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2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
i-ii
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Kensuke KAWAMURA, Tsuyoshi AKIYAMA, Osamu WATANABE, Hisahito HASEGAWA, ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
1-9
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A methodology was developed for estimating wide area above ground biomass (AB) in the Xilingol steppe. Inner Mongolian Autonomous of China, using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, which is characterized by frequent observations and low spatial resolution, onboard a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite. Twenty widely separated homogeneous grassland sites were selected by field survey and by investigating past Landsat TM images. Among the selected sites, ABs were regressed onto Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) derived from the NOAA/AVHRR data. Selected fields included 6 Meadow steppe sites, 13 Typical steppe sites and one Desert steppe site. In order to coordinate with NOAA pixels, the aboveground parts of the vegetation of each of 9 quadrats (1m×1m) set up 700m apart, were examined and clipped to measure the dry weight. Relationships between steppe biomass and NDVI values for all 20 sites showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.62 : P<0.01). Results from statistical analysis indicated that 5 quadrats instead of 9 were sufficient for obtaining a satisfactory coefficient. By applying this relationship, the mean AB of the entire Xilingol steppe for summer 2001 was estimated as 1,189 kg/ha. It demonstrates the decrease in steppe biomass during the last 14 years. In addition, it suggests that, in estimating AB using different equations for Meadow steppe and Typical steppe, a high accuracy (r=0.90, P<0.0001) can be obtained.
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Tomoko NISHIDA, Norikazu HARASHIMA, Miya KITAGAWA, Yoshlto YAMAMOTO
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
10-15
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The effect or cutting and over-seeding plus cutting on the growth of horsenettle was investigated for two years. Horsenettle was grown on base ground and cut four times in a growing season (CUT). The weed was also grown under the same cutting condition with over-seeded orchardgrass (COS). Horsenettle grown on bare ground without cutting was set as control. The shoot heights of horsenettle in CUT and COS were lower than that in control most of the time. Annual DM weight of the above-ground parts for horsenettle showed a decreasing trend in the order of control, CUT and COS. DM weight or the underground part and berry weight in CUT and COS were significantly less than those in control (p<0.05). The shoot density in COS was invariably the lowest, that in CUT was the next lowest, and that in control was the highest. The shoot mortality in control was consistently the lowest. Horsenettle survived under the cutting conditions tested. lt was suggested, however, that cutting four times during a growing season suppressed the growth of the weed and that the adverse effect of cutting was furthered by competition between the weed and orchardgrass.
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Yoki ASANO, Manabu TOBISA, Masataka SHIMOJO, Yasuhisa MASUDA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
16-22
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Our objective in this experiment was to research the relationships among regrowth rates, amylase activities and storage carbohydrates after defoliation as affected by growth temperature in phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.). Plants were grown in the controlled environmental chamber set at 25℃ prior to defoliation. The defoliated plants were regrown in those chambers of 20, 25 or 30℃. New shoot production, amylase activities and carbohydrate contents in stems and roots were measured on days 0, 1, 3 and 6 after defoliation. New shoot production developed remarkably faster with increasing growth temperature. At day 3 and 6,starch contents in stems were lower in the plants highly producing new shoots. Glucose contents were higher in stems than in roots and sucrose contents were higher in roots than in stems just before defoliation, and thereafter there were rapid decreases in glucose contents for stems and in sucrose contents for both organs. Total amylase activities did not change during the regrowth period, butα-amylase activity was positively correlated with either growth temperature or regrowth days in both organs. As the concomitant decrease in starch contents with the increase in α-amylase activities was observed only on day 6 in the stems with increasing growth temperature.
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Hiroyuki SASAKI, Kazunori KOHYAMA, Tetsuo SUYAMA, Masataka FUKUYAMA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
23-27
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Carbon dioxide (C0_2) is well known to be a "greenhouse gas" capable of causing significant climatic change. The optimum ranges of grass species are likely to shift as a result of climatic change. Accordingly, the optimum range for each species must be determined in order to select grass species that will grow in the new vegetation zones expected to result from climatic change. Changes in the cultivation limits and productivity of 3 temperate grass species (orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schrcb.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)) were estimated. The monthly dry matter productivity for each secondary grid square (approximately 10×10km) at the present time and 100 years in the future was simulated by applying grid climatic data to the neural network model. The data were adjusted using the relationship between CO_2 concentration and net photosynthesis in order to evaluate the effects of rising temperature and increasing C0_2 concentration simultaneously. Then maps of suitable cultivation zones and productivity were drawn for each species. These maps show that under present climatic conditions the summer depression zone of each grass is limited to the southwestern part of Japan, and dry matter productivity is about 1,000-1,500g・m^<-2>・year^<-1>. In 100 years, the dry matter productivity is predicted to increase to more than 1,500g・m^<-2>・year^<-1>, and the summer depression zone will extend northwards.
