Fisheries science
Print ISSN : 0919-9268
Volume 66, Issue 3
Displaying 1-32 of 32 articles from this issue
  • NAOHIKO WATANUKI, GUNZO KAWAMURA, SHOHEI KANEUCHI, TORU IWASHITA
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 417-423
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The role of vision in the entry of the cuttlefish Sepia esculenta into basket traps was examined in laboratory experiments and by histological examination of the retina. Both entry into the trap and feeding on shore crabs stopped when the tank was completely darkened. The eyes of cuttlefish have a high sensitivity to light. The visual field of cuttlefish was determined by the optical method, based on the assumption that incident light on the pupil from any direction reaches the retina through a refractive lens. The uniocular visual field was found to be 253° on the horizontal plane, and the anterior and posterior binocular visual fields were 86° and 60° respectively. On the retina, areas with especially high visual cell density formed a visual equator slightly above the optical equator. The distribution of the visual cell density indicates no specific visual axis. The visual acuity is 0.36 when estimated from the bait recognition distance and the size of bait during feeding, and 0.89 when determined from the visual cell density at the visual equator and the focal length of the lens. Cuttlefish have far superior visual acuity than fish.
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  • YASUZUMI FUJIMORI, KOJI ABE, SUSUMU SHIMIZU, TEISUKE MIURA
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 424-431
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The escape behavior of juvenile salmon from nets was investigated in a water tank experiment by using a netting panel with several types of specifications in view of by-catch prevention in a set-net fishery. Twelve diamond mesh nets and four square mesh nets with different mesh size (mesh openings when stretched: 14.0, 15.6, 17.2, and 20.5 mm; hanging ratio of diamond mesh: about 0.5, 0.70, and about 0.8) were used for the netting panel. A comparison of the passing ratio in each hanging ratio of diamond mesh showed the passing ratio of the panel with hanging ratio of 0.70 was the highest in each mesh size. In addition, the diamond mesh with hanging ratio of 0.70 had the higher passing ratio than that of square mesh in each mesh size. From these results, it was determined that the diamond mesh with hanging ratio of 0.70 was appropriate for the prevention of juvenile salmon by-catch. However, the shape of the diamond mesh collapses easily with the tension caused by bag-net hauling, so it is necessary to attach a device and employ a haul technique that allows the by-catch to escape.
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  • TAKAFUMI KUDO, KENYA MIZUGUCHI
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 432-441
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Growth formulae of two forms of pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis in Lake Kasumigaura were estimated using frequency distribution of body length, and the relationship between water temperature. Their growth was studied based on specimens collected by fisheries during the period from June 1992 to February 1998. The growth parameters of von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic models and their modified models in which the growth rate changes with one or two cycles per year were calculated by the non-linear weighted least squares method. On the basis of the AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion) values, the modified models in which the growth rate changes with two cycles per year were selected as the best-fitting models for both forms. These formulae represent biological characteristics of the pond smelt in Lake Kasumigaura, i.e. the growth is superior in spring and autumn but inferior in summer and winter. The growth patterns of both forms were similar, but the large form showed a more superior growth rate than the small form from June to July. As for the relationship between the growth and water temperature, until the middle of September the growth was inferior as the cumulative water temperature increased, after which the small form grew to about 82 mm and the large form grew to about 108 mm without any influence from water temperature.
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  • OSAMU TOMINAGA, MASAMICHI WATANOBE, MASAKAZU HANYU, KAZUKO DOMON, YASU ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 442-451
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To determine the nursery grounds and process of recruitment to adult stock, pelagic larvae, post-settlement juveniles and young fish of the pointhead flounder Hippoglossoides pinetorum, samples were collected in Ishikari Bay and the Rumoi coast, Hokkaido from 1991 to 1994. Spawning may continue from late May to mid September with the peak between July and August. However, since pelagic larvae were caught only from late July to early September in the present study, it was assumed that the restricted cohort recruited to post-settlement juvenile stage. Newly settled juveniles occurred in Ishikari Bay in September and in the Rumoi coast in late August and were mainly distributed at depths of 30-69 m. The habitat of 1-year-old and older flounder was deeper than that of 0-year-old flounder in autumn. Post-settlement juveniles gradually migrate to shallow areas during winter and their main habitats were at a depth range of 20-30 m in May. Although 1- and 2-year-old flounder were caught in the area of 20-40 m depths in June, few 3-year-old or older flounder were sampled by beam trawl. The same phenomena were recognized from the re-analyzed data of the otter trawl surveys in 1988. The pointhead flounder mainly occurred in the shallow water of the continental shelf until 2 years old and shifted their habitat to deeper areas (the upper area of the continental shelf) by 3 years old in Ishikari Bay and the surrounding area.
