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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
i-ii
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
iii-iv
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Yoshio MAETA, Naoharu MIZUNO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
147-154
Published: September 20, 1993
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Selenium (Se) concentrations in soils and grasses were examined in the meadows of horse breeding farms in eastern Hidaka district. The 126 paired samples of soils and grasses were collected from Erimo-cho, Samani-cho, Urakawa-cho and Mitsuishi-cho. Soils and grasses were collected on the same points. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in the meadows was examined as a representative grass species. The Se concentrations in grasses ranged from 0.001 to 0.328ppm, with the average 0.021ppm. The concentrations in more than 90% of samples were below 0.05ppm. The concentrations in grasses collected at Lowland soil group were higher than those of grasses at Andosols and Brown Forest Soils. The total Se concentrations of soils ranged from 0.07 to 1.77ppm, and averaged 0.527ppm. The concentrations in Brown Forest Soils, Brown Lowland Soils and Grey Lowland Soils were lower than those of other soil group. No significant relationship of Se concentrations was found between soils and grasses; though relatively higher Se concentrations were likely in grasses which collected on the soils containing low levels of total Se. A significant relationship was found between the concentrations of total Se and free-iron oxide in soils. There was also a significant relationship between Se concentrations in grasses and phosphate absorption coefficient of soils. The Se concentrations in grasses collected at soils having over 1400 absorption coefficient were below 0.02ppm. The finding suggested that most of Se existed in soil as insoluble iron selenite.
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Senji UCHIDA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
155-161
Published: September 20, 1993
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In order to estimate the effectiveness of some improved methods for accurate determination of moisture (dry matter) in silage, the quantities of moisture in fresh herbage and silage were determined by: acid-corrected toluene distillation (TD); freeze drying at -50℃ under pressure of less than 0.005mm Hg for 24h (FD); gas chromatography according to BURDICK and McHan (GC); and by oven drying (OD) as a control. Moisture contents of fresh herbage and resultied silage samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum LAM.) were analyzed in five replicates by OD, TD, FD and GC, respectively. All the samples had highest values in OD and lowest values in GC for moisture contents. There was considerable difference in moisture content of the silage among the analytical methods, but no marked difference in moisture level of the fresh herbages was found among the methods. In addition, significant differences between TD and FD were not detected in moisture content of all the samples. Analytical samples. 26 silages (IS) made from Italian ryegrass and 36 silages (CS) made from corn (Zea mays L.), were collected from 62 farms and subjected to the measurement of chemical composition and moisture content. Quality scores estimated by FLIEG's method of IS and CS samples were 67.8±25.6 and 89.3±17.3, respectively. At the same time, moisture contents determined by OD, FD and GC were: 62.84±10.14, 59.83±10.74 and 58.28±9.93(%) in IS samples; 67.40±6.16, 65.95±6.29 and 64.03±6.73(%) in CS samples, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.01) in moisture content of these silage samples between the analytical methods. On the other hand, coefficients of significantly (p<0.001) positive correlation and equations for the linear regression were detected between OD and FD or GC for moisture content of the silage samples. The result suggests that the application of these improved techniques is effective for the accurate determination of moisture in silage.
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Yasuhiro SUGIMOTO, Kazuyoshi INOUE, Katuhiko NAGAMATU, Masahiko UENO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
162-168
Published: September 20, 1993
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Volatilization of ammonia from cattle urine was measured in a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum. Flugge) pasture in the southern part of Kyushu. Micro-plots (0.40 by 0.25m) were artificially treated with 0.751 urine (60g N/m^2) and evolved ammonia measured with a small wind-tunnel system. Total nitrogen loss form applied urine by volatilization of ammonia was 3.8% between 13 Dec. 1990-6 Jan. 1991 (winter), 13.5% between 4-25 Jun. (spring), 13.5% between 8-27 Aug. (summer) and 5.4% between 18 Oct. -5 Nov. (autumn) in 1991. Seasonal differences in volatilization of ammonia were discussed in relation to some meteorological and soil factors. Percentage nitrogen loss by volatilization of ammonia was positively correlated with mean air temperature during each period.
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Satyanarayana Venkata PASUMARTY, Tetuo MATSUMURA, Seiichiro HIGUCHI, T ...
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
169-176
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Four while clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars were evaluated for their seed setting capacity at Morioka, Japan. Results of 1991 and 1992 harvest years are reported. Large year to year and cultivar to cultivar variations in seed yield per floret were observed. A high percentage of unproductive ovules was observed. The results obtained also show that majority of ovule/seed abortion occurs within a 7-day period following pollination. Seed yield per floret was mainly influenced by weather conditions during the process of seed maturation. Results cleary illustrates the sensitivity of white clover to weather conditions.