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Kentarou IKEDA, Takafumi GOTOH, Manabu TOBISA, Masataka SHIMOJO, Yasuh ...
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
28-32
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The interactive effect of light and temperature on germination of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Digitaria adscendens (H.B.K.) Henr. was studied using their seeds given cold stratification for 4 months. Both species showed higher germination percentages under the higher light intensity than under the lower light intensity. The light was more effective for germination under the lower temperature (15℃, 20℃ and 25℃) than under the optimum temperature (30℃). Effects of lighting length on germination of both species were determined under 25℃, and it was found that only 10 minutes light flash everyday was sufficient for the germination. Alternating temperatures in a day, such as 25℃ (8h)/10℃ (16h), and 25℃ (8h)/5℃ (16h), were effective in promoting the germination in darkness. However, the small range of alternating temperature, such as 25℃ (8h)/20℃ (16h), was hardly effective in promoting the germination. Both species could germinate under favorable alternating temperature conditions without the light flash (25℃ (8h)/10℃ (16h) in the dark, and 25℃ (8h)/5℃ (16h) in the dark) as well as under the low or constant temperature with the adequate light (15℃ under 100% relative light intensity, and 25℃ with more than 10 minutes/day light flash). Probably light flash and alternating temperature are not always necessary for the germination. Both factors may only assist the germination when the condition is inadequate for germination such as low temperatures or low light intensities.
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Takahiro GONDO, Yukiko ISHII, Ryo AKASHI, Osamu KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
33-37
Published: April 15, 2003
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We have improved our previously published technique for plant regeneration from seed-derived embryogenic callus of bahiagrass. Embryogenic callus was initiated from mature seeds on Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium and solid medium (0.3% Gellan Gum) supplemented with 2mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 3% sucrose. This modified culture can be kept small size through regular partition and be more efficient for callus induction and remains regencrable for at least 18 months. Also, in transformation experiments, a greater surface is available for gene delivery and relatively more cells can potentially regenerate. Using a simple self-built particle inflow gun with improved technical features, we have optimized delivery conditions and bombarded the small calli with pDBI, a construct carrying both the GUS reporter gene and a bialaphos resistance gene (bar). Numerous calli have been selected on bialaphos-supplemented medium and two calli displayed GUS activity. One of these calli regenerated many albino plants, but the green plants could not be recovered. However, theses plants displayed GUS activity and integration of the transgenes were confirmed by PCR amplification analysis.
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Masanori MURAKI, Eihide MONMA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
38-42
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Digestibility of both material and silage of maize genotypes with high sugar content (SC) were investigated using the F_1 hybrids differing in the ratio of grain to whole crop (GR) and in SC. The pouch method was employed for ensiling. Sugar and organic acid content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and dry matter digestibility was done by the enzymatic method. In silage, organic celluler content (OCC), which is high digestible fraction, of maize genotypes with high SC were maintained both in quantity and in content, and it was shown that the selection by SC of stover before ensiling was effective. Although the OCC content of whole crop of maize genotypes with high SC was equal to that of F_1 variety with high GR, dry matter loss became large at less than 25% of dry matter content of whole crop. In breeding of high stover digestible maize due to high SC, it is important to raise SC of stover without decreasing GR, and the present method of selection by stover digestibility after by GR is reasonable.
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Shuji URAKAWA, Yuushi YOSIMURA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
43-48
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The cutting roll baler for the rice whole crop silage in the paddy field was developed. This roll baler is a self-propelling type using a rubber track, and a pretreatment equipment (divider, pick-up device, reciprocating knife, feed chain) of the head-feeding combine (operation width : 1,650mm) is used, and also this roll baler is a direct cut type which is attached with the bale chamber (fixed-chamber type : 1,000mm) instead of the threshing device (feeding thresher and grain tank). This roll baler's cutting device (by disk type cutter) is at the front of the bale chamber for high density compressing and laborsaving of the decommisioning operation of the roll bale. When the cutting blade interval was set from 15cm to 21cm, the average length of the cut rice plant was 19.7cm. The cut rice plant is stirred by the auger, and fed to the bale chamber by the beater. The weight of bale was 250kg, when the rice plant of 60% moisture content was baled. The production loss at bale release and wrapping was 6.5%. The efficiency of harvesting and baling was 22minutes/10a and the field efficiency was 43%.
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Nariyasu WATANABE, Aya NISHIWAKI, Kazuo SUGAWARA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
49-51
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uen W, Katsuharu SAITO, Shusuke SATO, Kazuo SUGAWARA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
52-54
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Yoshiya SHIMAMOTO
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
55-56
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Toshihiko YAMADA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
57-63
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Hitoshi NAKAGAWA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
64-71
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Tadashi TAKAMIZO
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
72-78
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Ryo AKASHI, Takahiro GONDO, Osamu KAWAMURA
Article type: Article
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
79-87
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Article type: Appendix
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
88-90
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2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
91-98
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2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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2003 Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages
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