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Volume 34, Issue 6
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Environmental, Energy and Raw Material ConsiderationsKATSUMI HATA1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages P181-P188
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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HIROSHI NAKANO1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages P189-P191
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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YASUKAZU NIWA1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages P192-P199
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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KEN NAKAYAMA1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages P200-P210
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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SHOICHI SASAO1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages P211-P216
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
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Tomoko Goto1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T237-T244
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dynamics of the melt spinning of metals by making use of the spinnability of glass are analyzed by deriving a set of simultaneous partial differential equations which have been developed to describe the spinning of polymers. For steady-state, equation of heat balance: where, Lp=constant for T=Ts and Lp=0 for T_??_Ts, equation of force balance: ∂A∂z=-FAρ'K/βW, equation of material balance: vz ∂A/∂z+A∂vz/∂z=0. Where, T: temperature, z: distance from the bottom of the molten metal toward the winding drum, W: flow rate of metal, Cp and C'p: specific heat of metal and glass, K: weight ratio of metal to glass, Lp: heat of fusion of metal, ρ and ρ': density of metal and glass, T∞: temperature of the atmosphere, h and hr: coefficient of heat transfer at the filament surface for convection and radiation, Ts: temperature of solidification of metal, F: spinning tension, β: tensile viscosity, vz: local velocity, A: cross-sectional area.
The solutions of the above equations corresponding to the melt spinning of copper, silver and stainless-steel using pyrex glass showed fairly good agreement with the experimentally measured values of thickness A(z) and temperature T(z). Compared to the melt spinning of polymers, the solidification of metal spin line is very rapid, for example, A(z) becomes constant within z=0.5cm from the spinneret with the cooling rate amounting to as much as about 105°C/sec.View full abstractDownload PDF (1879K) -
Nobuhiko Nakano, Sumiko Hasegawa1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T245-T253
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn hot-pressed polystyrene strips, effects of water on the fracture of polystyrene have been studied in terms of the transparency, the mechanical property and the fracture surface morphology.
Various kinds of defects may be observed when the sample is soaked in water. Form, size and amount of the defects vary with the conditions of the soaking, e. g., soaking temperature and time.
The size of defects becomes smaller as the soaking temperature becomes higher and the size of defect becomes larger as the soaking time becomes longer.
Three kinds of defects different in shape appear by the soaking and these defects give rise to complicated changes in the transparency, the mechanical properties and the development of the fracture. The first defects are small spherical holes about 0.1_??_0.51μ in diameter. The amount of these defects have the maximum value at 94°C. These defects lower the transparency of the sample but are not related to the mechanical properties. The second defects are cracks about 1_??_20μ in length. A maximum amount of these defects is produced at 80°C. These defects are little related to the transparency since they undergo apparent restoration for the prolonged soaking. In such a case, however, mechanical properties go down. The third defects occur with the growth of the second defects.
These defects are cracks about 25_??_50μ in length and the maximum amount of these defects appears at about 70°C.
Both of the transparency and the mechanical properties go down with the occurrence of these defects.
Because the appearance and the growth of these three kind defects follow their own timetables, the transparency and the mechanical properties of a sample change complicatedly with time.View full abstractDownload PDF (4026K) -
Yoshiaki Fujikura, Takanori Suzuki, Masakazu Matsumoto1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T254-T258
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOur previous experiments have shown that the relation between the thermal-radiation emissivity (ε) and the sample thickness (δ) for polymers varies according to the chemical constitutions of the polymers. If suitable assumptions are introduced including the first mean value theorem of finite integral, an empirical relation between these quantities can be obtained as J(δ): the observed total emissive power of polymer sample with thickness δ Ja: the observed total emissive power of aluminum foil used as base Jb: the observed total emissive power of black-body.
The above equation defines a mean absorption coefficient (αλ∗) instead of the monochromatic absorption coefficient (αλ) which is inherent to the material and wavelength in the infrared region. In other words, the value of αλ∗ which is determined for each wavelength can be replaced by αλ which corresponds to the mean value of spectral absorption coefficients for the overall infrared rays.
Plotting αλ∗ against 1/δ, we evaluated the constant α0, which was specific to each material and the maximum value δa giving the constant α0.
The relation αλ∗=f(δ) can be represented by a simple equation if parameters for each material, are chosen.
By using this method, emissivity of various polymer samples with any thickness can be obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K) -
Koh-ichi Kajiyama, Mahito Iwata, Munenori Sakamoto, Hiroaki Tonami1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T259-T267
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe reaction of Merino wool fibers with aqueous KCN was studied. The cystine (CYS) and lanthionine (LAN) contents in the hydrolysates of wool samples were determined by the gas chromatographic method. The CYS content decreased and the LAN content increased with the treating time. The sum of CYS and LAN contents, that is, the total crosslink content, decreased to a minimum and returned to the original value as the reaction progressed.
