Fisheries science
Print ISSN : 0919-9268
63 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の37件中1~37を表示しています
  • Haijin Liu, Yasunori Sakurai, Hiroyuki Munehara, Kenji Shimazaki
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 655-658
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The diel rhythms of oxygen consumption and activity level were measured over a 24-hr period in three size groups of starved juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by continuous-flow respiratory and video-observation analysis, respectively. In the small group (mean body weight ± SD, MBW: 3.3±0.9g), two peaks of oxygen consumption were observed at 03:00 and 17:00 hours, and the hourly metabolic rates were not significantly different between dark and light periods. In the medium group (MBW: 20.3±3.7g) and the large group (MBW: 58.5±7.1g), only a single peak was observed at 04:00 or 06:00 hours, and the hourly consumption rates were significantly higher in the dark than in the light. For all groups, the highest oxygen consumption rates occurred under conditions of weak light or darkness. The routine metabolic rate is described by the equation logM=0.643 log W -0.387, where M is the oxygen consumption rate (mgO2/kg/hr) and W is body weigh (kg) at 20°C. The diel pattern in activity rate (duration of swimming per hour in minutes) was similar to the pattern of oxygen consumption; fishes were more active during the night (mean activity rate=5.0min/hr) than duringthe day (mean activity rate=2.2min/hr). The relation between rate of oxygen consumption and activity rate is discussed.
  • Seiji Ohshimo, Hiroshi Nagatani, Toshio Ichimaru
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 659-663
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Growth of the 1992 and the 1993 year-class of 0-age Japanese sardine were estimated from daily otolith increments. Most of the specimens could be counted precisely until about 150 days old, and a few individuals were counted over 150 days old. The relationship between daily age (t) and body length (BL: mm) was as follows:
    BL=154.7(1-e-0.0094(t-16.78)).
    The daily growth rate was calculated from otolith increment width and the relationship between otolith radius and body length. Growth rates ranged from 0.04 to 1.10mm/day until 60 days old in the 1993 year-class. Hatching dates were calculated from sampling dates and daily age, and ranged from the last ten days of February to the middle ten days of March in both year-classes.
  • Mitsuo Sakai, Norma E. Brunetti
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 664-667
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Artificial insemination of the Argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus was carried out on board, and the hatchlings were successfully obtained. Applying oviducal gland jelly to inseminated egg allowed the embryo to expand chorion and develop perivitelline space, but applyingnidamental gland jelly and applying no jelly was not successful. The eggs which developed perivitelline space only continued embryonic development normally and proceeded onto hatching. The embryonic development was observed in vitro throughout the experiment. The hatchlings survived for about oneweek in vitro without feeding.
  • Kazuo Yabe, Megumi Makino, Minoru Suzuki
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 668-670
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Laminaria religiosa spores that settled on glass slides were irradiated with UV light with various qualities and then were incubated at 10°C at 10L:14D. The wet weight of young sporophytes in a unit area of each glass slide was measured two months after UV irradiation. The results obtained showed that gametophyte growth was strongly inhibited by irradiation with UV-B (320-280 nm). The inhibition rates were approximately 50, 70 and 90% for 0.5, 1 and 3 kJ/m2 of the damaging-UV, respectively. These results indicate that the reproduction of L. religiosa in shallow waters might be inhibited by sun light since the maximum of the mean value of the daily amount of damaging-UV in July 1994 in Sapporo was reported to be 0.7 kJ/m2.
  • Katsuhiko Harada, Taiko Miyasaki
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 671-675
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The attractivity of exotic fruit flesh- or other tissue-water extracts was statistically estimated on the basis of an exploratory behavior of the abalone Haliotis discus, the oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, and the yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. The exotic fruits tested were 24 specimens of 19 species: 19 specimens in the flesh, 3 in the rind, and 1 each in the milk andthe albumen. The attractivity for fruit flesh was high in 6 species for abalone, 4 for oriental weatherfish, and 5 for yellowtail: kiwi fruit, grapefruit, feijoa, pepino, wax apple, and babaco for abalone; banana, kiwi fruit, babaco, and starfruit for oriental weatherfish; mango, papaya, pineapple, feijoa, and cherimoya for yellowtail. The common attractive fruit fleshes for all the three test animals were only two species, babaco and banana, though their attractivity was not so strong. The attractivity for fruit rinds was low in coconut for abalone and yellowtail, in banana for oriental weatherfish, an in grapefruit for abalone. The attractivity for coconut milk and albumen was high in the former for abalone and yellowtail and in the latter for all the three test animals. Among these fruits, the most potent attractive fruits were coconut milk for abalone, banana flesh or coconut albumen for oriental weatherfish, and feijoa fleshfor yellowtail. The attractivity of coconut milk, banana flesh, and feijoa flesh appreciably increasedwith the increase in concentration for the corresponding animals.
