Polyamides were prepared from 2, 5-dichloroterephthalic acid with hexamethylenediamine, ethylenediamine, piperazine, 2, 5-dimethylpiperazine, p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylether, 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylmethane or 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone. Polyesters were also prepared from 2, 5-dichloro-terephthalic acid with bisphenol-A, resorcinol, hydroquinone or ethylene glycol. Synthesis and properties of these chlorinated polymers were compared with those of non-chlorinated polymers prepared from terephthalic acid to examine the effect of chlorine substitution.
η_SP/C of polymers obtained by the interfacial or low temperature solution polymerization method decreased by chlorine substitution. Crystallinity, melting point and decomposition starting point measured by DTA also decreased by chlorine substitution. The ratio of melting point (°K) of chlorinated to non-chlorinated polymer was about 0.92 for polyamides having flexible chain, and was smaller for polyamides having rigid chain and for polyesters having no intermolecular hydrogen bond. Effect of chlorine substitution on TG curves was remarkable for nylon-6T and was little for PET, while chlorinated PET was self-extinguishing when removed from a flame. Chlorinated polymers had better solubility to organic solvents.

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Acryronitrile (AN) or methyl methacrylate (MMA) was graft copolymerized onto slightly methacrylated paper and the various kinds of papers grafted by the high and low molecular weight branches were prepared. The effects of the molecular weight and the number of the grafted branches on the strength, the acid and alkali resistance and the hygroscopicity of the paper were examined.
The following results were obtained. 1) The wet or dry strength of the paper grafted by the high molecular weight branches with the smaller number of the branches was higher than the corresponding strength of the paper grafted by the low molecular weight branches with the larger number of the branches, in comparing the same degree of grafting. The wet strength of the AN-grafted paper was much higher than those of the original and the MMA-grafted ones. 2) The acid and alkali resistances of the paper increased on grafting, but the hygroscopicity decreased. The acid and alkali resistances of the paper with the high molecular weight branches and small number of branches were superior to those of the paper with the low molecular weight branches at the same degree of grafting. The hygroscopicity of the paper with the low molecular weight branches was higher than that of the paper with the high molecular weight branches at the same degree of grafting. These results suggest that the high molecular weight branches (the small number branches) do not so change the fine structure of the cellulose fibers as the low molecular weight branches (the large number branches) do.
It is concluded that the properties of the grafted paper depend on the difference in the number and the molecular weight of the grafted branches even if at the same degree of grafting. This must be kept in mind in investigating the properties of any other grafted paper.

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In order to clarify the function of the cuticle and the cortex of Merino wool fiber, descaling treatments were applied to the fiber in dehydrated n-propyl and n-butyl alcohol solutions of potassium hydroxide and the procedure of the descaling was followed by optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscope. Tensile strength of the treated fibers was measured and their sulfur contents were determined.
The fiber ends fractured by stretching were observed by SEM. The sorption behavior of water vapor and an acid dye, Orange II, was investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows;
(1) The n-propyl alcohol solution of KOH permeates into wool fibers much faster than n-butyl alcohol solution.
(2) Descaled wool fibers were obtained without any damage of the cortical segments by the treatment with the n-butyl alcohol solution under gentle agitation.
(3) Young's moduli of the descaled wool fibers are comparable to that of the untreated fiber.
(4) By the treatment of fibers with the n-butyl alcohol solution of 10% (initial conc.) KOH, cracks almost perpendicular to the fiber axis were formed on the surface-region of the paracortex and the fiber was broken at the position of the crack during the stretching.
(5) The cuticle becomes the barrier of the diffusion of water vapor and the acid dye in the early stage of the sorption, while in the prolonged stage, the cell membrane complex in the cortex becomes probably the source of the barrier.

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The diffusion coefficients of C. I. Disperse Red 17 in poly (ethylene terephthalate) were measured in various solvents by the film-roll method. The effect, of temperature on the diffusion coefficient was discussed from a viewpoint of Williams-Landel-Ferry equation, and the following results were obtained.
(1) The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients of C. I. Disperse Red 17 in organic solvent dyeing obey the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation, where aT is shift factor, and T_s the standard temperature.
(2) The effect of solvents on the diffusion coefficient are explained in terms of the lowering of T_s due to the decrease of the glass transition temperature of the polyester by absorbing the relevant solvent.

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Physical and mechanical properties of the filament, produced by melt spinning of stainless-steel in pyrex glass, were studied.
1) The tensile strength and elongation of the filament increases with winding speed; the filament with the diameter 6.6μ, produced under winding speed of 477 m/min, has the tensile strength of 183kg/mm² at the elongation of 3.5%.
2) X-ray and electron diffraction studies indicate that the filament is glass state.
3) Stress-strain curve of the filament show a straight line up to the breaking point.
Young's modulus obtained from the slope at the initial stage of the stress-strain curve, 5×10³kg/mm², is lower than that of crystal steel, 20×10³kg/mm². The tensile strength is increased extremely with decreasing the diameter less than 20μ.

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Making use of the friction of a ceramic device, which has many uniformly arranged small protuberances, rubbing against a tow, the authors investigated the degree of separation and grouping of filaments in two on the basis of its coefficient of friction, frictional force and number of frictional contacts and determined the most appropriate combination of the several factors involved in the experiment to obtain the desirable degree of separation of filaments in tow.
The analytical results show that the tow can be opened uniformly to the inside of tow, by applying suitable tension and number of frictional contact.

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Copoly (N^ε-carbobenzyloxy-L-lysine γ-methyl-L-glutamate) prepared from N-carboxy anhydrides (NCA) of N^ε-carbobenzyloxy-L-lysine and γ-methyl L-glutamate was hydrolyzed in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and 12N HCl at 100°C. The amino acids in the hydrolyzate were converted to their N-trifluoroacetyl n-butyl esters and quantitatively analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Accuracy of the analytical data was discussed.

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