Fisheries science
Print ISSN : 0919-9268
Volume 65, Issue 4
Displaying 1-35 of 35 articles from this issue
  • Kei Takizawa, Toyo Takami, Hiroshi Ohashi, Sakuo Murata
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 503-506
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The biomass production of intensively raised ayu Plecoglossus altivelis of larval and juvenile stages “shirasu stage” was investigated with regard to the individual differentiation of somatic growth in cohort. The estimates for increment of the variance in total length varied from 3.21×10-2 to 5.24×10-1mm2/ day. Although such a differentiation which often cause bias in biomass assessment had been long revealed, not much has been studied during fish nurturing process. Thereby, we employed the Population Balance Model which renders a linearly modeled biophysical process and is plausible to process the accretion of shirasu ayu. We recorded water temperature of the nurturing chambers over a time span of 77-181 days.
    By using the Population Balance Model, the productivity measurements of [loge(estimated weight gain/initial weight)/nurturing period] were 1.31-9.62×10-2 1/day and the estimated value of the averaged yield was 9.04kg higher than the recorded value. All the parameters in this model were comparatively collated through classifying ingredients of each category in accordance with the matrilineal origins to which the cohort characterized. An analysis in the linear trends in water temperature of rearing chambers throughout the breeding round evinced that the productivity index positively correlated to the temperature when breeding started.
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  • Motohiro Takagi, Eijiro Shoji, Nobuhiko Taniguchi
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 507-512
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Six (CA)n and one (CT)n(CA)n microsatellite loci were isolated from a size-selected genomic library of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis. Primers for PCR amplification were designed for the microsatellite loci and the loci characterized by screening polymorphisms in the amphidromous form of ayu. All loci displayed a high degree of length polymorphism, as observed in the total number of alleles per locus (2-21), and a high degree of heterozygosity ranging from 0.414-1.000. Distinct differences were observed between amphidromous and landlocked populations of ayu, in the frequency distributions of the alleles. The primers developed for ayu Plecoglossus a. altivelis were also tested for their ability to amplify homologous sequences in endangered subspecies of Ryukyu-ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis. Genetic variability was obviously low in both average number of alleles per locus and average heterozygosities. These microsatellite loci show great potential as indicators for genetic variability and divergence among populations of ayu species.
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  • Fu-Guang Liu, I Chiu Liao
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 513-519
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Juveniles (averaging 12.5g) hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis×M. chrysops were reared for 56 days to compare the performance among the six feeding regimens: one meal daily (M1), two meals daily (M2/D; both during daylight), two meals daily (M2/N; one at daylight and the other at night), three meals daily with three-hour meal interval (M3/3), three meals daily with six-hour meal interval (M3/6), and four meals daily (M4). The maximum specific growth rate occurred with the group fed three meals daily. The elevation in the feeding frequency resulted in increased food intake but decreased feed conversion efficiency. The total food consumption was higher but the quantity of food eaten per feeding was observed to be lower in the fish fed frequently. A slightly lower size variation was indicated in fish fed higher feeding frequencies. In addition, body moisture and lipid contents were affected by the feeding regimen, whereas protein and ash contents were not. However, the effect of the feeding regimen on morphological measurements, muscle ratio, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, and condition factor was not found to be significant. Based on the results of this study, the total amount of food eaten was significantly greater during the day than at night, and the best growth for hybrid striped bass was at three meals daily when food deprivation time was equal to six hours under the condition used in this study.
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  • Uthairat Na-Nakorn, Nobuhiko Taniguchi, Estu Nugroho, Shingo Seki, Won ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 520-526
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Four microsatellite loci were identified for Clarias macrocephalus and the forward and reverse primers for each locus were designed according to their unique flanking regions. One locus, Cma-1*, was monomorphic, three loci, Cma-2*, Cma-3* and Cma-4*, were polymorphic having 5, 14 and 30 alleles per locus respectively. The polymorphic microsatellite loci were studied in four natural populations of C. macrocephalus collected from different locations in Thailand. Mean number of alleles per locus were 8.0, 8.7, 6.0 and 10.0, respective to populations from Pattani, Pattalung, Chiangrai and Prachinburi. Mean heterozygosities were 0.744, 0.765, 0.718 and 0.810 respectively. Nei's genetic distance showed the closest relationship between Pattalung and Prachinburi (0.230) and the largest genetic distance between Pattalung and Chiangrai (0.535). However, the genetic distances obtained in this study were not accorded with geographic distance.
