvent concentration, but the grafting efficiency yield 85-95%. The chain transfer constants of CCl4, i-BuOH, (Me)2CO and dimethylformamide were 10.3, 3.8, 1.3 and 0.7×10-5, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (447K) -
Hiroshi Kawakami, Noboru Mori, Sumihiko Mori, Osamu Matsuura, Mataichi ...1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T515-T523
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe weatherability of vinylon was found to be superior to that of other chemical fibers except acrylic. Formalized vinylon degraded more quickly than unformalized vinylon, and the percent retention of the breaking strength during outdoor exposure decreased in proportion to the degree of formalization. Titanium dioxide increased the degradation rate of vinylon. Dyestuff, coating resin or other finishing materials which were used in wet processing of vinylon improved weatherability of vinylon in most cases. Vinylon could last several years in outdoor exposure when it was covered with durable colored synthetic rubber or resin such as chloroprene rubber or polyvinyl chloride. The test results with violet carbon-arc fade-meter and xenon-arc fade-meter were found more or less reliable, compared with the test results of actual outdoor exposure. Comparison of ultra violet spectra of polyvinylalcohol films exposed outdoors, in the fade-meter, and in the light of specific wave length, gave a probable explanation for the observed results.View full abstractDownload PDF (590K) -
Fukashi Shimizu, Ikuzo Sakaguchi1977 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages T524-T527
Published: October 10, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe absorption spectra of strips of the silk-habutae dyed with four acid dyes were measured as immersed in o-dichlorobenzene. This solvent gave the best transmittances for the undyed habutae over the wavelength range 300-800nm among the several liquids investigated.
The absorption spectra of the dyed habutae in the vicinity of the maximal absorption wavelength became more broad in comparison with the dye spectra in aqueous solutions. The broadening tendency was more pronounced in the shorter wave length range than in the longer one.
It was recognized that an equation (logE=logK+nlogC) holds between the absorbance (E) at λmax, and the amount of the adsorbed dyes (C) in the dyed habutae in less than ca. 10mg per g habutae.View full abstractDownload PDF (243K)
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