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Norio YOSHIDA, Tetsuji TAKAHASHI, Tetsuo NAGAO, Jifu CHEN
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
177-182
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To clarify in vitro digestibility of wheat straw and Japanese redwood sawdust substrate, the edible mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was cultivated under conditions conductive to fruitbody production. After adjusting the moisture content to between 65-70%, either chopped straw or sawdust was packed tightly into bottles. The bottles were then sterilized and subsequently inoculated with P. ostreatus. Straw substrate, straw substrate mixed with an eutrophic (wheat bran) at 20%, sawdust substrate and sawdust substrate mixed with eutrophics (wheat bran, rice bran and bean curd refuse) at 45% were compared. The incubation period lasted 8 weekd with fruitbody formation being induced after 4 weeks, sampling was performed throughout the incubation period. In the sawdust only substrate the spread of the mycelium was arrested at about 4 weeks and fruitbody yield was higher when substrates were mixed with eutrophics. Dry matter content of the substrates decreased by between 4.3-22.1% during incubation and was particularly reduced in fruitbody harvested substrates. In the sawdust substrates the content of both hemicellulose and cellulose remained stable. In the straw substrates the hemicellulose content decreased by more than 40% during the 8 weeks while the cellulose content remained relatively stable, though cellulose content of straw substrates decreased at fruitbody formation. The rate of decrease of ADL was higher in straw than in sawdust and was reduced in substrates mixed with eutrophics. The Ce-DMD of both straw substrates decreased early in the incubation period and then increased by between 12-26% after 4 weeks of incubation while the Ce-DMD of sawdust mixed with eutrophics decreased from 38.5% to 21.6% during the 8 weeks of incubation. The digestible dry matter (DDM) of straw substrate increased by 11% but the DDM content of straw substrate containing wheat bran in which fruitbody formation had occurred was less than the DDM content prior to incubation.
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Masahiko HIRATA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
183-195
Published: September 20, 1993
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Responses of dry matter yield (DMY) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) to cutting height were examined using three-year data from bahiagrass swards subjected to five different heights ranging from 2 to 22cm. Response pattern of DMY varied with cutting date, season and year. In general, the cutting height for the maximal DMY shifted from 22cm side to 2cm side as the season proceeded from summer to spring and as the year proceeded. Within-year and year-to-year variations in DMY also responded to the cutting height. Lower cutting height consistently tended to reduce the within-year variations. Response of year-to-year variations changed with the period such as season and year. Response pattern of DMD was much less variable than that of DMY. The DMD almost always tended to decrease as the cutting height increased. Within-year and year-to-year variations in DMD also responed to the cutting height. Response of within-year variations changed with the year. Response of year-to-year vatiations differed with the period such as season and year. The DMD was always low when DMY was high, and varied considerably when DMY was low. Reduction in the maximal values of DMD with increasing DMY tended to be smaller with the lower cutting heights. These facts indicated that there is a possibility to keep both DMY and DMD high to some degree by controlling the cutting height, though high DMD is incompatible with high DMY in a broad way.
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Masahiko HIRATA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
196-205
Published: September 20, 1993
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This paper aimed to investigate the tiller number, stolon lenght and number of primary roots of bahiagrass swards subjected to the five different cutting heights ranging from 2 to 22cm. The tiller number needed about three months and the stolon length and the number of primary roots needed one year before they constantly showed significant responses to the cutting height. When they significantly responded, all the density characteristics tended to increase as the cutting height was lowered. There were significant positive correlations between the three characteristics. According to the linear regression through the origin, on an average over the five cutting heights, 1mm stolon corresponded to 0.022 tiller and 0.318 primary root, and one tiller corresponded to 12.24 primary roots. The rate of increase in the density characteristics remained nearly zero when the rate of increase in the dry weight (RIDW) of the corresponding plant parts was zero. As the RIDW increased, the rate of increase in the density characteristics rose more sharply in swards under lower cutting heights. The cutting heights required for the density increment were less than 7cm for the tiller number, less than 22cm for the stolon length and less than 12cm for the number of primary roots. The results were first compared with those from other swards to clear the nature of the bahiagrass swards examined. Then, the usefulness of the results for understanding and controlling the density dynamics of bahiagrass swards was discussed.