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  • OSAMU KATANO, SHIN-ICHIRO ABE, KEN MATSUZAKI, KEI'ICHIROH IGUCHI
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 452-459
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Interspecific relationships between ayu Plecoglossus altivelis and pale chub Zacco platypus were examined in experimental streams where ayu, pale chub or both species were stocked. Ayu predominantly employed algal feeding in areas with rapid currents, whereas pale chub were omnivorous, exhibiting feeding behavior towards algae and other objects which were drifting in the currents or fell onto the water surface in areas with slow currents. Both ayu and pale chub attacked conspecifics with larger fish tending to be dominant. Pale chub never attacked ayu, but ayu occasionally attacked pale chub that invaded their territory, regardless of their body size. When ayu was present, pale chub employed algal feeding less frequently and snapped at an object on the water surface more frequently. The feeding behavior and habitat use of ayu also differed between streams where pale chub were present or absent in some periods. However, ayu and pale chub growth rates were not negatively affected by the presence of one another, presumably due to the flexible habitat use and feeding behavior of the omnivorous pale chub.
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  • NORIO YAMASHITA, MASATOSHI HASEGAWA, SAKUTARO YAMADA, EIJI TANAKA, TOS ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 460-466
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper proposes a method for estimating stock abundance for a fishery exploiting two stocks, using a model of stock dynamics incorporating effort allocation. We assume that the fishery selects a target stock every hour of operation from the two stocks with a certain probability (α), and that the spatial distribution of stock is either regular or aggregated. The parameters are estimated by the maximum likelihood procedure. Our model is applied to the data of the diving fishery from 1972 to 1976 which catches abalone and top shell along the coast of Toji in Shizuoka Prefecture. The minimum Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) supported the model that the α values were changed between- and within-year. The coefficients of variation of the abundance estimate for abalone ranged from 0.01 to 1.37, and for top shell from 0.01 to 0.03. The abundance estimates were compared with those by the DeLury's method. The modifications of the model are discussed.
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  • YUKIO AGATSUMA
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 467-472
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Seasonal changes in food intake and digestion, and growth of the juvenile sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius feeding on the large brown algae Sargassum confusum and Laminaria religiosa were studied during a rearing experiment. The food intake and the proportion of food digested were higher for sargasso than for kelp during July and October but lower during November and March, when only thalli without main or lateral branches of sargasso were consumed, resulting in a lower growth rate. The feed conversion efficiency for sargasso was higher during May and June, and lower during August and October, than that for kelp. However, the digestibility of both algae was inversely related to the feed conversion efficiency. It is considered that changes in digestibility and feed conversion efficiency are caused by interspecific differences and seasonal variations in nutrient levels.
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  • HISAYUKI ARAKAWA, RYO OKADA, HISASHI OKABE, TSUTOMU MORINAGA, KAZUYA T ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 473-480
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To clarify the physical properties of the rock substratum on which algal communities of Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia cava are found, studies were conducted on: (i) strata on the coast of the Miura Peninsula; (ii) uniaxial compression strength and erosive potential rate of the substratum; and (iii) bond strength of Eisenia bicyclis classified by location. Sea beds and rock strata lying immediately off promontories and coves with lush algal growth were identified at Bokke-zaki (Misaki Formation: Ms), Jyogashima Island (Hatsuse Formation: Ht), Ara-saki (Ms), Kawajiribana (Zushi Formation: Zs), and Chojyaga-saki (Zs). These have all been verified as belonging to the late Miocene (Miura Group). The compression strengths (kgf/cm2) of rocks at Ms, Zs and Ht were 73.0, 86.2 and 148.9, respectively. Erosive potential rates (%/h) of Ms, Zs and Ht strata were 4.47×10-2, 3.64×10-2 and 2.09×10-2, respectively. Bond strengths of Eisenia bicyclis to the substratum (kg) on Ms, Zs and Ht strata were 25.3, 27.4 and 23.1, respectively. Rocks of the Quaternary (Miyata Formation: My) with no algal community were found to be much more brittle than those in the Tertiary period. Conversely, concrete blocks were very rigid, but bond strength of Eisenia bicyclis was as low as 50% compared to Tertiary period rock. It can be seen from the observations above that the geological properties and the nature of the late Miocene rocks are the most favourable substratum for algal communities of Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia cava.
