Porous cellulose gel beads were halogenated under heterogeneous conditions with N-halosuccinimide and triphenylphosphine in aprotic organic solvents. The degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups (DS) by halogen was higher for chlorination than for bromination. Hydroxyl groups at C-6 were replaced by halogen, and those at C-3 were replaced with inversion of configuration in the case of chlorination. The chlorine distribution in chlorodeoxycellulose gel beads was not homogeneous as revealed by an acid hydrolysis experiment. Halodeoxycellulose gel beads were resistant against hydrolysis by cellulases.

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As a lignin model compound having a biphenyl structure, (5-5')-(β-O-4) type of Compound [I] was synthesized and treated mechanically to find out the reaction mechanisms. Mechanical treatments of Compound [I] with a CBM (ceramic ball mill) in air furnished four products, but those of VBM (vibration ball mill) in air or nitrogen afforded six products, respectively, as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 2. Among the products, the corresponding p-carbonyl phenol _??_ was obtained in the highest yields. Differently from the cases of syringylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether shown in the previous report, treatments of Compound [I] with both CBM and VBM resulted in much lower yields of the products. The reason for this was ascribed to the presence of a large hydrophobic trityl ether group bound to the sterically hindered biphenyl group via the methylene bridge.

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Sorption isotherms of eleven purified anthraquinone disperse dyes on Nylon 6 film from water were measured at 60 and 80°C. Analysis of the isotherms indicates that two concurrent modes of sorption are operative in the dye sorption; Nernst type partitioning and a Langmuir sorption. Normally, the amount of dye sorbed by the Langmuir sorption (C_L) was much smaller than that (C_P) by the partitioning. However, the ratio C_L/(C_P+C_L) at saturated dye concentration in water, which is a measure to indicate the contribution of Langmuir sorption to the total dye sorption, increased with an increase in the number of functional group capable of forming intermolecular hydrogen bond in dye. These findings suggest that the hydrogen bonding between the dyes and Nylon 6 plays an important role in the Langmuir sorption.

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Porous chitosan beads preparing under the wet condition showed specific capacity to adsorb lactoferrin directly from bovine milk by the partial sulfation reactions. Crosslinking of chitosan beads followed by sulfation was found to give much improved stability and the material exhibited excellent property as an adsorbent material for the affinity chromatography of lactoferrin even in case for higher degrees of sulfation. The amount of lactoferrin bound to the column of chitosan beads was effectively enhanced by increasing CSV value (salt splitting capacity per bed volume of beads) untill 100μeq/mL.

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This study deals with an alkaline lipase, Lipolase, which is active in a wide pH range and is stable under alkaline conditions with considerable thermostability. The lipolytic behavior was observed both for fabric and the incubation media with a special attention to the effect of surfactant on the lipolysis. In the surfactant free media, lower melting triolein and trilaurin migrated partly from the surface of the fabric to the medium solutions and lipolysis proceeded both on the fabric surface and in the media. The hydrolysis of tripalmitin, however, proceeded only on the fabric. Concerning the ratios of residual triglycerides (TGs) and lipolytic products, fatty acids (FAs), Lipolase showed, as compared with Fusarium, higher ratios of more easily removable FAs and lower ratios of TGs, most stubborn lipid soil, indicating that Lipolase will act more advantageously in the washing system. In the presence of SDS, much more amounts of TGs, especially triolein, migrated to the media even without lipase. The inhibiting action of surfactant on lipolysis was proved by higher ratios of substrate TGs and lower ratios of hydrolyzate FAs detected both on the fabric and in the medium solutions.

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Two kinds of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers, regular and partially oriented yarns, were heat set at 100°C-220°C in the unstressed state and then alkali hydrolyzed with 10% aqueous NaOH solution at 90°C. The rate of hydrolysis of the fibers with alkali was found to depend on heat setting temperature, i.e., weight loss initially decreased with increasing heat setting temperature up to 140°C and then increased at high temperatures. Shrinkage, disperse dyeing property, crystallinity and X-ray diffraction patterns were also measured with respect to the changes in the fine structure of fiber during heat treatment and alkali hydrolysis.

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Theoretical refractive indices were calculated by summarizing bond polarizabilities for α and β form crystal of poly (butylene terephthalate). The principal direction at which the polarizability indicates minimum was almost parallel to the normal direction of phenylene ring. The principal refractive indices revealed 1.411, 1.713, 1.760 for α form crystal, and 1.398, 1.708, 1.768 for β form crystal. The resulting intrinsic birefringences for c-axis orientation of α and β form crystals were 0.153 and 0.215, respectively.

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