The amounts of intermolecular crosslinks in the KCN-treated wool samples, which were expressed in terms of the (SS) values, were evaluated by the degree of swelling of the samples determined in formic acid according to the method of Caldwell and Milligan. Contrary to the results obtained by the chemical analysis, the (SS) value decreased monotonously as the reaction progressed. The degrees of swelling of the KCN-treated wool samples were determined after the samples were reduced completely and S-cyanoethylated with acrylonitrile. From the (SS) values obtained before and after the reduction and the CYS and LAN contents determined by the chemical analysis, the contributions of CYS and LAN residues of the KCN-treated wool samples to the intermolecular and the intramolecular crosslink contents could be separated. It was found that the intermolecular CYS crosslinks were converted to intramolecular as well as intermolecular LAN crosslinks by the treatment with KCN.
In order to see the effect of organic solvents on the reaction of wool with KCN, Merino wool fibers were treated with KCN in 3:1 (v/v) mixtures of water and organic solvents. LAN was formed more when wool fibers were treated in the presence of organic solvents such as n-propanol than when wool fibers were treated in water. The wool fabrics treated with KCN in the presence of organic solvents were much stiffer than those treated in the absence of organic solvents and had pin holes through which light passed. It was observed by scanning electron micrography that the yarns in the treated fabric in the presence of n-propanol, were more dense and the constituting fibers were more oriented. There appeared many lengthwise wrinkles on the surface of the treated fibers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1446K) -
Akira Watanabe, Shinya Kurosaki, Fujio Konda1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T268-T273
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe initial compressional properties of the twistless and twisted yarn fabrics are comparatively discussed. The pressure-thickness curves of 12 samples in Table 1 were represented. For twistless yarn fabrics, the values of h0 and h0.5 (h0: Initial thickness, h0.5: Thickness at 0.5g/cm2 pressure) are influenced by fabric densities, on the other hand, for twisted yarn fabrics, the differences of these values caused by fabric densities are not so remarkable as shown in Fig. 2(a), (b).
These results are transformed into the Pressure/N-strain curves (N: The number of cross-point of yarn in fabrics in Table 1) shown in Fig. 4(a), (b). These figures show that the compression curves for twistless yarn fabrics are clearly dispersed, while the six curves of twisted yarn fabrics come together in a very narrow range. This means that the twistless yarn fabrics, being soft when the fabric density is low, become hard with the density increase; the hardness of the twisted yarn fabrics does not change so much with the fabric density. The relation between pressure/N and packing factor (Packing factor (1-ε): The fiber cross-sectional area divided by a yarn cross-sectional area in the fabric) is shown in Fig. 10. In both twistless and twisted yarn fabrics, the compressibility of fabrics is attributed to differences in the packing factor.View full abstractDownload PDF (1084K) -
Noriko Choji, Mikio Karasawa, Hitoshi Nagasawa, Isao Matsuura1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T274-T281
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDiffusion of dye in the composite media with skin and core is investigated in non-steady state. The composite membrane considered here is symmetric with respect to x=h, where h is the half thickness of the membrane. The region 0_??_x_??_h1 is of substrate 1 (skin) and h1_??_x_??_h is of substrate 2 (core). C1 and D1 denote the concentration and diffusion coefficient in substrate 1, and C2, D2 are the corresponding quantities in substrate 2. Cs1, Cs2 are the surface concentrations in substrates 1 and 2. In the case that Di, and Csi are constant, the differential equations to be solved are
The initial and boundary conditions are assumed as follows:
The final results are where are the positive roots of and
The amounts of dye Mt1, Mt2 in the substrates 1, 2 are derived by integrating the equations (1) and (2) with respect to X.
The total amount Mct in the composite is where Mc∞ is the amount of dye in the composite at equilibrium.
The films of nylon 6 (N6) and cellulose diacetate (Ac) are used to make a composite film roll as a model with skin and core. One of the films is rolled 5 times around a glass rod (radius=1cm) and the other is also rolled same times on the film roll. The composite film rolls are represented by 5N6-5Ac and 5Ac-5N6 depending on the sequence of the films. These film rolls are dyed at 60°C in the aqueous solution of p-aminoazobenzene (PAAB).
The concentration distributions of PAAB in the composite film rolls agreed with the theoretical curves calculated by the equations (1) and (2). The dyeing rate of the composite 5N6-5Ac was larger than that of 5Ac-5N6, and those were in accordance with the theoretical values on the basis of the equations (3)_??_(5). Some of the properties for the dyeing curves of the composite membranes were described.
The analytical solutions of diffusion equations are also derived for a semi-infinite composite medium. Experimental results agreed with the solutions.View full abstractDownload PDF (442K) -
Toshio Haga1978 Volume 34 Issue 6 Pages T282-T283
Published: June 10, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSwelling behavior of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in trichloroethylene was analyzed by applying the free volume theory. No correlation was found between Case II swelling and the void content in the amorphous region for the annealed PET fiber.View full abstractDownload PDF (138K)
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