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  • JILL B. K. LEONARD, DAVID R. LEONARD, HIROSHI UEDA
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 481-484
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The relationships between tailbeat frequency, oxygen consumption, temperature and swimming speed (U) were determined for Japanese masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou using swimming respirometry. Fish of mean body length (BL) 29.0 cm displays similar characteristics to other salmonids with tailbeat frequency (TBF) characterized as TBF=0.698 U (U; BL/s)+1.560 at 12°C (n=13) and TBF=0.738 U+1.585 at 18°C (n=9), active metabolic rate described as log MO2=0.233 U+0.339 at 12°C and log MO2=0.201U+0.643 at 18°C, estimated standard metabolic rates of 2.19 and 4.39 mM O2/kg/h for fish swum at 12°C and 18°C, respectively, and an active metabolic rate Q10 of 2.88 at 2 BL/s.
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  • CHIEN-CHUNG HSU, HSI-CHIANG LIU, CHI-LUN WU, SHIH-TSUNG HUANG, HSUEH-K ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 485-493
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    New information on catch-at-age composition and length-weight relationships is presented for Pacific northern bluefin tuna caught by Taiwanese small-scale longliners in the southwestern North Pacific. The fork length-eviscerated weight relationship of Pacific northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, caught off southwestern North Pacific (off the Taiwan coast) was determined and compared with relationships previously reported by various studies for different waters. The best representative of this relationship is W=0.000023058L2.9342, where W is the eviscerated weight (kg) and L the fork length (cm). The eviscerated weights estimated from this relationship were multiplied by a scaling factor of 1.112 to obtain the estimated round weight. The visual comparison of weight-at-length showed that there were almost no differences between the relationships previously reported for the northwestern Pacific, the Sea of Japan and the present study. This indicated that Pacific northern bluefin tuna from those three waters could be of the same stock. Further assessment studies should combine information from those waters.
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  • EUI-CHEOL JEONG, CHANG-DOO PARK, SEONG-WOOK PARK, JU-HEE LEE, TADASHI ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 494-501
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A series of comparative fishing experiments was carried out in waters off the east coast of Korea in 1997, using traps of six different mesh sizes (95, 112, 122, 132, 152, and 172 mm mesh opening) to determine the size selectivity of a conical trap for male red queen crab, Chionoecetes japonicus. The extended SELECT (Share Each LEngth's Catch Total) analysis method was applied with fishing effort data to obtain trap size selectivity, with a symmetric logistic equation used to express selectivity curves. Traps of 95 mm mesh size were employed as the control gear in the analysis. Logistic and split parameters of each mesh-size trap in the SELECT model were calculated by the maximum likelihood method. The model of split parameter p fixed with equal fishing efficiency, was chosen from the likelihood ratio tests and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) comparison. From the determined logistic parameters, the carapace widths of 50% retention were estimated to be 82, 85, 92, and 101 mm for 122, 132, 152, and 172 mm mesh-size traps, respectively. The selectivity curves of each mesh-size trap showed that traps of larger mesh size allowed more crabs of small carapace width and low commercial value to escape.
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  • QI LI, MAKOTO OSADA, KATSUYOSHI MORI
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 502-508
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The morphological profile and changes in biochemical composition of the ovary and testis of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas cultured in Onagawa Bay during maturation were examined. As sexual maturity progressed, the glycogen content in the ovaries and testes decreased. The increases in the protein content in the ovaries corresponded with increases in oocyte diameters. The largest variations in gonadal lipids during sexual maturation occurred with the triglycerides. An increase in the ovary was associated with oogenesis and a decrease in the testis was associated with spermatogenesis. The RNA content of the ovaries was consistently greater than that of the testes, while the DNA content was lower. The RNA content and the RNA/DNA ratio are good indicators of sexual maturity in the ovary; the increasing RNA/DNA ratio in the ovary appears to show the rising synthetic activity of vitellin as one of the proteins produced within the ovary.
