Using data at 724 stations for 12 years (2010–2021) in Japan, the climatological characteristics of diurnal variation in surface wind speed were examined. It was found that wind speed reached a maximum in early afternoon at most sites in all seasons. Even the 99.9th percentile winds have a weak peak in early afternoon as an average over all stations. In the spatial distribution, the amplitude and phase of the first harmonics of wind speed are positively correlated with those of temperature, but have larger variabilities among stations than those of temperature. The features of the diurnal variation are dependent on geographical factors such as the percentage of water surface, topographic convexity, and population density, with smaller amplitudes and earlier phases at coastal sites and later phases at urban sites. Some inland stations have an exceptionally high nighttime wind speed that is comparable to the daytime wind speed, apparently because of dominant mountain breezes.

This study delves into community participation and retention in religious facilities. And it also analyzes the significance of these roles. It focuses on the interplay between religious activities in Protestant churches and the everyday lives of Japanese migrants in the Gyeonggi region of the Republic of Korea (ROK). Japanese migrants who attended church were categorized into two types: “lifestyle migrants” and “international students.” In particular, the “lifestyle migrants” include many international marriage migrants. Their participation in religious communities was shaped by both problems in their everyday lives and religious backgrounds. Most “lifestyle migrants” attended church for the first time in the ROK, considering it a place to build social relationships and communicate with fellow Japanese migrants during their early stages of migration. Conversely, most “international students” had previous church experience in Japan before migrating, perceiving church activities as an extension of their religious engagements prior to migrating to the ROK. Religious activities influence the social capital and ethnic identity of Japanese migrants. And the development of the religious communities among Japanese migrants in the Gyeonggi region is not only driven by church proselytizing efforts, but also influenced by various challenges arising from changes or divergences in the migration process, residential trends, and the aspirations and difficulties of local community activities. These findings elucidate the impact of religious activities on individual migrants, and also highlight the pivotal role of religion in migration studies and geography.

This study examines a world music event hosted in Fukuno, Nanto City, Toyama Prefecture to illuminate the local assimilation process of foreign music, focusing on the relationship between music and the community. Through interviews with various stakeholders, I demonstrate that the primary objective of the event was not solely to enjoy the music, but rather to employ music as a tool for revitalizing the community. Consequently, music in Fukuno became linked to local components and embraced as regional music. Through this assimilation process, three pivotal moments emerged. The first was the establishment of a citizen orchestra in 1995, formed predominantly by local residents. This led to the emergence of world music experts in the community and deepened residents’ music comprehension. Subsequently, since 1999, local temples and shopping centers have served as event venues, actively generating opportunities for local residents to engage with music. The most influential initiative was a parade formation in 2008. The parade encompassed not only world music-related groups, but also local schoolchildren and indigenous festivalgoers, expanding the parade’s audience to residents who previously had less interest in world music. Moreover, the inclusion of Fukuno’s indigenous music in the event played an essential role in residents’ perception of the occasion as Fukuno’s unique world music event.