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Sang-Ho MOON, Osamu ENISHI, Hidenori HIROTA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
206-215
Published: September 20, 1993
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Voluntary intake, digestibility and composition of rumen fluid in goats were measured in order to determine the effect of concentrate supplementation when fed with rye silage. Twelve goats were grouped into tetrads by experimental diets as follows: group I (control); rye silage alone, group II; rye silage with concentrate at 0.1%, group III; rye silage with concentrate at 0.5%, group IV; rye silage with concentrate at 1% of body weight. Daily body weight gain (DG) of the groups supplemented with concentrate was higher than that of group fed with rye silage alone and it was significantly high when the animals were supplemented with concentrate at 0.1 and 0.5% of body weight (p<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter (DMD) increased in proportion to increasing the amount of concentrate and there were significant differences (p<0.01) between control and groups supplemented with concentrate at 0.5 and 1% of body weight. Those of NFE, OM and energy were similar to the result of DMD. For total VDMI and DDM, TDN and DCP intake the differences were significant (p<0.05) between groups. Voluntary dry matter intake of rye silage alone did not change in control, group II and III, but it exhibited great decrease in group IV (p<0.05). Although the figures decreased gradually as increasing the supplementary level, there were no significant differences in pH values and total VFA concentrations except for group IV (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for ammonia-N concentrations at 2hr after feeding but its concentration of control was the highest (p<0.05) of all groups at 6hr after feeding. It is concluded that supplementation of concentrate in goats fed with rye silage had progressively influenced on digestibility of DM, NFE and OM, voluntary intake and daily gain, but supplementation above 0.5% of body weight was not effective owing to the reduction of silage intake and ruminal pH value.
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Sang-Ho MOON, Osamu ENISHI, Hidenori HIROTA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
216-224
Published: September 20, 1993
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To determine the feeding value of rye (Secale cereale L.) silage, nutritive value of feed and nitrogen and energy balance were measured in goats fed on rye silage with or without supplementary concentrate. Rye silage was fed ad libitum to twelve goats grouped into tetrads. Concentrate was supplemented at 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% of initial liveweight for group I, II, III and IV respectively. Nitrogen intake (NI), digestible nitrogen (DN) and nitrogen lost in feces (FN) increased according to increasing supplementary level of concentrate and the figures were significantly higher (p<0.05) in groups supplemented at 0.5 and 1% of liveweight. Nitrogen balance was 0.3, -0.1, 1.5 and 1.1g/day for group I, II, III and IV respectively, and retained nitrogen (RN) of group III exhibited significant difference from group I and II. RN had significant correlation (p<0.05) with NI FN and DN and not with nitrogen lost in urine. There were no significant differences between groups in GE and DE but ME increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing supplementary level of concentrate. TDN and DCP exhibited similar patterns with ME. Intake of gross energy was statistically higher (p<0.05) in group III and IV than in group I and II. But energy losses had no significant differences between groups except loss to methane. Heat production and fecal energy were main factors in energy loss. Means for energy balance subtraced energy losses from intake differed significantly (p<0.05) except between group I and II, and the energy in group III and IV was retained at level of 4.2 and 80.2KJ/kgW^<0.75>. It was concluded that supplementing concentrate to rye silage had an obvious effect on nutritive value of feed and nitrogen and energy balance in goats thus, up to 0.5% of body weight would be necessary for maintenance when goats fed rye silage.
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Takayuki IMADA, Khorshid RAZMJOO, Junko HIRANO, Seiji KANEKO, Ryuichi ...
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
225-235
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Use of perennial ryegrass, a cool season trufgrass, is limited where summer heat causes stress. Screening for heat tolerant cultivars is now possible because of the availability of several cultivars of this species. Furthermore, development of a screening technique which could separate the cultivars clearly for their heat tolerance at a specific temperature could be of great value in determining potential cultivars for use in warm regions. Therefore, this experiment was designed to select perennial ryegrass cultivars for their heat tolerance at specific temperatures and to develop a technique which can clearly separate all the cultivars for such purpose. Fifty eight cultivars of perennial ryegrass were planted in a growth chamber and heat stress was imposed by increasing temperature 1℃/day and percent survival was estimated visually at 36, 38, 42, 44, 46, and 48℃. Initial heat injury occurred at 36℃ in some cultivars. Most of the cultivars tolerated 38℃ with no apparent injury. Survival rate of most cultivars was more than 50% at 42℃ indicating that some cultivars can tolerate such temperature. Whereas, only a few cultivars had more than 50% survival rate at 44℃. Thus, 44℃ may be the limit of heat tolerance in the perennial ryegrass cultivars. At 46℃, only JPR092, JPR123, and JPR010 had a survival rate of 50% or more. At 48℃, the damage to even the best cultivars was high enough that growing perennial ryegrass in areas with such temperatures should be avoided. The least and most tolerant cultivars were JPR005 and JPR178, respectively. Distinct heat tolerance was found among the cultivars at all the temperature regimes suggesting that the technique used in the study may be adopted for accurate identification and selection of heat tolerant cultivars of perennial ryegrass.