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  • KUNINAO TADA, SANTIWAT PITHAKPOL, KAZUHIKO ICHIMI, SHIGERU MONTANI
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 509-514
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) content of Coscinodiscus wailesii was determined for a natural population in late winter. The Chl a content of C. wailesii ranged from 3.7 to 6.6 ng/cell. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content was 244, 41.1, and 7.49 ng/cell, respectively. The atomic C:N:P ratio was 106:15:1.3 which is similar to the Redfield ratio of 106:16:1. The C/Chl a ratio of 37 and low pheo-pigment content of 0.23 ng/cell indicated that C. wailesii was healthy and actively growing. Furthermore, it was estimated that C. wailesii could account for 0 to 67% of the Chl a standing stock in the water column. Therefore, C. wailesii can occasionally contribute significantly to the seasonal variations of phytoplankton biomass in the Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Especially in late winter, it suggested that C. wailesii is a very important component of the phytoplankton biomass in this area.
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  • YOSHINOBU TAKASHIMA, TAKENORI TAKADA, TAKASHI MATSUISHI, YASUJI KANNO
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 515-520
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The ages of individual specimens of white-spotted char Salvelinus leucomaenis, collected from the Furuu River in Hokkaido, Japan, were determined from otoliths using NIH Image. We employed two methods to determine age. First, for a surface method (traditional method), the ages were made from examinations of otoliths under a microscope by experienced readers A, B and an unexperienced reader C. Second, for an auto-counting method, a computer program was used to detect the peaks from otolith images. We made a mathematical model to estimate the probability of a correct reading for each reader, using the results of the age determination and the per cent age agreement among readers. The ability to determine the age of white-spotted char depended on whether or not the reader had ever previously made age determinations. The ability of auto-counting method was below that of reader A (one of the experts), and the method was slightly superior to reader B (the other expert).
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  • KANAKO WATANABE, HIDEO AOKI, YOUICHI YAMAGATA, VISWANATH KIRON, SHUICH ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 521-527
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study was conducted to determine the energy and protein requirements of yellowtail during the winter season (12.8-16.5°C) when they have a comparatively low feeding activity. The feeding experiment was conducted in net cages (3×3×3 m) located at Mie Prefecture, Japan. The fish (745-758 g) were split into six groups: the first five were fed to satiation, and at 70, 50, 30, and 10% of satiation levels, respectively, while the sixth group was starved. The experimental diets were commercial soft-dry pellets (SDP) with known digestible energy (DE) and protein (DP) values. The groups were fed three times a week for 4 weeks. The growth rate was highest in the satiation group and decreased with decreasing feeding levels. The DE and DP requirements were 42.1 kcal and 3.3g/kg BW/day for maximum growth and 14.7 kcal and 1.1 g/kg BW/day for maintenance of body weight. The DE and DP requirements for the maintenance of body energy content were estimated to be 19.6 kcal and 1.5 g/kg BW/day, respectively.
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  • TAKESHI YAMAMOTO, TAKAO SHIMA, TATSUYA UNUMA, MANABU SHIRAISHI, TOSHIO ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 528-534
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A feeding trial using self-feeders was conducted to examine the ability of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to voluntarily control their dietary intake of energy. A low-energy (LE) diet and three high-energy (HE) diets containing additional amounts of either protein (fish meal and casein, HP), fat (fish oil, HF) or digestible carbohydrate (dextrin, HC) to the LE diet, were prepared. Each diet was fed by self-feeders to four groups of 10 fish (initial weight: 85 g/fish) stocked in 60 L tanks under the following conditions for 8 weeks: photoperiod 14L:10D, water temperature 16°C, and reward level 0.25 g/activation. Percentage weight gain of the LE diet group was not different (P>0.05) from the three HE diet groups, but that of the HF diet group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the HP and the HC diet groups. Feed efficiency of the HP and the HC groups was significantly higher than the LE group. Voluntary dry feed intake (per cent body weight per day, % BW/day) and gross energy intake (kJ/kg BW/day) tended to be high in the LE group and low in the HF group; however, digestible energy (DE) intake was not different among treatments. These findings indicate that rainbow trout voluntarily control DE intake per unit body weight irrespective of dietary energy content and energy source.