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  • Takayuki Ashida, Eiji Okimasu, Masatoshi Ui, Mitsuhiro Heguri, Yasuaki ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 527-530
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    We studied the effects of oral administration of immunostimulants (curdlan and quillaja saponin) and formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda cells (FKC) on the protection against edwardsiellosis in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish were fed experimental diets containing immunostimulants and FKC singly or in combination for three weeks. The survival rates were observed for 19 days after challenge with E. tarda, and the agglutination titers against the bacterium were measured before and after the challenge. Fish fed the immunostimulants showed higher survival rates than the control group, with the agglutination titers being as low as those of the control group. On the other hand, fish fed on FKC-containing diets exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher survival rates and titers than the control group. The immunostimulants were suggested to activate immune systems in the vaccinated fish, which led to enhancement of resistance against edwardsiellosis.
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  • Kenji Nanba, Kiyoshi Takeda, Takanori Higashihara, Kouichi Ohwada
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 531-536
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Methanotrophic bacteria attract attention from the viewpoints of biology, geochemistry and bioremediation. However, the ecology of marine methanotrophs is not well known in spite of their possible important role in the environment, partly because they are difficult to cultivate. Enrichment cultures of methanotrophic bacteria were obtained from coastal marine sediment under 1:1 methane and air conditions. The cultures utilized methane and oxygen and released carbon dioxide. Under TEM observation the cultures contained bacteria with the stacked intracytoplasmic membrane system, which is characteristic of group I methanotrophic bacteria. MPN method with tentative growth confirmation by TEM observation was applied to enumerate methanotrophic bacteria in the sediments from Otsuchi Bay, Tokyo Bay, and Aburatusbo Inlet. The count had positive correlation with the viable count of heterotrophic bacteria. Vertical distributions in sediment samples at two stations in Tokyo Bay showed a high count of methanotrophic bacteria and low methane concentration in shallow sediment, which suggested the methane profile was caused by the activity of methanotrophs. The highest count of methanotrophic bacteria was 2400 MPN in 1ml of the marine sediment.
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  • Kanako Watanabe, Hideo Aoki, Yasuhiro Sanada, Estuhisa Hidaka, Hajime ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 537-546
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    In order to determine the energy and protein requirements of yellowtail during the winter season, two feeding experiments were conducted in net cages during the winters of two subsequent years. The cages were located at three different environmental conditions in Mie, Oita, and Wakayama Prefectures, Japan. At the locations, commercial soft-dry pellets (SDP) with known digestible energy (DE) and protein (DP) values were fed to satiation to four groups of fish either for five, three, two, or one time(s) per week.
    In the first experiment, fish fed three times per week produced the best growth in Mie and Oita Prefectures. The respective daily DE and DP requirements per kg body weight (BW) were found to be 40.7kcal and 3.3g in Mie and 30.4kcal and 2.5g in Oita.
    In the second experiment, fish fed five times per week showed slightly higher growth and feeding rates in Mie and Oita Prefectures. The requirements of DE and DP were 43.7kcal and 3.3g/kgBW/day in Mie and 35.9kcal and 2.7g/kgBW/day in Oita. In Wakayama, fish fed three times per week showed the best growth. DE and DP requirements were 40.5kcal and 3.1g/kgBW/day, respectively.
    These results, along with observations on stomach evacuation suggest that a feeding frequency of three times per week would be adequate for yellowtail during the winter season.
