言語研究

This paper is an attempt at isolating variables that play a role in pidgin and creole genesis or rather in language contact in general. Three sets of variables, i. e., sociological, psychological and linguistic variables, are proposed and are employed in explicating varieties of language contact situations in terms of their interactions. In addition, influences by contact of discourse structures are explored.

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上代日本語のe甲, O甲の来源は, 開口度の増加によるi甲>e甲, U>o甲であり, 母音音節の場合はそれぞれye, woに発展した。
上代は短い期間なので, 古い用例が必ずしも古形とは言えず, 改新の先駆である場合がある。従って, i甲～e甲, u～o甲のダブレットの用例の新旧から変化を判定するのではなく, 別の音韻変化を伴う語例を利用した。たとえば, e甲の場合には, フキ甲 (吹き) とフ江 (笛) を結びつける中間形*ブイ, o甲の場合には, シヅ江 (下枝) の前項とシモ (下) に共通祖形*シムを推定すれば, 各一方は自然な音韻変化であるから開口度の増加が結論できる。さらに, ビアトゥス回避の法則がからむ語例と, 同音語を導く枕詞の例を補足し, 傍証とした。
通説のa後接説の根拠となった完了の助動詞リは連体形にアリが付いて成立したものではなく, アリの異形態リが付いたものであることを, 他のビアトゥス回避の結果から推測した。従って, i甲+a>e甲, u+a>o甲ではない。

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Some Japanese motive verbal predicates allow the following types of noun phrase exchanges, preserving cognitive meaning of the sentence
(a) ga-noun phrase and ni-noun phrase (of intransitive sentence) eg. tama-ga mato-ni ataru. mato-ga tama-ni ataru. ball-NOM target-DAT hit target-NOM ball-DAT hit ‘The ball hits the target.’‘The ball hits the target.’
(b) ga-noun phrase and kara-noun phrase (of intransitive sentence) eg. wana-ga, usagi-kara hazureru.
trap-NOM rabit-ABL separate
‘The trap separates from the rabit.’
usagi-ga wana-kara hazureru.
rabit-NOM trap-ABL separate
‘The trap separates from the rabit.’
(c) wo-noun phrase and ni-noun phrase (of transitive sentence) eg. tama-wo mato-ni ateru. mato-wo tama-ni ateruball-ACC target-DAT hit target-ACC ball-DAT hit ‘hit the ball against the target.’‘hit the ball against the target.’
(d) wo-noun phrase and kara-noun phrase (of transitive sentence) eg. wana-wo usagi-kara hazusu.
trap-ACC rabit-ABL separate
‘separate the trap from the rabit.’
usagi-wo wana-kara hazusu.
rabit-ACC trap-ABL separate
‘separate the trap from the rabit.’
For all I know, there have been virtually no papers dealing with this phenomenon. So I have tentatively called it ‘hit ball hypallage’ and investigated the case marking system of these highly symmetrical verbal predicate sentences.

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Through comparison of Daqing Taizu Wuhuangdi Shilu of Manchu text, compiled November1636, with Manzhou Shilu「満州実録」of Chinese text, it is possible to abstract and compare Manchu words borrowed from Chinese characters of velar and those of dental, which are mainly proper nouns.
1. Chinese characters of unaspirated velar plosive: cen jio jiyei (陳九階), jiyan jiyun doo (監軍道) 2.those of unaspirated dental affricate: huwang jin (黄進), jing an (静安) 3. those of aspirated velar plosive: hiya guwe cing (夏国卿), lio cioi (劉渠) 4. those of aspirated dental affricate: cing hoo (清河), g, an ciowan pu (甘泉舗) 5. those of velar fricative: hoo si hiyan, hoo si siyan (賀世賢), hing san, Sing san (杏山) 6. those of dental fricative: jiyang si (江西), boo ceng siyan, booceng hiyan (飽承先), sin an (新安), hiowan fu (宣府)
The Chinese characters of velar were transliterated through the Manchu letters, ji [t∫i], ci [t∫i] and si [∫i]. This is because by the first half of the seventeenth century, palatalization took place and a Pekingese speaker would read these Chinese characters in the manner of the present day. In addition there are some cases where Chinese words of dental fricative are transliterated by the Manchu letter of velar fricative, hi-. This is due to erroneous application of Manchu hi- to these Chinese characters, to which Manchu si- should have applied. Therefore there is a possibility that a dental fricative and a velar one had already united to be a palatal before these Chinese words were borrowed.

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