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  • SAFIAH JASMANI, ICHIRO KAWAZOE, TUNG-WEI SHIH, YUZURU SUZUKI, KATSUMI ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 535-539
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system for kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus vitellogenin (Vg) was developed and validated. In this assay, 96-well microtiter plates were coated with free vitellin (Vt). Assay conditions provided a detectable Vg range of 1.56-100 ng/well. The dose-response curve for serially diluted vitellogenic female hemolymph was parallel to the Vg standard curve. Male hemolymph produced absorbance values almost equal to background values, confirming the specificity of the assay. The intra- and interassay coefficient of variations were 6.0% and 10.5%, respectively. Using this assay, it was determined that very low levels of hemolymph Vg were detectable in prawns with oocytes at the previtellogenic stage. The Vg levels in the hemolymph rapidly increased at the endogenous vitellogenic stage and peaked at the early exogenous vitellogenic stage, but decreased at the late exogenous vitellogenic stage. Changes in hemolymph Vg levels preceded observed changes in gonadosomatic indices.
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  • OSAMU NAKAMURA, YUZURU SUZUKI, KATSUMI AIDA
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 540-546
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is well established that a part of orally administered protein is absorbed as macromolecules in the intestine of fish, and is transported into the blood circulation. These protein molecules can induce immune responses including antibody production in fish. In this study, human gamma globulin (HGG) was orally administered to the common carp immunized previously with a repeated oral dosage of HGG, to clarify the effect of oral immunization on intestinal protein uptake in fish. After intubation, plasma HGG concentration is significantly lower in immunized fish than in the control. HGG was also injected intravascularly for analysis using pharmacokinetic calculations to obtain blood resident time and enteric absorption rate of HGG. Intestinal absorption of orally administered HGG decreased antigen-specifically in immunized fish, while clearance from the blood did not augment significantly. This indicates that an intestinal immunological barrier developed after oral immunization inhibited protein uptake via the alimentary canal in carp.
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  • SHIN-JUNG LIN, DENG-FWU HWANG, KWANG-TSAO SHAO, SEN-SHYONG JENG
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 547-552
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, three paralytic food poisoning incidents due to ingestion of the goby Yongeichthys nebulosus occurred in Taiwan. Therefore, intensive investigation of toxic goby was performed from August 1996 to July 1998. More than 300 specimens of 12 species of gobies were collected from 15 locations and examined for toxicity. The specimens of three species of gobies, Y. nebulosus, Prachaeturichtys palynema, and Radigobius caninus, collected from Pingtung, Penghu, Kaohsiung, Miaoli, and Hsinchu were found to be toxic. The most toxic goby was Y. nebulosus, 93% of which were toxic. Specimens collected from Pingtung Prefecture were most toxic, the toxicity was more than 1000 MU/specimen. A seasonal variation of toxicity in Y. nebulosus was found, and the highest toxicity was observed for specimens collected in winter with a value of 4998 MU/specimen. The toxin was partially purified from the methanolic extract of each toxic species by Diaflo YM-1 membrane ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoresis analyses indicated that each toxic species contained tetrodotoxin (TTX) and anhydrotetrodotoxin. Among three toxic gobies, P. palynema and R. caninus are first reported to contain TTX.
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  • KEN TOUHATA, MASATAKA TANAKA, HARUHIKO TOYOHARA, HIDEKI TANAKA, MORIHI ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 553-557
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To investigate the correlation between firmness and the collagen content in fish muscle, we evaluated the seasonal change in collagen content of red seabream muscle on the basis of the content of protein-form hydroxyproline. Since a significant difference was observed among the ratios of proline (Pro) hydroxylation in female fish (P <0.05), the collagen content of each sample tested was converted from the ratio of Pro hydroxylation. The collagen content in male fish tended to increase from 0.96 mg/g muscle (March) to 1.27 mg/g (June), and then to decrease to 0.81 mg/g (July). In both male and female fish, the collagen contents tended to increase from July to September. Linear regression analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between the muscle firmness and the collagen content in each month (P <0.05, male; r=0.686, female; r=0.742). The results suggest that the seasonal change in collagen content in muscle possibly contributes to that in firmness.