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  • Yoshiharu Honma, Tatsuo Ushiki, Masaei Takeda, Emiko Naito, Koji Dewa, ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 547-552
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Histological and genetical studies were made to determine the identities of a large marine mammal struck by a jetfoil operating for the Sado Line (Niigata-Ryotsu route) in the Sea of Japan and a female Stejneger's beaked whale stranded on Kasashima beach, ca. 100km from the collision point, one day after the collision. Tissue remains (comprising skin, muscle and bone) taken from the intake pipe of the jetfoil were histologically identical to similar samples from the stranded specimen. rDNA typing for species identification showed an identical sequence of 107 bp, and microsatellite analysis demonstrated that the genotypes of both animals were identical at three loci. Accordingly, the animal struck by the jetfoil and that stranded on the beach are considered to be one and the same individual.
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  • Shi-Yen Shiau, Min-Shyan Lei
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 553-557
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    An eight-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding strategy (continuous fed vs two meals per day) on the utilization of carbohydrate by juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus. The carbohydrates were starch and glucose, and included at 44% of the diet. Average initial body weight of the fish was 0.47±0.01g, and fish were fed at a rate of 5% body weight per day. The results indicated that weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) for fish fed continuously than for those fed two meals a day for both carbohydrate diets. Higher hepatic phosphofructokinase (PFK) and malic enzyme (ME) activities were observed in the continuous-fed fish than in meal-fed fish. Hepatic asparate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities of the continuous-fed fish with glucose diet were lower than those of the meal-fed fish. Plasma AST and ALT activities were higher in the meal-fed fish than in the continuous-fed fish. These data suggest that carbohydrate utilization by tilapia is affected by feeding strategy and that continuous fed improves carbohydrate utilization.
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  • Toshio Kimura, Isao Sugahara, Fumiko Takikami, Chizuko Hanai, Noriyasu ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 558-562
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) were isolated from sediments of estuaries. The representative strains, GM-1 and NM-11, are gram negative motile rods and exhibit characteristics typical of Type I methanotrophs. Both strains possessed cytomembranes arranged in stacked lamellae, and their predominant fatty acids were C16:1 and C16:0. The DNA base ratios of the strains, GM-1 and NM-11, were 51.0, 52.9% mol G+C, respectively. The strains require NaCI, grew well on methane or methanol, but not on any other compounds as a cabon source, and their growth was inhibited in natural light.
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  • Keijiro Sezaki, Rowshan Ara Begum, Prachit Wongrat, Mansha Prasad Sriv ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 563-570
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    To elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among stingrays of three freshwater and five marine species of the genera Himantura, Dasyatis, and Pastinachus, belonging to the family Dasyatidae distributed in Thailand, Laos, India, and Japan, we determined the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA region encoding cytochrome b. Using two rayfish species belonging to the superfamily Myliobatoidea as out-groups, we found three clades for the collected stingrays in the family Dasyatidae from anlayses using the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood algorithms. While species belonging to the genus Himantura formed one group, Dasyatis laosensis and Dasyatis sp. formed another group. The results obtained failed to show clear phylogenetic relationships of the genus Pastinachus with the genera Dasyatis and Himantura, since the corresponding bootstrap resampling values were 72, 55, and 65 in the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood trees, respectively.
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  • Motohiro Takagi, Teturo Okamura, Seinen Chow, Nobuhiko Taniguchi
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 571-576
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Microsatellite loci were isolated from a size-selected genomic library of Pacific northern tuna Thunnus thynnus orientalis, and PCR primer sets to amplify four loci were designed. Investigation on genetic polymorphism at these loci in the Pacific northern bluefin tuna sample (n=35-40) revealed high degree of length polymorphisms in all loci, in which number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 23 and observed heterozygosity from 0.533 to 1. These primer sets were applied to Atlantic northern bluefin tuna T. t. thynnus, albacore T. alalunga, bigeye tuna T. obesus and yellowfin tuna T. albacares, detecting polymorphism in all loci comparable with those of Pacific northern bluefin tuna. Significant differences in the allele frequency were observed between Pacific and Atlantic northern bluefin tuna samples. These primer sets developed for Pacific northern bluefin tuna appeared to be useful for amplifying homologous microsatellite loci in the other Thunnus tuna species, and may have great potential as indicators for genetic variability within and between samples of tuna species of the genus Thunnus.