  • Kiyoshi Yoshihara
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 676-680
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The author has developed a device and a method to measure the body length of fish from played back images that reflect laser beams recorded on videotape by an underwater video camera with laser discharge equipment attached, and examined the usefulness of this measuring method through experimentation with dummies in a large water tank on land and in the field. The distances at which the laser spots could be recognized on various colors were, in ascending order, blue, as the lowest, followed by gray, yellow, white, red, and filefish skin; when a distance from the camera exceeds 2.5m, significant errors were observed.
    In the field experimentation, the measurement was made using a device for the body length of kokanee salmons, Onchoryncus nerka, coming upstream in an artificial river, and it was compared with that of body length of salmons caught by a trap. Because the mode of both body length distribution coincided, it was confirmed that the usefulness of the measuring method of the body length by the underwater video camera with a laser beam discharge equipment attached. However, its use was limited to conditions of clear water and short distance to fish.
  • Josefa D. Tan-Fermin, Takeshi Miura, Hiroshi Ueda, Shinji Adachi, Kohe ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 681-686
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Testicular development, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and related steroid hormones (testosterone or T, 11-ketotestosterone or 11-KT, 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one or DHP) in serum were monitored during an annual reproductive cycle in tank-reared, hatchery-bred male catfish Clarias macrocephalus to establish the season optimum for its artificial propagation. GSI values were highest in June (0.80%), and lowest in December, February, April (0.36%). At most times of the year, lobules in the testis and seminal vesicles were mostly lined with spermatogonia B (SGb) and spermatocytes (SC) and few spermatogonia A (SGa); spermatids (SD) and spermatozoa (SZ) were the least and most abundant of the spermatogenic cells, respectively. In January however, almost equal counts of SGa, SGb and SC were observed, as well as a significant increase in the percentage of SD and a corresponding decrease in SZ. Serum 11-KT fluctuated at high levels, with the lowest level in January (159.42 ng/ml), and peak in September (434.72 ng/ml). Serum T levels ranged from 15-25 ng/ml, and were not markedly different throughout the annual cycle. Serum DHP levels were extremely low in January-May, and reached maximum levels in July (0.18 ng/ml). Seasonal changes in the percentage of spermatogenic cells, GSI and serum steroid hormone profiles showed that captive, hatchery-bred male C. macrocephalus have a continuous reproductive cycle. Although milt release was not observed, males can readily be used as source of milt for artificial propagation at any time of the annual cycle, except in January.
  • Yuichi Kudo, Masahiko Satou, Shoji Kitamura, Munehiko Iwata, Yasuhito ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 687-691
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The monitoring of neural signals of aquatic animals under freely behaving condition is essential to understand their neural mechanism of behavior. Here the authors introduce an underwater radio-telemetry system to receive electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from the fish freely swimming in freshwater areas. The system uses simple and generally available instrumentation method, and is composed of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter attached to the fish uses a 78-98 MHz main carrier frequency which is modulated by a 1.6 kHz pulse-frequency modulated subcarrier. It is radiated directly from the oscillating coil to the water, and travels from the subsurface transmitter to the receiver placed in the air. For receiving and demodulating the transmitted signals, a conventional FM broadcasting receiver is used with a frequency to voltage converter and a low-pass filter. The system transmitted high fidelity signals for several hours within a range of 5m. By using the system, EEG signals (olfactory bulbar wave) were successfully received for the first time from the fish (landlocked sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka) freely swimming in an outdoor pond.