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  • MING-LANG HO, GEN-HUNG CHEN, SHANN-TZONG JIANG
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 558-568
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    During surimi processing, the total cathepsins B+L+L-like activities in minced, leached and NaCl-ground meats were 2.45, 2.07 and 1.77 units/g, respectively. There was still 77% activity left even after 8 weeks storage at -20°C. High calpain and calpastatin activities in the crude enzymes from frozen mackerel surimi suggested that they were difficult to remove during processing and very stable during frozen storage. The SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) were 40-55°C, pH 5.5-7.0 for cathepsins L and L-like and pH 7.0-7.5 for calpain. The gel strength of surimi treated with calpain did not decrease significantly, but the strength of those treated with purified cathepsins L and/or L-like decreased significantly (P<0.05) after 2 h incubation at 55°C. These results suggested that cathepsins L and L-like left in surimi had MHC-degrading ability which consequently caused gel softening during setting at 40-55°C.
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  • KAZUHISA YATSUNAMI, TESUO TAKENAKA
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 569-573
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study aims to clarify the role of brine proteases (BP) as agents of hydrolysis during the ripening of fermented sardine Etrumeus micropus with rice-bran (FSR). FSR is produced by the addition of the brine. The BP activity was highest, and visceral protease (VP) was higher than that of muscle protease (MP). Optimum temperature of BP was at 55°C. BP was very stable for heat denaturation at 45-55°C and effected by high concentrations of NaCl. A maximum activity of BP was at pH 8. The BP was strongly inhibited by serine protease inhibitors such as soybean trypin inhibitor (STI) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). Trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and aminopeptidase-like activity was detected in BP. These proteases were stable in the presence of 12% NaCl. In conclusion, BP as the agent of hydrolysis during the ripening of FSR must be due to the serine proteases and the metal proteases from the viscera of sardine. These results showed that trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and aminopeptidase-like enzymes in brine may hydrolyze fish meat during the ripening of FSR.
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  • SATOSHI KUBOTA, MASATO KINOSHITA, YOSHIHIRO YOKOYAMA, HARUHIKO TOYOHAR ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 574-578
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Gelatinolytic activities derived from both serine proteinase and metalloproteinase were induced in mature ayu muscle. These activities from ayu muscle at spawning stage (November) were fractionated successively by DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, and gelatin affinity chromatographies, while no corresponding activity was detected from that of the growing stage (July). A gelatinolytic active band adsorbed to a CM-cellulose column was detected at 80 kDa by gelatin zymographic analysis. The activity was expressed at a slightly alkaline pH range and optimally at pH 8.5. The activity was inhibited by leupeptin and 1, 10-phenanthroline, but not by E-64, suggesting that it was composed of both serine proteinase and metalloproteinase. Serine-type activity at 80 kDa was not adsorbed to a gelatin-immobilized column. On the other hand, metallo-type activity was adsorbed to the column, and the molecular mass of the activity was estimated to be 68 kDa. Our findings suggested that these gelatinolytic activities due to both serine proteinase and metalloproteinase, which are specifically induced in the spawning stage, are possibly responsible for collagen breakdown according to maturation.
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  • HIRONORI KATO, YING-PING GE, DJIBRIL NDIAYE, SEIICHI HAYASHI
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 579-585
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a key role in cholesterol transport as a ligand of HDL binding proteins or HDL receptors and an acceptor of intracellular cholesterol. It has been known that the latter role of apoA-I is carried out by free apoA-I dissociated from HDL. We investigated the distribution of free apoA-I and apoA-II in eel serum and secreted proteins from cultured eel hepatocytes using monoclonal antibodies specific to apoA-I or apoA-II of eel serum HDL. Free apoA-I was found in eel serum and the secreted proteins, but free apoA-II was not. ApoA-I and apoA-II were also found in serum very low-density lipoprotein and chylomicron-like lipoprotein secreted by cultured eel hepatocytes. We observed the existence of apoA-I and apoA-II in the plasma membrane of the hepatocytes by immunological method after fixation of the cells. Furthermore, when the isolated hepatocytes treated with the antibody to apoA-II were incubated with HDL stained by a fluorescent lipophilic dye, the binding of the HDL to the hepatocytes was inhibited by 30%. However, we did not observe the inhibition by the hepatocytes treated with the antibody to apoA-I.