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  • Maki Kazama-Wakabayashi, Etsuro Yamaha, Fumio Yamazaki
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 577-582
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    The origin and translocation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in goldfish Carassius auratus were studied, using both histological observations during embryonic development and by following the effects of partial elimination and duplication of blastoderm on the numbers of PGCs at the mid-blastula stage.
    Goldfish PGCs are distinguished from somatic cells by their large size, distinct outline and large nucleus, because they are morphologically identical with those of the other fish species. They were located in the gonadal anlage at ten days post-fertilization, and were traced back to 30-hour post-fertiliza-tion (hpf) embryos with seven to nine somites. They were distributed widely in an embryo at 30 hpf, except for brain, spinal cord, notochord and the enveloping layer. The numbers of PGCs did not increase from 30 hours to ten days post-fertilization. When the lower part of the blastoderm was eliminated at the mid-blastula stage, the number of PGCs decreased at the gonadal anlage. But, elimination of the upper part at same stage did not effect the number of PGCs. Moreover, the number of PGCs increased in the duplicated embryos, in which a normal blastoderm was transplanted onto a host embryo from which the upper part of the blastoderm had been removed. These results suggest that the PGCs-bearing-cells could be predetermined by cytoplasmic factor and were already distributed in the lower part of blastoderm at the mid-blastula stage, and that they can not regenerate after that.
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  • Tatsuya Kaji, Masakazu Oka, Hiroyuki Takeuchi, Jun Hirokawa, Masaru Ta ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 583-587
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Development of the pituitary and growth hormone (GH) cells of laboratory reared yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares larvae and early juveniles were examined by histological and immunohistochemical procedures. The pituitary first appeared in the ventral edge of diencephalon of the brain on Day 2, and suspended from the brain on Day 16. The growth hormone (GH) immunoreactive cells were first detected on the day of first feeding, Day 4. Percent GH, defined as ratio of GH cell-mass volume to pituitary volume, was very high during the first three days after initiation of feeding. Percent GH rapidly decreased, and remained at the lowest level throughout the flexion phase. The ratio began to increase from the postflexion phase to the early juvenile stage. The %GH of yellowfin tuna was relatively higher than those of other marine fish species previously examined. These features suggest that the yellowfin tuna has a relatively high growth potential during the early life stages.
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  • Katsuji Morioka, Shin-ya Fujii, Yoshiaki Itoh, Chengchu Liu, Atsushi O ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 588-591
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    The digestive conditions were investigated to recover amino acids and peptides from the protein by autolysis from the viewpoint of the effective utilization of the wastes of frigate mackerel.
    Protein in the head-viscera mixture was efficiently and easily autolyzed at 15°C for 24h at neutral pH. Eighty-seven percent of protein in the mixture were recovered as extractive nitrogen and the autolytic extract obtained was rich in free amino acids and peptides. The hot water extract obtained from the autolyzate had umami taste. These results suggested that this autolytic extract can be used as a seasoning material.
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  • Masaru Ishikawa, Yuji Nagashima, Kazuo Shiomi
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 592-595
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Allergens from five species of shellfishes (oyster Crassostrea gigas, scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, short-neck clam Tapes japonica, turban shell Turbo cornutus, and whelk Neptunea arthritica) were immunologically compared by competitive ELISA inhibition analyses. The cross-reactivity was recognized between shellfish allergens and Crag 1, the oyster allergen, suggesting that, irrespective of species, the major allergen in shellfishes is tropomyosin. When four synthesized overlapping peptides (P-1, LNRRIQLLEEDM; P-2, RIQLLEEDMERS; P-3, LLEEDMERSEER; P-4, EDMERSEERLQT), which comprehend a part of the sequence of K21 d (IgE-binding epitope proposed for Crag 1, IQLLEEDMERSEER), were subjected to competitive ELISA inhibition experiments, only P-3 inhibited the binding of Crag I to specific IgE antibodies in the sensitized serum. Comparison of the sequence of K21d with those of the four synthesized peptides revealed that both N- and C- terminal regions of K21d are essential for the binding to specific IgE antibodies. In addition, P-3 inhibited the binding of specific IgE antibodies to scallop and whelk allergens as well as oyster allergens, but substantially not to those from the other two species. It was thus concluded that shellfish allergens do not always have IgE-binding epitopes in the same regions, although they are all thought to be tropomyosins.