  • Takeshi Yoshikawa, Kiyotaka Takishita, Yuzaburo Ishida, Aritsune Uchid ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 692-700
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    We cloned and sequenced the fedQ encoding chloroplast-type ferredoxins of dinoflagellates Peridinium bipes and Alexandrium tamarense. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from their amino acid sequences show that dinoflagellates are closely related to members ofchlorophytes. Transit peptides of dinoflagellate ferredoxins show the common feature of land plants, however, they contain signal peptides at amino-termini. The signal peptide may function to translocatethe 3 membranes chloroplast envelope of dinoflagellates. The eukaryotic promoter consensus motifs such as TATA box and CAAT box were not found in the upstream regions of ferredoxin genes as far as they are sequenced. Instead GC box which is found in housekeeping genes was recognized. These findingsare very interesting to show the peculiarity and complexity of dinoflagellates.
  • Masao Adachi, Yoshihiko Sako, Yuzaburo Ishida
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 701-707
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The genetic relatedness of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham from Australia, Japan, Portugal and Spain were examined using sequence comparison of the 5.8 S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and/or random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The sequence analysis showed that the sizes of ITSI, ITS2 and the 5.8 S rDNA in six isolates of G. catenatum were conserved and were 192, 223 and 160 bp, respectively. ITS and the 5.8 S rDNA regions between all isolates tested were found to be extremely homogeneous and were divergent from several other dinoflagellates. Aligned nucleotide sequences in the 5.8 S rDNA region of G. catenatum and several species of dinoflagellates showed the existence of DNA signatures (base pair 90-115) specific to G. catenatum in this region. Therefore, the nuclear ITS spacer regions of G. catenatum provide phylo-genetically informative and G. catenatum-specific genetic markers. RAPD patternsrevealed the subdivided population of G. catenatum. The isolate from Japan (JP02) exhibited almost the same RAPD patterns as those of the two isolates from Portugal (PR01) and Spain (GC21V) and was clearly discriminated from the four isolates from Australia. Two isolates from Australia (DE06 and DE08) showed similar RAPD patterns. Three other isolates (GPU2, HU02, and HU07) exhibited unique RAPD patterns. This is the first report about the application of RAPDs to discriminate dinoflagellates. RAPD may provide a useful and rapid tool for the genetic differentiation of these organisms at intra-species level.
  • Takashi Yamakawa, Yoshiharu Matsumiya
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 708-714
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Based on the separation of different cohorts from compound multiple normal distributions, a method is proposed which can simultaneously analyze multiple length frequency data sets even when there is fluctuation in the interannual growth rate. Each parameter can be estimated independently by data set or as common for some or all data sets. Parameters can also be selectedas unknown or can be fixed. Through simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets, accurate estimationscan be carried out allowing utilization of all information inherent in the data. Carapace-length frequency data sets of male Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus sampled at Wagu, Mie Prefecture, Japan are analyzed as an example. Data for 38, 486 individuals sampled over five fishing seasons (October to April) from the 1990-1991 to the 1994-1995 season are analyzed. Judging from the comparison of AIC values, optimality of the model increased through the introduction of variations to allow for interannual and seasonal growth fluctuations, shifts in the standard deviation with growth, and the totalmortality coefficient for older age groups.
  • Toshiaki Fujita, Wataru Hamaura, Akihiro Takemura, Kazunori Takano
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 715-720
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Oocyte development was observed in the porcupine fish, Diodon holocanthus, to describe the annual reproductive cycle, and spawning with tidal rhythm, in Okinawa, southern Japan. On the basis of histological characteristics, the oocytes were divided into the following eight stages: the chromatinnucleolus, peri-nucleolus, yolk vesicle, primary yolk, secondary yolk, and tertiary yolk stages. Based on a monthly sampling the oocytes at the yolk vesicle stage first appeared in January. The oocytes laden with yolk were observed from April through June. After July, the ovaries were comprised of oocytes at the chromatin-nucleolus and peri-nucleolus stage. These results suggest that endogenous vitellogenesis in this species starts in January, and that exogenous vitellogenesis takes placefrom April through June. When the fish were collected according to the tidal phase (the spring and the neap tide) from May through August, the well-developed oocytes were observed with the spring tides from May through June. In contrast, the ovaries collected at the neap tide during the same periodcontained a small amount of the oocytes at the tertiary yolk stage and showed post-spawning features. Therefore, it is likely that D. holocanthus spawns between the spring and the neap tide.