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Yoshitaka TAKAHASHI, Ichiro OTANI, Kouji HAGINO
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
236-245
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Hydrophobic root exudates of Lolium perenne L. grown in sand culture were trapped by XAD-4 resin columns attached to the nutrient solution circulation system of sand-cultured plant. The columns were eluted with methanol and the eluates were analyzed by the use of chemical analysis and bioassay in order to determine the types of allelopathic root exudates from Lolium perenne. 1) The root exudates from Lolium perenne were inhibitory to the seedling growth of both Trifolium repens L. and Lactuca sativa L.. The neutral fraction from the root exudate was most inhibitory, while the other fractions had no effect. 2) The active compounds of neutral fraction were methylated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eight compounds such as p-methoxy benzoic, lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic and stearic acids were identified. 3) Sodium salts of four isolated fatty acids; myristic, palmitic, oleic and stearic acids, significantly inhibited seedling growth of Trifolium repens even in the low concentration of 5ppm. 4) From these results, it is suggested that the allelopathic activity in the root exudate from Lolium perenne is partly due to fatty acids.
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Hyoe TSUGAWA, Nobuyoshi KAWASAKI, T. W. SASEK, Daisuke HIROSE, Takehik ...
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
246-256
Published: September 20, 1993
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As a part of the studies on stand structure and foliage production of kudzu-vine, seasonal changes in the network of kudzu stand, established in an abandoned field about 15 years previously, were investigated from May to December 1990. Overwintering stem length per m^2 decreased as the season advanced in the one-ring stems, there was no seasonal trend, ranging from 6.6 to 9.8m (avg. 7.4m). The length of overwintering stems with more than three vascular bundle rings was less than 10cm per m^2 at all sampling times. Total number of root systems (corresponding to the number of crowns) per m^2 tended to decrease gradually, ranging from 20.7 to 49.6 (avg. 32.2), of which root systems of R-I and R-II comprised 87-94% and 4-11%, respectively. The number of root systems per m of overwintering stems increased gradually in the one-ring stems, ranging from 1.0 to 2.2 (avg. 1.5). In the two-ring stems, the number of root systems per m ranged from 2.0 to 3.0 (avg. 2.5) and showed a slightly decreasing trend. The number of root systems per m of the three-ring stems averaged 6.5. Averaged over all sampling times, the basal diameter of the thickest root in each root system (LBD) was 3.0mm for root system R-I, 13.2mm for R-II and 23.8mm for R-III. In addition, stem dry weight per unit stem length, the proportion of crowns to total number of nodes, and the number of nodes per unit stem length were determined in overwintering stems differing in the number of vascular bundle rings in this study. Since some of the parameters on the network of a kudzu stand dealt with in this paper are directly related to dry matter and leaf area production of current year's canopy, the investigation of the components of the network should be included in foliage production studies of kudzu stands.
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Shuichi SUGIYAMA, Hiroshi NAKASHIMA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
257-262
Published: September 20, 1993
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Yielding ability of cultivars has been improved in many forage species since the start of breeding project. However, since performance of these cultivars is generally evaluated under simple growing conditions without the influence of competition from other species and grazing by animals, it is not clear whether cultivars can show its high yielding ability under pasture conditions where competition and grazing are prevailing. In order to examine the effects of cultivars on yield of mixtures, annual yields of pure and mixed swards in each of 18 cultivars of Dactylis glomerata were compared during two years. In mixtures, each Dactylis cultivar was associated with strongly (Kentucky 31) and weakly competitive cultivar (Hokuryo) of Festuca arundinacea. Cuttings were applied on each swards, once for the first (established) year and four times for the second year. Shoot dry matter (DW) of pure swards and shoot DW of each component in mixtures were measured at each cutting time. The following results were obtained from this experiment: (1) There was no statistical difference in annual yield between pure and mixed swards. (2) There was much difference in competitive ability (% to total DW in mixture) between cultivars in both species. (3) Statistical difference in annual yield of mixture between D. glomerata cultivars was found only for the first year but not for the second year. (4) There was no particulat association between cultivars of the two species which confer significantly higher yield. (5) The cultivars with high competitive ability did not show high annual yield of mixtures. These results indicate that cultivars do not contribute the improvement of yielding ability of grass-grass mixture, but they affect botanical composition through difference in competitive ability.
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Pornchai LOWILAI, Kiyotaka KABATA, Chinobu OKAMOTO, Masatake KIKUCHI
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
263-266
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Osamu ENISHI, Kenji IKEDA, Kichiro SHIJIMAYA, Yoshihiro KARIYA
Article type: Article
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
267-270
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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
271-278
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Article type: Appendix
1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
279-296
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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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1993 Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages
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