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  • Noriaki Iijima, Junji Imayoshi, Chisako Aida, Mitsu Kayama
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 596-599
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Lipoxygenase-like enzyme was purified 17-fold in a yield of 15% from crude enzyme extract of a red alga Porphyra yezoensis to near homogeneity by heat treatment, stepwise elution with DE-52 cellulose and a Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column chromatography. The final preparation showed a single band with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its specific staining for lipoxygenase activity existed on the same site. The estimated specific activity of the purified enzyme was 34.4μmol/min per mg protein, using linoleic acid as a substrate. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of pH 9 and was found to be highly resistant to heat treatment. The activity of the purified enzyme was inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, but not by cyanide and EDTA. The purified enzyme had a higher specificity for linoleic acid. It was assumed from the results that the enzyme purified from Porphyra yezoensis is closer to a lipoxygenase and not a hematin compound.
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  • Yoshiaki Nihei, Atsushi Kobiyama, Yasushi Hirayama, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, S ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 600-605
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    First-strand cDNA was synthesized from total RNA of larvae at hatching of the carp Cyprinus carpio by reverse-transcription reaction. Subsequently, a cDNA clone encoding E12 transcription factor was isolated by PCR with several combinations of primers. The DNA fragment finally obtained comprised 849 and 593 by of the coding and 3' non-coding regions, respectively, encoding a partial length of carp E12. The deduced amino acid sequence of carp E12 showed high identity with corresponding regions from other vertebrates (51-81%), particularly in the basic helix-loop-helix domain (approximately 90%). In northern blot analysis, carp E12 transcripts were detected at various developmental stages, suggesting that carp E12 is implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation during ontogeny as those of other vertebrates. The mRNA signals were still recognized in the muscle from 7-month-old juveniles, while markedly reduced compared to those in embryos. Therefore, it seems that carp E12 plays an important role in the formation of new myofibers even after hatching. Carp E12 transcripts were also expressed in various tissues, though with small quantities in the muscle, of adult fish aged 2 years, suggesting that this transcription factor is involved in many tissue-specific gene transcriptions.
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  • Shaowei Ni, Hisanori Nozawa, Nobuo Seki
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 606-612
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    In order to improve the poor gel-formability of underutilized fish species for surimi-based products, such as carp and salmon, we attempted to induce setting effect to actomyosin gel with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and to inhibit the gel weakening (modori) caused by non-proteolytic and proteolytic processes. Carp and salmon actomyosin sots (90mg protein/g in 0.5M NaCl-5mM CaCl2 at pH 7.0) without MTGase exhibited similar changes in storage modulus (G') with a temporal sharp reduction (non-proteolytic modori) at 53 and 48°C for carp and salmon, respectively, though the G' magnitude of salmon sol was twice that of carp during heating from 5 to 80°C. Compared to walleye pollack surimi gel, however, both gels were extremely weak at the end of heating.
    The addition of MTGase to actomyosin sol could induce setting effect and resulted in elastic and rigid gels with a great increase in G' magnitude as well as gel breaking strength. Salmon myosin heavy chain was more easily and extensively polymerized than that of carp. Gel weakening was slightly improved by the addition of protease inhibitors, E64 and aprotinin. The effects of protease inhibitors on carp actomyosin gelation were more distinctive when combined with MTGase. For salmon actomyosin gel, the protease inhibitor had less effective due to lower remaining of endogenous proteases in the actomyosin sol. Upon the setting at 40°C, the addition of 5 unit/g MTGase substantially increased in G' and extensively reduced the non-proteolytic modori. Under identical gelling conditions, salmon actomyosin sol was capable of forming more rigid and elastic gel than that of carp.