  • Hiroyuki Mizuta, Sigeru Ichiki, Hirotoshi Yamamoto
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 721-724
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Viability of crustose coralline algae was measured using three oxidation-reduction indicators: 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-tiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium chloride (MTT) and alamar blue. The two tetrazolium salts, TTC and MTT, were reducedto form colored formazan in living corallines, but were not reduced in dead corallines. These formazans were extracted and quantified spectrophotometrically. Bluish violet MTT-formazan could be distinguished easily from red phycoerythrin and was useful for judging the viability of crustose corallines. Alamar blue indicated the viability visually and spectrophotometrically by changing the color of the culture medium. The alamar blue assay did not cause any damage to the growth of crustose corallines, indicating that it is suitable for estimating the viability of an individual plant over time. These resultssuggested that MTT and alamar blue can be used for rapid and simple assay in ecological and physiological investigations for crustose corallines.
  • Takashi Yamakawa, Hirokazu Matsuda
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 725-730
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    An improvement to B_??_lehrádek's equation Y=a_??_(Xii)bii-Xi)ci is proposed, which can comprehensively describe metabolic rates or biological activities in relation tovarious environmental factors. Where Y is the rate of a certain metabolic function, Xi is the value of the ith environmental factor (i=1, ..., n), αi, is the “biological lower critical value” of the ith environmental factor, βi, is the “biological upper critical value” of the ith environmental factor and a, bi and ci are parameters. The former B_??_lehrádek's equation describes the relationship between the rate of a metabolic function and temperature except for the range close to the upper critical value, while the improved B_??_lehrádek's equation can describe the metabolic rate in relation to single or combinations of environmental factors over the entire range of the factor (s) that the organism is able to survive. As the improved B_??_lehrádek's equation is expressed as a product of exponential functions, it is consistent for mathematical operations by multiplication and division. It can also be expanded to a united formula with respect to growth which takes into account changes in the metabolic rates associated with growth. After applying the improved equation to data from previous papers, the empirical superiority and the weak points associated with the equation are discussed.
  • Keiko Iwasaki, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Daisuke Funabara, Shugo Watabe
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 731-734
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    A cDNA clone encoding tropomyosin was isolated from the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of the mussel Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis. It contained in total 1, 123 nucleotides (nt) with 5' non-coding 89 nt, 3' non-coding 182 nt and coding 852 nt for 284 amino acid residues, a size typical of muscle tropomyosin. Genomic DNA digests with EcoRI, EcoRV and HindIII all exhibited three bands when hybridized with a HaeIII DNA fragment of tropomyosin cDNA, suggesting that the mussel has multiple genes encoding muscle tropomyosin and related proteins. The mRNAs encoding ABRM tropomyosin were most abundant in muscle tissues from byssus retractor and adductor muscles. Considerably large amounts were also observed with gill and inner mantle, whereas traces were found in outer mantle and foot. In the deduced amino acid sequence of ABRM tropomyosin, the N-terminal MDAIKKKMV was well conserved, which has been reported to be involved in head-to-tail polymerization of the tropomyosin molecules. Our tropomyosin was also suggested to have a coiled-coil structure composed of two α-helices that showed the heptad repeats (a-b-c-d-e-f-g)n where a and d tended to be occupied by nonpolar residues with further 28-amino acid repeat zones.
  • Sungju Jung, Teruo Miyazaki, Masato Miyata, Yaowanit Danayadol, Shinji ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 735-740
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study evaluated the pathogenicity of iridovirus from red sea bream Pagrus major and sea bass Lateolabrax sp. in Japan and one from brown-spotted grouper spawner Epinephelus malabaricus (GSIV: grouper spawner irdovirus) in Thailand to the red sea bream. The iridovirus from red sea bream in Japan caused 75% mortality by intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection with 103.2 TCID50/fish and 90% mortality by immersion infection with 102.7 TCID50/ml. Iridovirus isolated from imported sea bass caught in the South China Sea and then reared in Japan caused 100% mortality in red sea bream by i. p. injection with 102.3 TCID50/fish. Red sea bream had 55.6% and 55% cumulative mortalities by an i. p. injection of the spleen filtrates of GSIV from Thailand. The same histopathological changes as red sea bream iridovirus infected fish were observed in all of the experimentally infected red sea breams. The most characteristic changes were the appearance of large numbers of blast-like inflammatory cells throughout the circulatory system and the formation of markedly enlarged cells in the spleen, kidney, heart, liver, digestive tracts, pancreas, gills, swim bladder, choroid and choroidal rete of eyes, meninges, bone and musculature. Electron microscopy showed virions with an edge-to-edge diameter of 175 to 196 nm in all experimentally infected groups. Immunofluorescence positive reaction with the monoclonal antibody against red sea bream iridovirus was observed in all experimental groups.
