言語研究

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I) The purpose of this paper is to study tonemes from the historical point of view and their relation to linguistic development, based on the comparative study of tonemes in the Thai and Mak-Sui languages. This study is based on two materials:
1) Tonemic comparative table of Thai languages.(§11. 12)
2) Tonemic comparative table of common Thai (T. C), which I have recons tructed from the eleven modern dialects and several inscriptions, and the Mak-Sui common language (M. S. C).(§24, 25)
II) As a result I can establish the following tonemic categories: tonemes 1, 2, 3, in the cv#. cvη syllable pattern and zero toneme in the cvk, cvvk syllable pattern.
The tonemic types which are included in these categories indicate the following regular correspondences between these two common languages.
CV#. CVη T·C M·S·C CVK. CVVK T·C M·S·C
Toneme 1 * 33 * 13
Toneme 2 * 35 * 35 zero Toneme * 35 * 35
Toneme 3 * 31 * 33
III) From the regularity of the tonemic correspondences in these languages we can postulate the original features of phonemes in the initial position of syllables, and a series of phonemes in the final position, which have already disappeared, then reappear. For instance, phoneme 1-in Mak-Sui group regularly belongs to the tonemic consonantal group Lb which has a descen ding type in toneme 1, but in some instances, have a rising type. e. g. _??_ lom13. This fact indicates that this lom13 came originally from *olom MI or HI with a surd initial phoneme preceeding 1-, and this form corresponds to the ArCh. _??_ piwem <*plem.
Similarly *lak “to steal” has a rising type, insted of the regular descen ding type. From this fact we can suppose that this *lak had a surd initial before the *I in its original form. The ArCh _??_ kliak indicates that this common form was *kliak>T. C. M·S·C *lak.
In general, toneme 2 has a corresponding regularity with the zero toneme in cvk, cvvk syllable pattern, which is quite parallel. We can thus reconstruct the phoneme -γ (including -g, -d, -b ; in the present stage we cannot decide which) in the cv# syllable pattern which belongs to this tonemic category. In a number of instances reconstructed ArCh. forms seem to support this assu-mption.(ArCh. _??__??_ corresponds to T. C. NI·S·C Toneme 2).

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En russe des alternances qui remontent à l'indo-européen it ne subsiste que des débris. Les alternances provenant de la palatalisation des consonnes conservent leur productivité. On utilise l'alternance du type sg. doktor / pl. doktorá pour caractériser le pluriel. Les alternances o/zéro, e/zéro, provenant du changement des jers sont vivantes: elles facilitent la prononciation difficile du gén. pl. des substantifs, etc.
Une langue possède des alternances anciennes et nouvelles. En général elle les laisse progressivement disparaître, mais il n'est pas rare qu' elle utilise une alternance ou pour caractériser un certain élément morphologique, ou pour éviter une prononciation difficile.

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