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  • Hirotaka Kitaguchi, Aritsune Uchida, Yuzaburo Ishida
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 613-617
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    L-Methionine decarboxylase [EC 4. 1. 1. 57] was purified from the marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. After four purification steps including anion exchange chromatography and sizeexclusion chromatography, the enzyme was purified 215-fold and the yield was 0.1%. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme estimated by gel filtration was 204, 000. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme activity were 7.3 and 30°C, respectively. The enzyme activity was stimulated by the addition of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and was inhibited by the typical inhibitors of PLP dependent enzymes. The decarboxylated product of L-methionine by the enzyme was 3-methylthiopropanamine (MTPA). The enzyme should be the key enzyme in dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) biosynthesis from L-methionine in C. cohnii. This shows that C. cohnii has the DMSP biosynthetic pathway from L-methionine to DMSP via MTPA.
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  • Mita Wahyuni, Shoichiro Ishizaki, Munehiko Tanaka
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 618-622
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Water soluble proteins (WSP) from the flesh of blue marlin Makaira mazara were modified through the Maillard reaction with glucose (G) or glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) by heating at 60°C for up to 12h. Effects of the Maillard reaction on such functional properties of WSP as emulsifying activity, water hydration capacity, in vitro digestibility, and calcium phosphate-solubilizing property were investigated. Emulsifying activity, water hydration capacity, and digestibility were significantly improved by the phosphorylation with G6P, especially at the early stage of the Maillard reaction. On the other hand, glycosylation of WSP caused only slight improvement of these properties. Calcium phosphate-solubilizing property of WSP was increased by both glycosylation and phosphorylation, but the latter brought about more considerable improvement.
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  • Munehiko Tanaka, Naoyuki Kunisaki, Shoichiro Ishizaki
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 623-628
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    In order to improve the emulsifying and antibacterial properties of salmine (a protamine from salmon sperm), its conjugates with dextran (molecular weight 60, 000-90, 000) were prepared through the Maillard reaction above glass transition temperature (Tg). Development of brown color and formation of salmine-dextran conjugates were concomitantly accelerated at heating temperatures above Tg+30°C. The emulsifying activity of the conjugates became 4-5 times as high as that of salmine during the early stage of the Maillard reaction at 180-190°C, but decreased drastically at the advanced stage. The antibacterial activity of salmine was also increased by the conjugation with dextran. Even antibacterial activity against some species of Gram-negative bacteria was attained as a result of the conjugation. Potential use of salmine-dextran conjugates as bifunctional food additives is discussed.
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  • Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Shiro Itoi, Shugo Watabe
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 629-636
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    We compared two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of cytosolic extracts from fast muscle of the 10°C- and 30°C-acclimated carp Cyprinus carpio, and revealed that cold acclimation resulted in an approximately two-fold increase of the expression levels of a 55-kDa protein. This protein was identified as mitochondrial ATP synthase β-subunit by N-terminal amino acid sequencing after electrophoresis along with subsequent cDNA cloning. A full-length cDNA clone of carp ATP synthase β-subunit encoded 518 amino acids, showing 72-89% identity to those of eukaryotes at the level of amino acid sequence. The accumulated levels of ATP synthase β-subunit transcripts in the fast muscle from the 10βC- and 30βC-acclimated carp were well correlated with those at the protein level, suggesting that expression of this protein during temperature acclimation is regulated mainly at the transcription level.
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  • Hiroki Abe, Jung-Nim Park, Yuki Fukumoto, Eriko Fujita, Tadayoshi Tana ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 637-641
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    Free D-amino acids were determined on the 60 fermented fish sauces collected from Southeast and East Asia. Of major D-amino acids, D-alanine, D-aspartate, and D-glutamate, D-alanine was the most abundant and found in almost all fish sauces. Fish sauces from Myanmer contained significantly higher amounts of these D-amino acids than those from six other countries. In fish sauces differing in the fermentation periods, D-alanine and D-aspartate were highest in the over-aged fish sauce fermented for 22 months.
    In the 20%-salted fish sauces prepared from sardine and squid, D-alanine increased only in squid preparation in small amount. In the 10%-salted preparations, the D-alanine increase was large in squid preparation along with the high and long lasted viable bacterial count. This increase was largely suppressed in the case of sardine preparation.