  • Takeo Ooshima, Shigeo Kaneda, Naomi Ise, Masaaki Okada, Hirofumi Takag ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 741-745
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Tobicillin (TBPC), an ester derivative of penicillin G (PCG), was examined as a treatment for enterococcicosis in yellowtail.
    After 6h at 25°C at pH 3, the residual rate of TBPC was over 80%, but that of PCG was only 20%. TBPC was stable in an acidic solution (pH 3).
    The area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) between 0 and 10h afteroral administration was about 7 times higher for TBPC (35.2 μg/ml•h) than that for PCG (5.2 μg/ml•h).
    In drug sensitivity tests using 156 strains of field-isolated Enterococcus seriolicida, the MICs of PCG were 0.39-0.78 μg/ml, and no strains were resistant to PCG. On the other hand, the MICs of erythromycin, lincomycin and oxytetracycline showed biphasic distributions that included both resistant and sensitive strains.
    In a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of TBPC against experimental enterococcicosis in yellowtail, the cumulative death rate 5 days after infection was 56% for the non-treated group and 0% for the group treated with 100mg (potency)/kg/day.
    These results indicate that TBPC will be one of the effective antibiotics for the treatment of enterococcicosis in yellowtail.
  • Fernando A. Abrunhosa, Jiro Kittaka
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 746-754
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Little alteration occurs in the midgut and hindgut during all zoea and in the early glaucothoe of Paralithodes camtschaticus. The gross morphology of the midgut gland is relatively simple. It is composed of one main and two secondary lobes. The anterior midgut caeca are presentin the zoea and early glaucothoe, having histological characteristics similar to those found in the cells of the midgut gland lobes. On the contrary, the posterior caecum differentiated in the midgut of glaucothoe near the time of molting to the first juvenile. Large lipid droplets are accumulated during the zoeal instars in the medial portion of the midgut gland and anterior midgut caeca. A drastic change is observed in all digestive systems of the late phase of glaucothoe. The midgut maximally elongates and the anterior midgut caeca largely reduce. The posterior lobe elongates, extending up to the second and third abdominal segments. Most cells of the midgut gland of late glaucothoe decrease the previous lipid droplets observed during the zoeal instars. It is proposed that these large amounts of lipids are used asan energy source during the non-feeding glaucothoe stage.
  • Hui-Huang Chen, Yi-Chuan Lee
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 755-761
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of added water content and chopping methods on the physical properties of spotted shark surimi and kamaboko was investigated. The rigidity of surimi and gel strength of kamaboko decreased with increases in water content. The tensile strength and cohesiveness increased up to 76% water content but decreased at a higher water content. The maximal change rate of water induced physical property was observed at 79-82% water content for rigidity, gel strength and tensile strength but at 76-79% for cohesiveness. The variation of physical properties was under the influence of chopping methods. The spotted shark surimi prepared with a cutting force (provided by a silent cutter) showed an excel in physical properties than that with a grinding force (provided by grinder or mortar). The variation of physical properties within different mechanical force due to conformation was discussed by SEM of surimi.
  • Hui-Huang Chen
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 762-768
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The spotted shark surimi prepared with three different chopping methods and with 73-85% water content was setted at a temperature range of 30-90°C for 20min and 2h. The rigidity of surimi setted for 20min increased with increases in the setting temperature and high values were observed for surimi setted above 50°C in the thermal gelation curve. While, the maximum rigidity of surimi setted for 2h were obtained around 60-70°C. The maximal physical properties drop of setted surimi was observed a 79-82% water content except for cohesiveness. Although the surimi prepared with silent cutter showed excels in physical properties, the setting index at 30 and 40°C was less than those with grinder and mortar. The surimi setted at 30°C for 2h showed suwari characteristics as well as the maximum setting induced physical properties change index. Almost of the surimi setted at 40°C for 2h showed modori characteristics. On the other hand, the modori characteristics were not obvious for spotted shark surimi setted at 60°C.