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  • ABDUL JABARSYAH, MUTSUYOSI TSUCHIMOTO, OSAMU YADA, YASUTOSHI KOZURU, T ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 586-593
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As part of a program to clarify the influence of difference of muscle fiber types in ordinary muscle on rigor mortis progress of fish, this study compared and examined the biochemical and physiological characteristics of muscle fiber types in relation to the muscular contraction and relaxation among white (W), pink (P), and red (R) muscle fibers of carp (cultured). The contents of ATP-related compounds and glycogen just after killing, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and myofibrillar Mg2+-ATPase activity in ordinary muscle were higher in the order of W>P>R, R≅P>>W, W≅P>>R, and P≥W>>R, respectively. From these results, it was suggested that the capacity of anaerobic energy supply for rigor mortis progress might be higher in the order of pink muscle fiber, white muscle fiber, and red muscle fiber. The maximum level reached by caffeine contraction was considerably higher in pink muscle fiber than in white muscle fiber, in the order of P>>W>R. However, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase activity, SR Ca2+ uptake rate, and SR Ca2+ release rate were not higher in pink muscle fiber than in white muscle fiber, in the order of P≅W>>R, W>P>R, and W>P>R, respectively. The surface area and volume percentages of SR against sarcomere were higher in the order of P>W>R and P>>W>R, respectively, and well supported the result of caffeine contraction. The superprecipitation reaction of actomyosin was higher in the order of P≥R>>W. This result suggested that the characteristic of actomyosin in relation to muscular contraction may be markedly different among white, pink, and red muscle fibers.
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  • TSUYOSHI SUGITA, SADAO SHIMENO, NOBUYUKI NAKANO, HIDETSUYO HOSOKAWA, T ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 594-598
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The responses of enzyme activities and metabolic intermediate concentrations to a short-time exercise and following resting were examined in the muscle and hepatopancreas of carp Cyprinus carpio. A 20 s exercise significantly increased phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity together with fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), AMP, and ADP concentrations and decreased phosphocreatine (PCr) and glycogen contents in the muscle. The exercise also increased activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and alanine aminotransferase in the hepatopancreas as well as concentrations of glucose, lactate, and free amino acid in the serum. A 45 min resting period after the exercise tended to recover many enzyme activities and body component concentrations to the pre-exercise values, but activities of hepatopancreatic G6Pase and FBPase remained high during this period. These results suggest that the exercise enhanced in vivo glycolysis through the activation of PFK in muscle to supply ATP for the energy source. In addition, a higher gluconeogenesis in the hepatopancreas seems to make a contribution to restore muscle components such as PCr and glycogen during exercise and the resting period, showing an interdependence of carbohydrate metabolism between muscle and hepatopancreas.
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  • CHING-YUNG PONG, TZE-KUEI CHIOU, FANG-PEI NIEH, SHANN-TZONG JIANG
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 599-604
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Metmyoglobin (Met-Mb) reductase from blue-fin tuna ordinary muscle was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange and organomercurial agarose affinity chromatography. The molecular weight estimated by SDS-PAGE was 100 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature for the reduction of met-Mb were 7.3 and 25°C, respectively. This enzyme was very stable at pH 7.0-7.3 and 4°C-15°C. The purified enzyme was strongly activated by K+, moderately activated by Na+ and Mn2+, but not affected by Ni2+. It was moderately inhibited by Li+, NH4+, Mg2+, and Co2+. The Vmax for the reduction of met-Mb and NADH were 0.32 and 0.43 mM/min/mg, while Km were 2.3×10-5 and 24.4×10-5 M, respectively.
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  • MITSURU TORAO
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 605-607
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • HIROSHI SHONO
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 608-610
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • YASURO ISHIZAKI, KAZUMASA UEMATSU, TOSHIO TAKEUCHI
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 611-613
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • KEN-ICHI KAWASAKI, YUKAKO ITO NABESHIMA, KENJI ISHIHARA, MASAKI KANENI ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 614-615
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • MASASHI SHINOHARA, RYUICHI NISHIDA, TAKAKO AOYAMA, HIDEKI KAMONO, HIDE ...
    2000 Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 616-617
    Published: 2000
    Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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