    All of the other fermented fish products also contained D-alanine which varied largely with products and a small amount of D-aspartate. These data indicate that at least D-alanine use is possible as a molecular marker of bacterial activities in the fermented fish products of low salt concentration.
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  • Kyung Hee Lee, Mutsuyosi Tsuchimoto, Osamu Yada, Tosio Misima, Abdul J ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 642-647
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    As part of a study program to clarify the cause of differences in rigor mortis progress between cultured red sea bream and Japanese flounder, the superprecipitation reaction, the Mg2+-ATPase activity, and the Ca2+-sensitivity of actomyosin were measured at several Ca2+ and ATP concentrations, and these discrepant points were examined between both fishes. The superprecipitation reaction became higher with the increase of Ca2+ concentration from pCa 7.0 to pCa 5.0 and with the decrease of ATP concentration from 3.0mM to 0.5mM in both fishes, and the level was remarkably lower in cultured Japanese flounder than in cultured red sea bream. In both the Mg2+-ATPase activity and the Ca2+-sensitivity, similarly changing aspects were observed and these levels were also remarkably lower in cultured Japanese flounder than in cultured red sea bream. Although the significantly positive correlation was found between the superprecipitation reaction and the Mg2+-ATPase activity in both fishes, the distributive position of both values was clearly different between both fishes, and the superprecipitation reaction was higher in cultured Japanese flounder than in cultured red sea bream when the Mg2+-ATPase activity was the same level. This results suggest that the characteristics of actomyosin corresponding to muscular contraction might be remarkably different between both fishes and provide support to the difference of rigor mortis progress between both fishes.
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  • Qin Wang, Mutsuyosi Tsuchimoto, Qsamu Yada, Kyung Hee Lee, Abdul Jabar ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 648-654
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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    As part of a study program to clarify the cause of differences in rigor mortis progress between cultured and wild red sea bream, the superprecipitation reaction, the Mg2+-ATPase activity, and the Ca2+-sensitivity of actomyosin Mg2+-ATPase were measured at several Ca2+ and ATP concentrations, and these discrepant points were examined between cultured and wild fish. The superprecipitation reaction became higher with the increase of Ca2+ concentration from pCa 7.0 to pCa 5.0 and higher with the decrease of ATP concentration from 3.0mM to 0.5mM in both cultured and wild fish; the level was lower in cultured fish than in wild fish. In both the Mg2+-ATPase activity and the Ca2+-sensitivity, similarly changing aspects were observed, but the level was higher in cultured fish than in wild fish, contrary to expectations. Therefore, although a significantly positive correlation was found between the superprecipitation reaction and the Mg2+-ATPase activity in both cultured and wild fish, the distributive position of both values was clearly different between cultured and wild fish and the superprecipitation reaction was lower in cultured fish than in wild fish when the Mg2+-ATPase activity was the same level. These results suggest that the characteristics of actomyosin corresponding to muscular contraction might be remarkably different between cultured and wild red sea bream.
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  • Hideyuki Imai, Yoshihiro Fujii, Junichi Karakawa, Shozo Yamamoto, Ken- ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 655-656
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Fulvio Salati, Antonella Meloni, Edoardo Marongiu, Riichi Kusuda
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 657-658
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Miki Ogura
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 659-660
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Takahito Shikano, Yoshihisa Fujio
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 661-662
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Ken-ichi Hayashizaki, Yasuhiro Hayakawa, Hitoshi Ida
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 663-664
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Takeshi Nagai, Junji Inada, Moritsugu Hamada, Norihisa Kai, Yasuhiro T ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 665-666
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Hiroyuki Tohda, Hideyuki Kurihara, Masashi Hosokawa, Koretaro Takahash ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 667-668
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Michiko Kono, Hiromichi Nagasawa, Toshiki Watanabe, Takashi Matsui, Ki ...
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 669-670
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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  • Tateo Fujii, Yu-Ching Wu, Taku Suzuki, Bon Kimura
    1999 Volume 65 Issue 4 Pages 671-672
    Published: 1999
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2008
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