  • Takaaki Shirai, Susumu Saitoh, Munenaka Onodera, Takeshi Suzuki, Toshi ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 769-771
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Simultaneous determination of creatine and creatinine in the extracts prepared from fish tissues was objected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chromatography was carried out using a Wakosil-II 5C18 HG column and UV detector. Creatine and creatinine were eluted at 3.5 and 9.2min, respectively, with 2mM sodium dodecyl sulfate-10mM KH2PO4/25% acetonitrile and at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Creatine and creatinine in raw and heated muscles of alfonsin and saury and the raw muscle, liver, milt, and eggs of pejerrey were determined and compared with colorimetric assay methods previously reported. Creatine and creatinine amounting to 67-537 and 1-12mg/100g, respectively, were detected. Recoveries of creatine and creatinine added to the fish muscle was proven to be satisfactorily high by the HPLC ranging 95-101%.
    Creatine and creatinine in the cloudy extracts were also detectable in this HPLC.
  • Takaaki Shirai, Naoki Kikuchi, Shingo Matsuo, Shinichirou Uchida, Hiro ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 772-778
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    An extract was prepared with trichloroacetic acid from the mantle and arm muscles of boreo pacific gonate squid. Free amino acids, trimethylamine oxide, 5'-ATP and related compounds, betaines, octopine, and other components in the extract were analyzed. Mantle muscle of boreo pacific gonate squid was rich in taurine, arginine, trimethylamine oxide, octopine, homarine, and glycine-betaine. Amounts of free amino acids of the mantle and arm muscles of boreo pacific gonate squid were relatively lower than the reported values of common squids. This squid seemed to be acceptable as a food material. Amounts of acidic and neutral amino acids, Na+, and Cl- of the arm muscle were higher than those of the mantle muscle, on the other hand, amounts of homarine and octopine of the mantle muscle were higher than those of the arm muscle. An ethanol extract was also prepared to reveal taste-active components of the boreo pacific gonate squid muscle. Threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, arginine, proline, glycinebetaine, trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine, 5'-adenylic acid, NaCl, KH2PO4, and KCl were confirmed as the taste-active components of boreo pacific gonate squid by the sensory taste test.
  • Toshihisa Sumi, Yoichiro Hama, Daisuke Maruyama, Makio Asakawa, Hiroki ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 779-783
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Carbohydrate chains were liberated from stingray skin mucus sialoglycoprotein (SGP) in the form of oligosaccharide alditols by alkaline borohydride treatment. A major oligosaccharide alditol and more than 4 minor ones were detected. The major oligosaccharide alditol (37mg) was isolated from 100mg of SGP. Using methylation analysis, the major oligosaccharide alditol was identified to be NeuAcα2→6GalNAc-ol. Based on the experimental results, an average SGP molecule was estimated to contain more than 400 sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide chains such as NeuAcα2→6GalNAc which are bound to protein core through GalNAc residues.
  • Shohshi Mizuta, Reiji Yoshinaka, Mamoru Sato, Morihiko Sakaguchi
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 784-793
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Histological and biochemical changes of collagen in the kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus muscle during chilled storage were examined. In histological experiments, a partial disintegration of thin connective tissues, endomysium and perimysium, where a specific α component, α2 (AR-I), mainly distributed, was observed in the prawn muscle stored for 24h at 5°C, while the structure of the thick connective tissue, epimysium, did not so changed. On the other hand, a preferentialdecrease in the relative staining intensity of the components reactive for the anti-α2 (AR-I) component serum was detected by immunoblot analysis of guanidine hydrochloride-soluble collagen from the muscle stored for 24h at 5°C, while the α1 (AR-I) component or Type AR-II collagen did not so affected. These combined results suggest that the disintegration of the thin connective tissues is due to some biochemical changes of α2 (AR-I)-related components.
  • Masami Ishida, Sonomi Minagawa, Koji Miyauchi, Kuniyoshi Shimakura, Yu ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 794-798
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Four serine protease inhibitors (AEPI-I, II, III and IV) were isolated from the sea anemone Actinia equina by a slight modification of our previous method. When the native inhibitors were applied to a sequencer, 36, 36, 35, and 37 amino acid residues from the N-terminus were identified for AEPI-I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The remaining sequences of AEPI-I and II were deduced from analyses of peptide fragments obtained by digestion of S-carboxamidomethylated molecules with either V8 protease or lysyl endopeptidase. Both inhibitors were composed of 59 amino acid residues including 6 half-Cys residues and their sequences were very similar to each other with replacements at only two positions. The positions of half-Cys residues and the entire-chain homology identified these inhibitors as members of the Kunitz-type family. Notably, the sequences of the two contact sites with serine proteases were highly conserved within the sea anemone inhibitors.
  • Masahito Yokoyama, Masaki Kaneniwa, Morihiko Sakaguchi
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 799-801
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    To clarify the pathway from cysteine to taurine in rainbow trout, radioactive L-cysteine was injected into the peritoneal cavity of fish and its subsequent metabolites were traced. The distribution of metabolites derived from radioactive cysteine was examined in the whole fish body and in the excreta. Taurine, hypotaurine, and sulfate were found to be major metabolites in the acid-soluble fraction of the fish body. A large amount of these metabolites was excreted within the first 24h after the injection of radioactive L-cysteine. These findings indicate that cysteine in the fish body is metabolized rapidly. The amount of sulfate produced in rainbow trout was about one half that of taurine plus hypotaurine. As evidenced by the formation of sulfate, presumably there is a metabolic pathway through cysteine sulfinate in rainbow trout.
  • Yasushi Nishimura, Takao Ojima, Kiyoyoshi Nishita
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 802-806
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Tropomyosins were isolated from striated and smooth adductor muscles of akazara scallop Chlamys nipponensis akazara and ezo-giant scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and smooth adductor muscle of surf clam Spisula sacharinensis. These bivalve tropomyosins inhibited Mg-ATPase activity of rabbit reconstituted actomyosin to 15% of original activity, i.e., approximately 1.4 times stronger than rabbit and carp tropomyosins did at a weight ratio of 2:1 for F-actin:tropomyosin. On the other hand, the relative viscosities in the absence of KCl were 3.5-6 times higher than those ofrabbit and carp tropomyosins. The intrinsic viscosities were, however, comparable to that of rabbit tropomyosin, i.e., 0.5 dl/g for bivalve tropomyosins and 0.4 dl/g for rabbit tropomyosin. These viscosities suggest that the bivalve tropomyosins tend to form a highly polymerized form compared with rabbit tropomyosin. Circular dichroism spectra and amino acid compositions of the bivalve tropomyosins are similar to one another and also to rabbit and carp tropomyosins. C-terminal three amino acids of bivalve tropomyosins were sequenced as-Ala-Gly-Tyr (scallops) and-Gly-Tyr-Thr (surf clam), whichare quite different from-Thr-Ser-Ile and Thr-Ser-Leu of rabbit α- and β-tropomyosin, respectively.
  • Tateo Fujii, Akira Hiraishi, Takeshi Kobayashi, Rio Yoguchi, Masayo Ok ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 807-810
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The taxonomic position of the psychrophilic histamine-producing marine bacteria previously referred to as the N-group bacteria, were studied phenotypically and genotypically. These strains were facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative asporogenous coccobacilli, which were motile by means of unsheathed polar flagella. They were also positive for D-glucose fermentation and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation, and had guanine plus cytosine contents of genomic DNA of 40 to 43 mol%. The N-group bacteria exhibited high levels of genomic DNA hybridization homologyto the type strain of Photobacterium phosphoreum. The phenotypic and genotypic data suggested that the N-group bacteria are members of P. phosphoreum.
  • Takao Ojima, Satoshi Yoshikawa, Kiyoyoshi Nishita
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 811-815
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Actomyosin was extracted from myofibrils obtained from walleye pollack frozen surimi with 0.5M KCl, 1M sorbitol, and 1mM Mg-ATP. Myosin was separated from F-actin by ultracentrifugation in the presence of MgCl2 and ATP. The myosin consisted of heavy chains of Mr 200, 000 and light chains of Mr 25, 000, 18, 000, and 17, 000. Ca-ATPase activity of the myosin decreased approximately 20% per day at 0°C in 0.5M KCl (pH 7.0) containing 1M sorbitol. Ca-ATPase specific activity was approximately 8 times lower but EDTA-ATPase specific activity was several times higher thanthose of rabbit myosin at 0.05-0.5M KCl, although the respective activities of both myosins showedsimilar dependences on KCl and pH. The Mg-ATPase activity of pollack myosin was increased approximately 100 times by the addition of an equal weight of rabbit F-actin and the activity was approximately 5 times higher than that of rabbit myosin. On the other hand, the actomyosin showed a significant increase in Mg-ATPase activity upon incubating at 20-30°C, probably due to some irreversible conformational changes of myosin. The pollack myosin formed mini-filaments of about 0.5 μm length and the filaments tended to aggregate with each other.
  • Visuthi Verakunpiriya, Keiichi Mushiake, Kazutoshi Kawano, Takeshi Wat ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 816-823
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Different levels of pure astaxanthin (0, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) were supplemented in soft-dry pellets (SDP), in order to clarify the effect of this carotenoid on the quality of eggs and spawning performance of yellowtail. Three-yearold fish of average body weight 6.1kg were separatelyfed one of each test diet. The feeding experiment was carried out in cages for about 5 months prior to spawning. Seven males and 7 females from each test diet group were transferred to 65m3 indoor spawning tanks to permit them to spawn spontaneously, while those which remained in the cages were artificially inseminated. Fish of both spawning investigations were induced to maturity by HCG injection (600 IU/kg-fish).
    When the brood fish were allowed to spawn spontaneously, those fed SDP supplemented with 30 ppm astaxanthin gave superior results for total production, quality of eggs and the final number of normal larvae. These observations were identical to those from the artificially inseminated group. Thus, the supplementation of astaxanthin in SDP was found to be effective for broodstock yellowtail and seemed to be optimal at around 30 ppm (30mg/kg-diet); beyond which the qualityof eggs diminished.
  • Takahiko Aoki, Tomoyoshi Nakano, Ryuji Ueno
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 824-829
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    A latent form cysteine protease was purified from the white muscle of common mackerel Scomber japonicus by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive column chromatography. The final preparation appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of the latent form was estimated to be 65 kDa by gel filtration and 69 kDa by SDS-PAGE.The latent form enzyme was activated by acid treatment or pepsin treatment, and hydrolyzed Z-Phe-Arg-MCA, hemoglobin and azocasein. The active form enzyme after acid treatment was enhanced by sulfhydryl compounds, such as dithiothreitol and cysteine, strongly inactivated by leupeptin and E-64. Consequently, we concluded that the active form cysteine protease corresponded to cathepsin L.
  • Teruo Nakayama, Masaharu Matsuhisa, Masaki Yamaura, Tooru Sumiyoshiyam ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 830-834
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In spinal cord destroyed plaice, two types of ATP degradation pattern were observed. The delay type in rigor of spinal cord destroyed plaice showed slow development of rigor contraction along with an early rapid decrease of ATP concentration, and fast development of rigor contraction along with a slight decrease of ATP concentration near the ultimate ATP/IMP ratio. The initial ATP/IMP ratio was higher and the decrease of the ratio was slower. In addition, the ATP/IMP ratio at the inflection point between slow and fast rigor developments was rather higher. As a result, the rigor development in contraction and tension was delayed. The acceleration type commenced strong rigor contraction when the ATP/IMP ratio was still high. This rigor mortis developed together with tetanus (i.e. rapid ATP degradation by the leak of calcium ions). The onset of rigor mortis was early and its development was rapid. Since the acceleration type fish transmitted the strong impulse of spinalcord destruction to the sarcoplasmic reticulum some time after death, the leak of calcium ions occurred some time after death. The acceleration type was similar to the stressed fish in the fast attainment ofrigor contraction, but the onset of rigor contraction was 2h later in the acceleration type than in the stressed fish. Since the stressed fish died with excessive exercise applied forcibly, the leak of calciumions occurred at 2h after death.
  • Shinji Fujita, Masashi Miyagawa, Kosaku Yamaoka
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 835-836
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Kotaro Kikuchi, Isamu Sakaguchi
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 837-838
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Hwan-Sook Seo, Yasushi Endo, Kenshiro Fujimoto, Masatoshi Moku, Kouich ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 839-840
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Lola Djurdjevic, Predrag Cakic, Dragan Kataranovski
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 841-842
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Haruhiko Toyohara, Kosei Ito, Ken Touhata, Masato Kinoshita, Satoshi K ...
    1997 年 63 巻 5 号 p. 843-844
    発行日: 1997年
    公開日: 2008/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
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